消防服织物热防护性能影响因素研究

消防服是消防过程中保护消防员免受热伤害的必备装备,应具有优异的阻燃性、热防护性及热湿舒适性。在生产或使用过程中消防服的防护效果会受到多种因素的影响,根据消防服织物及其热防护性能原理,本文归纳总结了纤维材料、结构参数、空气层、复合作用、多层织物复合以及后整理技术等影响消防服热防护性能的六个方面的规律,为织物的合理设计和消防服的有效使用提供借鉴。     

Outlast腈纶调温纺织品在消防服中的应用

本文介绍了Outlast腈纶调温纺织品的应用现状,分析了Outlast腈纶调温纺织品的动态热湿舒适性能,通过正交实验设计研究了Outlast腈纶调温纺织品经暂时阻燃整理后作为消防服舒适层与竹浆面料作为舒适层的综合热防护性能的差异.结果表明:Outlast腈纶调温纺织品具有优异的调温性能,热湿耦合作用下有效地加速了热湿的传递,将其作为消防服的舒适层具有应用可行性,并能有效地提高消防服的安全性和舒适度.     

含水率对防护织物热防护性能的影响

为了解热防护织物吸湿状态下的防护性能,以提高织物的安全防护能力,首先,选取热防护织物组成多层组合S-1和S-2,利用热防护性能测试仪,分别测试织物组合S-1和S-2在外层织物不同含水率情况下的热防护性能(TPP)值及二级烧伤时间;然后,建立线性回归方程,描述在4种含水率下织物TPP的变化情况,分析外层织物的含水率对热防护服多层织物组合TPP的影响。结果表明:对于所有织物组合,二度烧伤时间和TPP值都随外层织物含水率的增加而明显增加;当外层织物的含水率增加到30%左右时,外层织物的含水率直接影响消防服整体的TPP,含水率越高,消防服的TPP越好。     

双层织物接结方式及间隔跨距对消防服热防护性能的影响

本文以芳纶纱线为原材料,设计并织造了8种不同接结方式及间隔跨距的机织物,探讨了接结方式、间隔跨距对消防外层织物的力学性能、热防护性能及热稳定性能的影响。结果表明:消防服外层织物结构接结点方式及接结双层间隔跨距对织物的热防护性能影响较大,对热稳定性无影响;当采用经纬向都接结,且间隔跨距距离达到15 mm×15 mm时,双层织物具有较好的热防护性能,热防护值达到36.5 cal/cm2。     

环境温湿度及风速对消防服热舒适属性影响的定量研究

为量化环境条件对消防服热舒适性能的影响,选取我国02式消防服,测量其在不同环境温度、湿度及风速条件下的热阻和湿阻并得出拟合公式;通过回归分析法分析环境条件对热阻和湿阻的影响,提出其对热阻和湿阻影响的数学模型。结果表明:风速对热阻和湿阻的影响较大,而环境温度和湿度对热阻及湿阻的影响较少;风速与整体热阻及整体湿阻呈负相关,而风速与固有热阻和固有湿阻呈正相关。该研究可为消防服热舒适性能测试及高性能防护装备研发提供理论指导。     

高吸水高透湿功能性涤纶面料的开发

1前言 近年来,国内外舒适的功能性材料发展迅速.如:美国杜邦公司近年推出的coolmax纤维(一种具有四凹槽截面的聚酯纤维)就是一种导汗、快干、凉爽、舒适的功能性纤维.国内研制与开发的超细旦丙纶,也是热湿舒适性产品.笔者前不久在<高吸水中空涤纶短纤维的产品设计与开发>[1]一文中,也推出了80/20中空涤/棉混纺织物,本课题力图在此基础上,开发出热湿舒适性良好的夏季服用面料.由于吸水性、透湿性是评价服装热湿舒适性的重要性能,本文从这两方面对织物进行研究分析.     

防弹衣舒适性能改善设计

本文通过对防弹衣的改进研究,探讨了利用经编间隔织物对防弹装备舒适性提高的可行性。用经编间隔织物代替传统防弹衣里料（平纹机织布）,并制成成衣。通过红外热成像仪分别测试以经编间隔织物为里料的防弹衣的热湿传导性、透气散热性来探讨经编间隔织物对防弹衣的舒适性能的影响。实验结果表明：在相同测试条件下,以经编间隔织物为里料的防弹衣的热湿传导性能良好,透气散热性优于传统防弹衣1℃左右。因此经编间隔织物对提高防弹衣的舒适性能具有推动作用。本课题的研究意义在于为警用防弹衣的舒适性能提供理论参考,为警察或军队的作战能力提高做出更大的贡献。     

防护服性能优化的生理学测试与评估模型

一、织物和服装的生理学分析系统 防护服应该对职业危害提供足够的防护,并且应保证适当的穿着舒适性。为了达到好的穿着舒适性先决条件之一是服装的热、湿传输特性要适应特定的环境和活动条件,以便身体与环境大气之间的热交换和湿气交换达到平衡。 然而,在研究生产织物和服装时,为了把穿着舒适性作为一个结构参数来考虑,则     

用于消防服的无机相变材料改进试验研究

为改善消防服的热舒适性,制备一种无机相变材料,基于人工环境舱的高温高湿环境开展模拟试验,得出消防服内空间温度分布特征,计算出高温高湿高强度试验组中人上肢躯干的产热量;并以试验数据为依据,开展无机相变材料的改进试验研究。结果表明:环境温度变化比湿度变化对人体皮肤温度变化的影响更大,消防服内空间各部位温度由高到低的排序为左肩胛骨、左肩部、左腰、右肩胛骨、右肩部、右腰、右腹、左腹、正面中部、后背中部;在温度和湿度最高的环境条件下,人员进行重强度劳动时,上肢躯干部位皮肤蒸发散热量为7.20 kJ;十水硫酸钠与碳酸钾两者配比为3∶1时材料的降温效果最好。     

服装热湿舒适性评价模型研究

通过人体实际穿着实验,测量人体生理参数、衣内微气候参数和人体出汗量等指标,计算出10多种推导指标,运用现代数理统计方法和非线性理论,筛选了热湿条件下评价服装热湿舒适性的评价指标,建立了评价模型,使夏服热湿舒适性评价建立在科学的基础上。     

The effect of moisture content within multilayer protective clothing on protection from radiation and steam

The moisture from skin sweat and atmospheric water affects the thermal protective performance provided by multilayer protective clothing. Four levels of moisture content were selected to evaluate the impact of moisture on thermal protection under dry (thermal radiation) and wet (thermal radiation and low-pressure steam) heat exposure. Also, the role of moisture and its relationship with exposure time were analyzed based on skin heat flux and Henriques integral value. The addition of moisture to a fabric system was found to result in differences in second-degree and third-degree skin burn times. When moisture is added to a fabric system, it both acts as a thermal conductor to present a negative effect and provides a positive effect owing to thermal storage of water and evaporative heat loss. The positive or negative effects of moisture are mainly dependent on the thermal exposure time, the moisture content and the presence of hot steam.     

医用多功能防护服研究与发展

简要回顾了医用防护服的起源和发展历史,分析了国内外医用防护服的现状,论述了医用防护服的发展趋势。笔者通过大量调研和分析认为:对纺织材料、功能整理、织物复合和服装结构工艺进行系统研究设计,选用聚四氟乙烯复合膜和超微细熔喷材料作为隔离层,在保证隔离病毒的前提下,能有效排汗透湿,改善了医用防护服的舒适性;对涤纶织物进行拒水、抗静电、抗菌、阻燃等功能整理,解决了面料的协同增效和耐久性难题;根据抗“非典”防护服的要求,采用高性能隔离层材料,应用科学的合理工艺手段可以达到医用多功能防护服的要求。总后军需装备研究所,采用了一种新型独特的复合方法制成的PTFE复合膜层压织物,其具有集隔离病毒、透湿、拒水、抑菌、抗静电、阻燃、防血液渗透等多种功能于一体的特点,PTFE复合膜防护服可经多次机洗和消毒,能够适应不同寒、热环境使用。     

Moisture effects in heat transfer through clothing systems for wildland firefighters.

Wildland firefighters work in unfavourable environments involving both heat and moisture. Moisture in clothing systems worn by wildland firefighters may increase or decrease heat transfer, depending on its source and location in the clothing system, location on the body, timing of application and degree of sorption. In this experiment, 4 outerwear/underwear combinations were exposed to 1 of 5 different conditions varying on amount and location of moisture. The fabric systems were then exposed to either a high-heat-flux flame exposure (83 kW/m(2)) or a low-heat-flux radiant exposure (10 kW/m(2)). Under high-heat-flux flame exposures, external moisture tended to decrease heat transfer through the fabric systems, while internal moisture tended to increase heat transfer. Under low-heat-flux radiant exposures, internal moisture decreased heat transfer through the fabric systems. The nature and extent of such differences was fabric dependent. Implications for test protocol development are discussed.     

阻燃剂对棉布和地毯热解燃烧性能的影响研究

研究了氢氧化铝和三聚氰胺氰尿酸盐对棉布和地毯热解和燃烧行为,考察了阻燃剂添加量对棉布和地毯点燃时间、热解速度和火焰持续时间的影响,并利用锥形量热仪测定了添加阻燃剂前后材料在点燃时间、热释放速率、质量损失速率和CO释放速率的变化,结果表明海水中添加10%的Al(OH)3和MCA可显著降低棉布和地毯的热解速度及热释放速率.     

基于锥形量热仪的几种防火布燃烧性能研究

生产企业常在电缆或者贵重高危机器处设置防火布来保护生产设备设施的消防安全,选取五种常用的防火布:石棉纤维防火布、陶瓷纤维防火布、硅胶防火布、涂胶防火布、碳素纤维防火布,通过锥形量热仪实验研究不同辐射强度对防火布燃烧性能的影响。结果表明:点燃时间的均方根倒数与辐射强度之间呈现线性关系;在35 kW/m~2辐射强度工况下,碳素纤维防火布的热释放速率最大,达到272.59 kW/m~2,有效燃烧热的峰值也最大,达到529.52 kJ/g;综合比较各样品的燃烧性能,防火能力强弱顺序为:硅胶防火布石棉纤维防火布陶瓷纤维防火布碳素纤维防火布涂胶防火布。     

褐煤低温干燥表面收缩特性实验研究*

为明确褐煤低温（50 ℃以下）干燥引发表面干缩现象的发展规律,采用低温（20~30 ℃）低湿（40%~60%）空气干燥的方式,开展褐煤低温干燥干缩实验,分析干燥与表面收缩规律。结果表明:低温干燥过程中,对水分蒸发速率影响显著的因素是相对湿度而非温度,70%~90%的总水分散失量在干燥初期48 h内蒸发完成,平均含水率低至12.8%;低温干燥导致褐煤发生非均匀性表面干燥收缩,表面干缩经历热胀-快速干缩-收缩稳定3个阶段,水分快速蒸发散失的前48 h干缩率低,之后进入水分蒸发速率显著降低而干缩率持续升高,最终至收缩稳定,低速蒸发阶段发生显著干缩;表面干燥收缩率与散失水分质量具有显著的正相关性,与水分含量和蒸发速率具有显著负相关性。     

基于响应曲面法的遗煤自燃分析与研究*

为研究高瓦斯易自燃煤层不同供风量、高抽巷抽采流量、低抽巷抽采流量3因素对采空区自燃“三带”分布影响规律,选取阳煤五矿8406工作面为研究对象,在数值模拟研究基础上,采用Design Expert软件进行Box Behnken试验设计,构建采空区氧化升温带宽度在3因素、3水平条件下的二次回归响应曲面模型,并对不同条件下采空区氧化升温带宽度进行预测与分析。结果表明:二次回归方程P值为0.001 6,预测模型显著,模型的失拟项为0.606 3,不显著,回归方程具有统计学意义;当供风量为1 500~2 000 m3/min,低抽流量为450~650 m3/min,高抽流量为100~200 m3/min时,对氧化升温带宽度一次项重要度排序为C（高抽巷抽采流量）>A（供风量）>B（低抽巷抽采流量）,二次项重要度排序为AC（供风量和高抽巷抽采流量）>AB（供风量和低抽巷抽采流量）>BC（低抽巷抽采流量和高抽巷抽采流量）,且AB,AC,BC之间均无交互作用。     

The effect of admixed material on the flaming and smouldering combustion of dust layers

The rate of propagation of flame and the rate of propagation of smouldering in still air, have been investigated for several particle sizes, mixtures of coarse and fine dusts of the same material, and mixtures containing partially coarse dusts of limestone. Wood sawdust and grass dust were used as the industrial materials. Measurements were made by using a mold of acceptable dimensions. The results obtained indicated that the flaming and smouldering rates are dependent on the particle size and the depth of the layer and the values of the smouldering rates were found to be about 20% of the values obtained with flaming. Also, an admixture of fine dust of 50% of the same material to coarse dust for a 0.5 cm layer of both materials is sufficient to increase the values of the flaming rate by 61% for wood sawdust and the smouldering rate by 88% and 52% for wood sawdust and grass dust, respectively. The admixture of limestone as low as 10% was sufficient to produce zero propagation for both types of burning.     

Society's aggression level as a predictor of traffic fatality rate

This research investigated the relationship of violence/aggression and other societal variables to traffic accidents. In the first of two studies, multiple regression was applied to 1977 data from each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Traffic fatalities per registered vehicle was the dependent variable. The independent variables were homicide rate, suicide rate, fatality rate from other causes, unemployment rate, personal income, density of physicians, alcohol consumption, motor vehicles per capita, road mileage per vehicle, sex and age distribution of drivers, and attained education. The main finding was that the homicide rate (but not the suicide rate) predicted the traffic fatality rate; additional significant predictors were the proportion of young drivers and the fatality rate from non-motor-vehicle accidents. The two primary predictors (homicides and young drivers) accounted for 64 % of the variance of traffic fatalities. In the second study, validation was performed by using the 1977 regression coefficients to estimate 1978 traffic fatalities. The results indicate that when the 1977 regression coefficients were applied to the 1978 values for homicides and young drivers, they accounted for 49 % of the variance of the 1978 traffic fatalities. The findings are discussed in terms of how society's violence/aggression may contribute to traffic accidents.     

散煤运输用膜型抑尘剂的制备及性能研究

采用水溶液聚合法,以氧化淀粉、丙烯酸(AA)、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)为原料,通过接枝共聚制备了一种软膜型抑尘剂(抑尘剂液体干燥后形成具有一定韧性的软膜)。与聚乙烯醇类壳型抑尘剂(干燥后形成很脆的壳层)相比,软膜型抑尘剂提高了煤粉固化层的抗破裂能力。由抗震荡性试验可知,使用膜型抑尘剂后,经过18 h的震荡,煤粉的损失率仅为1.91%,而使用壳型抑尘剂后煤粉的损失率为4.85%。还测定了2种抑尘剂的保湿性和耐破度。利用红外光谱对产物的结构进行了表征,采用SEM观察了该产物在煤粉表面形成的膜层形貌。试验结果表明,散煤运输中膜型抑尘剂在减少煤粉损失和控制扬尘污染方面性能优于壳型抑尘剂。