海南东寨港红树林湿地面积变化及其驱动力分析

本文分析了海南省东寨港红树林湿地的面积变化及其驱动力。结合早期地形图和实地调查数据,利用3个时相的TM遥感图片,计算出1959年、1989年、1996年、2002年4个时相的红树林面积分别为3213．8hm^2、1657．8hm^2、2018．8hm^2和1552．6hm^2。在过去的近50年里,有近50％的天然红树林被毁掉,红树林湿地被转换为经济林种植田、水产养殖塘、城镇基础设施建设用地等。自1980年成立红树林自然保护区以来,红树林得到了一定程度的保护,1989年到1996年图像对比上红树林面积增加了361．0hm^2。近年来,旅游业的开发对红树林生态系统存在一定程度的干扰。2002年,红树林面积相对于1996年减少了566．2hm^2。此外,红树林斑块的空间格局和树种的构成发生了变化,红树林群落植物多样性明显减弱。在综合分析基础上,根据生态系统综合管理的思想。提出了建立高水平的管理研究队伍,采用先进的管理技术和手段,综合管理红树林生态系统。     

2003—2008年兰州市土地利用变化及其驱动因素研究

土地利用变化的驱动力研究是全球变化研究中的一个重点。以甘肃省兰州市为例,在土地变更详查数据及兰州市统计年鉴资料基础上,研究土地利用变化的特点,分析城镇化、工业化过程中的土地利用变化趋势及土地利用变化驱动因子。运用主成分分析法得到兰州市土地利用变化的主要驱动因子为人口增长、经济发展、农业发展、政府政策。根据研究结果提出土地管理措施,为研究区土地的可持续利用提供依据。     

湛江市农村居民点用地面积变化及驱动力分析

利用湛江市1996—2005年农村居民点用地面积数据及相关社会经济数据,在分析农村居民点用地面积变化的基础上,采用主成分分析法对其进行了驱动力分析。结果表明,近十年来湛江市农村居民点用地总面积呈逐年上升的趋势,而农村居民点人均用地面积总体呈减少趋势。湛江市农村居民点用地面积增加主要集中在徐闻、吴川和市区。湛江市农村居民点用地面积变化主要受农村人口增长、农村经济发展、农业结构调整、农村交通发展和乡镇企业发展等因素的影响。     

Changes in Labile Organic Carbon Fractions and Soil Enzyme Activities after Marshland Reclamation and Restoration in the Sanjiang Plain in Northeast China

The extensive reclamation of marshland into cropland has tremendously impacted the ecological environment of the Sanjiang Plain in northeast China. To understand the impacts of marshland reclamation and restoration on soil properties, we investigated the labile organic carbon fractions and the soil enzyme activities in an undisturbed marshland, a cultivated marshland and three marshlands that had been restored for 3, 6 and 12?years. Soil samples collected from the different management systems at a depth of 0-20?cm in July 2009 were analyzed for soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and easily degradable organic carbon. In addition, the activities of the invertase, β-glucosidase, urease and acid phosphatase were determined. These enzymes are involved in C, N and P cycling, respectively. Long-term cultivation resulted in decreased SOC, DOC, MBC, microbial quotient and C (invertase, β-glucosidase) and N-transforming (urease) enzyme activities compared with undisturbed marshland. After marshland restoration, the MBC and DOC concentrations and the soil invertase, β-glucosidase and urease activities increased. Soil DOC and MBC concentrations are probably the main factors responsible for the different invertase, β-glucosidase and urease activities. In addition, marshland restoration caused a significant increase in the microbial quotient, which reflects enhanced efficiency of organic substrate use by microbial biomass. Our observations demonstrated that soil quality recovered following marshland restoration. DOC, MBC and invertase, β-glucosidase and urease activities were sensitive for discriminating soil ecosystems under the different types of land use. Thus, these parameters should be considered to be indicators for detecting changes in soil quality and environmental impacts in marshlands.     

Environmental Ethics: Driving Factors Beneath Behavior,Discourse and Decision-Making

This paper tries to characterize the factors determining human relations with its environment and to identify the drives of those behavioral patterns and “praxis”. One scrutinizes the physiological and psychological factors that influence those drives, and tries to determine ways of overriding instinctive drives in favor of rational, sustainable ones. It focuses its attention on the way the different ecosystemic, economic and socio-cultural systems work, and pin-points the critical issues in view of the development of sustainable behavioral patterns. Also the values that must build the new behavioral paradigm, as well as the ways to ensure the evolutionary quantum-leap necessary to ensure this sustainable condition, and the fulfilment, at every level, the different needs of humans and human societies, are analyzed. In conclusion, it stresses the fact that any reliable and long lasting change towards a sustainable behavior must start at the individual and the close social groups levels, and of the development of new factors of self-fulfillment and gratification, able to support and foster that change. The proposed epistemological approach is particularly innovative, precisely because of this emphasis on the individual drives and the way they determine the global patterns of environmental use, as well as the way they can evolve into a more rational (human) character. In short, the paper focuses itself in the way man can evolve from its natural animal instincts and drives toward more rational ones, humanizing its behavior and turning, therefore, into an able actor of the process of sustainability building.     

县级土地利用动态变化及驱动力分析——以郑州市中牟县为例

以郑州市中牟县为例,利用土地详查和统计数据等资料,建立土地利用动态变化模型,分析了中牟县1996-2008年土地利用数量、速度、程度、区域差异等变化,揭示中牟县土地利用变化特征.同时,采用主成分分析法得出城镇化进程和收入水平提高是影响中牟县土地利用变化的主要驱动因素.     

1960年以来延吉城市土地空间扩展及其驱动力分析

在GIS的支持下提取了延吉城市4个时期的边界信息,分析城市土地空间扩展特征,并进一步研究其扩展驱动力。结果表明,几个时期的城市扩展速度、方向、性质各不相同,而经济、政策等因素是促使城市土地扩展的直接原因。     

新疆种植业土地利用变化及驱动力研究

种植业土地利用方式是关系农民增收的重要因素.采用主成分分析法,运用定量分析与定性描述的方法,全面分析了新疆 1978～2002年期间种植业土地利用变化的驱动因素.研究表明:影响新疆种植业土地利用规模的主要因素按影响力大小排列为科技进步、农业发展、农产品价格,而影响种植业结构变化的主要因素则有市场因素、粮食生产能力、产业政策.在此基础上,建立多元回归预测模型,为种植业土地合理利用提供评价依据,促进农民增收.     

河南省2000—2007年人均生态足迹动态变化及其驱动力分析

利用生态足迹理论,分别计算河南省2000—2007年的人均生态足迹和人均生态承载力,以定量研究河南省的可持续发展状态。在此基础上选取人均GDP、城市化率、恩格尔系数、第三产业比重、居民消费水平、人均固定资产、投资农业现代化程度、人均耕地面积等8项经济驱动因子,利用主成分分析法进一步定量分析社会经济发展对人均生态足迹动态变化的驱动作用。结果表明,河南省人均生态足迹从2000年的1.745796hm2增加到2007年的3.019299hm2,而生态承载力由2000年的0.373397hm2下降到2007年的0.361618hm2,导致生态赤字逐年增大,且人均生态足迹高于全国以及相邻省份;社会经济强烈驱动着人均生态足迹的变化,其中人均GDP、城市化率、居民消费水平、农业现代化程度等与人均生态足迹有较强的相关性,是影响区域人均生态足迹动态变化的主要因素。     

Arctic Climate Impacts: Environmental Injustice in Canada and the United States

The current and projected future physical impacts of climate change are most extreme in the northern latitudes. The indigenous peoples in the North American arctic and sub-arctic rely on the availability of natural resources in mixed subsistence economies for nutritional and cultural survival and thus experience disproportionate burdens with respect to our changing climate. Arctic climate impacts exemplify how global phenomena and activities can significantly affect people locally in remote regions. These impacts are largely consistent throughout the region, irrespective of national boarders; however, indigenous peoples in Canada are better positioned than those in the United States to shape policy in a way that would ensure their adaptation to climate change. Political and industrial activity on national and global scales can have significant environmental, social and cultural repercussions on the local scale in remote areas. Remedies for environmental injustice will thus require strong cross-scale political and institutional linkages.     

Modeling the Driving Forces of the Land Use and Land Cover Changes Along the Upper Yangtze River of China

Induced by high population density, rapid but uneven economic growth, and historic resource exploitation, China’s upper Yangtze basin has witnessed remarkable changes in land use and cover, which have resulted in severe environmental consequences, such as flooding, soil erosion, and habitat loss. This article examines the causes of land use and land cover change (LUCC) along the Jinsha River, one primary section of the upper Yangtze, aiming to better understand the human impact on the dynamic LUCC process and to support necessary policy actions for more sustainable land use and environmental protection. Using a repeated cross-sectional dataset covering 31 counties over four time periods from 1975 to 2000, we develop a fractional logit model to empirically determine the effects of socioeconomic and institutional factors on changes for cropland, forestland, and grassland. It is shown that population expansion, food self-sufficiency, and better market access drove cropland expansion, while industrial development contributed significantly to the increase of forestland and the decrease of other land uses. Similarly, stable tenure had a positive effect on forest protection. Moreover, past land use decisions were less significantly influenced by distorted market signals. We believe that these and other findings carry important policy implications.     

广州市不同产业阶段的耕地变化与驱动力

广州市1980-2002年间产业发展可分为两个阶段，即工业化中期（1980-1993年）和工业化后期（1994-2002年）。在这两个产业发展阶段，耕地数最变化存在较大差异：耕地年均减少工业化中期大于后期，变化速度则是后期大于中期，利用效益后期明显优于中期。利用相关分析和主成分分析方法，得出人口增长、经济发展、城市化进程、农业产业结构调整、交通发展是广州市1980-2002年间耕地数量变化的主要驱动力，在不同产业阶段各驱动因子存在差异，其中农业比重、实际利用外资、城市化、客运量等因子差异较为明显，从而导致了不同时期耕地数量变化的差异性。     

Bioenergy Sustainability in China: Potential and Impacts

The sustainability implications of bioenergy development strategies are large and complex. Unlike conventional agriculture, bioenergy production provides an opportunity to design systems for improving eco-environmental services. Different places have different goals and solutions for bioenergy development, but they all should adhere to the sustainability requirements of the environment, economy, and society. This article serves as a brief overview of China’s bioenergy development and as an introduction to this special issue on the impacts of bioenergy development in China. The eleven articles in this special issue present a range of perspectives and scenario analyses on bioenergy production and its impacts as well as potential barriers to its development. Five general themes are covered: status and goals, biomass resources, energy plants, environmental impacts, and economic and social impacts. The potential for bioenergy production in China is huge, particularly in the central north and northwest. China plans to develop a bioenergy capacity of 30GW by 2020. However, realization of this goal will require breakthroughs in bioenergy landscape design, energy plant biotechnology, legislation, incentive policy, and conversion facilities. Our analyses suggest that (1) the linkage between bioenergy, environment, and economy are often circular rather than linear in nature; (2) sustainability is a core concept in bioenergy design and the ultimate goal of bioenergy development; and (3) each bioenergy development scheme must be region-specific and designed to solve local environmental and agricultural problems.     

四川若尔盖湿地退化成因分析与对策研究

本文以四川若尔盖湿地为研究对象,主要贡献为：（1）应用卫星遥感数据对若尔盖湿地退化趋势进行了科学定量分析;（2）采用博弈论的分析方法对相关利益主体进行解析,在寻求利益均衡点的基础上,提出湿地保护性开发对策;（3）针对湿地退化因素提出了多种对策,其中生态移民的设想对保护四川若尔盖湿地较为适宜;（4）提出了“禁止-限制-发展”的产业结构调整思路,以指导湿地的合理开发利用。     

彭州市土地利用变化及驱动力分析

依据1992～2003土地利用变更数据，分析彭州市土地利用动态、土地利用程度和土地利用区域差异等变化情况。总结了引起土地利用变化的主要驱动力是地形条件、人口增长、工业化和城镇化、第三产业的发展、交通条件、政策因素等六个方面，并针对目前土地利用中存在的主要问题，提出相应的措施，以期对彭州市社会经济发展提供参考。     

Eco‐Value,Sustainability, and Shareholder Value: Driving Environmental Performance to the Bottom Line

Contrary to popular assumptions, superior eco‐efficiency is associated with superior financial performance throughout a range of industries. In fact, environmental leaders typically outperform laggards by a substantial margin. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

氮、磷在湿地基质中降解的机理研究

湿地基质被看成是人工湿地处理污水的核心部分,通过科学实验,文章分析了人工湿地运行中氮、磷在沿程方向和纵向的基质中的分布,重点研究湿地基质对于氮、磷的净化作用,有利于进一步理清湿地基质降解氮、磷的机理。     

Informal Emptying Business in Mandalay: Its Reasons and Financial Impacts

Environmental Management - Globally, 2.8 billion people use on-site sanitation facilities, which need regular emptying of accumulated fecal sludge. Illegal dumping from informal emptying...     

德国环境税的经验及其对中国的借鉴意义

随着经济社会的发展,我国环境质量状况形势严峻,环境保护体制及法制滞后、公众环保意识薄弱.目前中国环境税制的改革正在进行,但是面临着税系建设、征收方法、保障措施等方面的系列挑战.本文通过系统调研经济合作与发展组织（OECD）的环境税发展历程及发展现状,重点介绍了德国的环境税收体系,并对其特点及成功经验进行深入分析,进而对比了中国现行的环境政策及税收制度,最后指出了德国环境税的成功经验及其对中国环境税收改革的启示.本研究对于我国环境税制建设与改革、大力推进生态文明建设等方面具有重要借鉴意义.