微波催化氧化修复技术处理有机氯污染土壤

采用微波催化氧化修复技术处理常州某农药厂有机氯农药污染场地和南通某化工厂有机氯污染场地土壤,考察不同参数条件下实验装置对污染土壤的处理效能。结果表明,在微波功率18kW、微波辐射时间20min、土壤处理量400kg/h、土壤含水率15%、活性炭添加量0.03kg/kg的最佳条件下,实验装置运行稳定,有机氯农药污染土壤中氯丹去除率可达70%左右;有机氯污染土壤中邻二氯苯、石油烃总量、1,2-二氯乙烷、苯酚去除率分别可达到99.98%、91.29%、98.52%、74.74%。研发的污染土壤微波催化氧化修复技术及实验装置对有机氯污染土壤的修复具有一定的普适性。     

基于超声波-微波耦合效应的石油烃类污染土壤的热脱附规律与参数优化

以邻二甲苯为石油烃类污染物代表,以污染土壤质量的减少量以及冷凝液质量的增加量表征土壤污染物的平均脱附效率,研究了微波-超声波耦合热源处理石油烃类污染土壤的脱附规律。结果表明,在超声波功率恒定(800 W)情况下,增大微波功率(从200 W增到400 W),能显著提升装置内反应温度(从128.3℃增到270.1℃),显示了微波较强的热效应;在微波功率恒定(350 W)情况下,增大超声波功率(从600 W增到1 400 W),对装置升温效果影响不明显(从169.4℃增加到187.9℃),表明了超声波较弱的热效应。超声波/微波耦合热源修复壤土的最优工艺参数为土水比20∶1、超声波功率800 W、微波功率350 W、辐照10 min,相应的最高污染物平均脱附率为77.28%,处理效果优于单热源条件。对于不同的土壤粒径及有机质含量,不同类型土壤的平均脱附率排序为砂土(88.36%)壤土(64.29%)黏土(52.61%);综合考虑土壤介电损耗因子、土壤比热容、土壤通透性影响的结果,土水比最优值设为10∶1;综合考虑土壤颗粒单层吸附/多层吸附作用的结果,土壤污染物浓度最优值为8%(砂土)、4%(壤土、黏土)。     

微波干化热解湿污泥的失重和升温特性及残渣分析

为研究湿污泥的微波热解特性,将湿污泥与颗粒活性炭(微波吸收剂)以5∶1的重量比例均匀混合,在300~1 600 W区间取11种不同的微波功率进行热解,同时测量样品的重量和温度。研究表明,添加活性炭的湿污泥在微波功率小于400 W只能加热到90℃,完成污泥脱水。随着微波功率增大,样品失重加快,升温速率和最终温度都增大。微波功率大于800 W样品在1 000 s内加热到300℃,实现快速升温和热解。此时污泥升温有2个峰值,第1个在100℃左右代表水分析出,第2个峰值随着功率增大而提前,代表污泥残渣由于良好的微波吸收能力在微波下迅速升温。推测污泥介电损耗系数在微波加热过程中先因水分蒸发而减小,后因继续升温而增加,有效促进样品吸收微波和二次升温。污泥的重量消减率在微波功率大于600 W时保持在75%左右。污泥热解残渣的碳氢氮元素含量先受到水分析出,后受到低温裂解释放氨气和胺氮类的影响。     

微波辐照铬渣解毒的工艺研究

根据含铬废渣的污染特性,利用煤、污水处理厂脱水污泥和紫茎泽兰秸杆作还原剂,在微波辐照下进行单因素与多因素正交还原解毒实验.实验表明,紫茎泽兰秸杆和脱水污泥的解毒效果优于煤,并且得出在实验条件范围内,干法微波解毒的最佳工艺条件为:紫茎泽兰秸杆作还原剂,物料配比为6 g秸杆:4 g铬渣,微波功率为500 W、升温900℃.该工艺条件不仅解毒效果好,而且费用与能耗较低,对实现以废治废,推进循环经济具有现实意义.     

等温微量量热法研究石油污染对土壤微生物活性的影响

利用TAMⅢ等温微量量热仪研究不同浓度的石油污染对土壤微生物活性的影响。对大港油田不同石油污染程度的土壤样品（3683-5-1、西51-5、西15-14和8-13-6H-1）以及实验室配置的短时间内石油污染土壤（空白、0.5%、1.5%、2.5%和4.0%）进行了微量热检测。含油量升高,总放热量升高,生长速率常数降低,峰值功率先升高后降低,达到最大峰值功率的时间随着含油量的升高而延长。结果表明,石油污染会影响土壤微生物的活性,并且在低浓度时促进微生物的生长,石油浓度高时会抑制土壤中微生物的生长代谢。     

绝缘油污染土壤微波热脱附的影响因素

为探究绝缘油污染土壤微波热脱附的影响条件,考察了温度、停留时间、土壤含水率、污染物初始浓度和微波功率对土壤中绝缘油去除效果的影响.结果表明,温度和停留时间显著影响土壤中绝缘油的去除率,在400℃、微波处理时间5 min的条件下,土壤中绝缘油的去除率为98.6％.当土壤含水率为5％时,土壤中绝缘油的去除率达到最佳.在微波处理15 min内,土壤中绝缘油的去除率随着绝缘油初始浓度的升高逐渐降低.微波功率越高,土壤中绝缘油的微波热脱附效率越高,综合考虑能耗和去除率,微波功率为1 000 W时较优.绝缘油污染土壤微波热脱附机理研究表明,脂肪烃主要通过蒸汽蒸馏和热解吸两种方式从土壤中脱除.本研究结果可为高浓度绝缘油污染土壤微波热脱附技术应用提供参考.     

原地异位建堆热脱附技术和设备在石油污染土壤修复中的应用

利用杰瑞环保科技有限公司自主研发生产的原地异位建堆热脱附设备对新疆某地区506 t石油污染土壤进行了修复处理实验,并在此基础上探讨了原地异位建堆热脱附技术在石油污染土壤修复领域应用的相关技术问题。通过温度场模拟,为设备投入及修复堆体的搭建提供了参考数据;通过项目现场温升曲线,分析了升温效率与物料属性的关系。结果表明,含水率越低的物料升温速率越快。此外,通过对设备投入、石油污染土壤修复效果、修复过程运行能耗等方面进行综合分析,评估了原地异位建堆热脱附技术在石油污染土壤修复领域的有效性和实用性。本研究可为原地异位建堆热脱附技术在石油污染土壤修复领域的工业化应用提供参考。     

响应曲面法优化微波修复二甲苯污染土壤工艺参数

目前土壤污染问题得到越来越多的关注,污染土壤修复技术的研究更加受到重视。通过单因素和响应曲面法优化实验,研究了含水率、处理量、辐照时间和微波功率对二甲苯去除效果的影响,并且对不同敏化剂的作用进行了实验研究。结果表明,微波功率、辐照时间和含水率对二甲苯的去除率均有显著影响。模型优化结果显示,微波修复二甲苯污染土壤的最佳工艺参数为:微波功率530W,辐照时间3.4min,含水率32%,去除率可达到79.75%,实验验证结果与预测值之间相对误差为1.89%。活性炭在反应过程中主要起吸附作用,粉煤灰的添加对二甲苯的去除有非常显著的作用,去除率最高可达到98.42%。     

基于碳数分段法的石油烃污染土壤异位热脱附工艺的优化

针对石油烃污染土壤成分复杂、污染严重、修复难度高的问题,采用适用性广、效率高且去除彻底的异位热脱附技术修复石油烃污染土壤.利用碳数分段法及室内模拟实验,探究在热脱附过程中的土壤粒径、含水率和有机质对石油烃及各组分热解吸效率的影响;另外,还采用响应面法对各影响因素进行了优化,以获得异位热脱附修复石油烃污染土壤的最优工艺参...     

老化石油污染土壤的清洗处理

以华北油田老化长达1年以上的石油污染土壤为研究对象,采用自行选配的清洗剂对该污染土壤进行了一次清洗和二次清洗处理.实验结果表明,一次清洗后,污染土壤样品的含油率从26.34%～29.90%降到6.34%～7.84%,洗油率达80.06%～81.06%;经二次清洗处理后,污染土壤样品的含油率从26.34%～29.90%降到4.05%～4.85%,洗油率达88.06%～88.19%.在一次清洗和二次清洗的基础上,通过模拟实验确定了洗油污水回用的最佳回用率为80%,最佳加药质量浓度为0.4 g/L,该条件下污水的最终产生量也较少.按照该参数对华北油田的石油污染土壤进行了清洗实验,洗油率达79.20%～80.51%.     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.