德阳市农业废弃物的来源及资源化利用研究

农业废弃物的资源化是实现农业经济循环的关键环节。以德阳市农业废弃物为主要研究对象,对德阳市农业秸秆和畜禽粪便的来源及资源化利用现状进行了分析,并提出对策建议。旨在为促进德阳市循环农业的实现以及新农村、环境友好型社会及和谐社会的建设提供支持。     

电子废弃物资源化技术现状

随着电子废弃物数量的日益增加和对电子废弃物资源化利用要求的提高,电子废弃物经历了由堆存到资源化利用的发展过程.目前电子废弃物资源化技术主要包括物理处理法、化学处理法和热处理法等方法,实现电子废弃物的资源化.     

农业废弃物处理技术的分析

农业废弃物的资源化利用是节能减排和实现可持续发展的重要途径。本文首先分析了农业废弃物处理现状与存在问题,介绍了目前的能源化、肥料化、饲料化、材料化、基质化和生态化等利用方式;其次,分别介绍了秸秆、畜禽粪便、农村垃圾、农村污水4种主要农业废弃物的常用处理技术,同时对各项技术的应用特点、发展难点和发展前景进行了分析;最后,提出了农业废弃物处理的分类利用模式,提出了加快发展农业废弃物处理的政策建议。     

资源保护与权利延伸——以新农村建设中土地利用问题为视角

新农村建设是我国新阶段解决"三农"问题的重要举措。新农村建设中主要存在土地规划、宅基地建设违法以及耕地复垦不到位等方面的问题,加强新农村建设中土地监管应从加快土地确权、建立农村土地征地补偿机制以及强化土地执法等方面入手。     

生产者责任延伸制与电子废弃物管理——环境法规

日益增加的固体废弃物和工业废弃物已成为主要的社会问题。回收服务相对来说还很不足,导致很多废弃物只能进行简单的填埋、焚烧处理。这将导致严重的环境污染。借鉴国外一些发达国家废物管理领域的政策趋势,我国近年来出台了一系列关于电子废弃物管理的政策法规,但也暴露出正规的废物处理企业无法取得规模收益,入不敷出,电子废弃物处理基金的征收及补贴对象不明确等诸多问题。引入生产者责任延伸制将外部影响内部化,在理念和功能等方面适应了电子废弃物管理的需要。     

走绿色环保生态化新农村道路

“走绿色环保生态化新农村道路”是建设生态文明的具体行动。近年来,各县区围绕建设生态张掖、推行生态经济、创建生态家园、发展清洁能源为着力点,有效推进了社会主义新农村建设。甘州区加大衣村环境保护工作力度,在各乡镇大力宣传建设新农村、建设生态家园的各种好处,积极推广规模化畜禽养殖粪便综合处理、地源热泵、沼气太阳能建设一体化等项目,党寨镇在农村卫生综合整治和规模化畜禽养殖等工作中起到了示范带头作用,     

秸秆水解酸化＋厌氧发酵生物气化集中供气工程研究

采用水解酸化＋厌氧发酵生物气化技术处理农作物废弃物秸秆,在建德市航头镇航川村建设了工程示范点,处理废弃物的同时实现了为15户农户集中供气。通过运行表明,该工艺可年处理秸秆1 260 m3,年产沼气7 300 m3,所产三沼均得到有效利用,实现了零污染、零排放。通过工程实例证明该工艺能有效处理秸秆废弃物,且易于操作和管理,并具有一定的经济效益。     

下房子村乡村清洁工程示范村建设效益分析

为了防治农业面源污染,发展循环农业,改善农村目前脏、乱、差现象,推进社会主义新农村建设,在辽宁省新宾县下房子村开展了乡村清洁工程示范村建设。乡村清洁工程建设是针对农业面源污染严重和农村生活环境脏、乱、差,农业环境污染问题突出以及资源浪费严重等状况,结合当地自然、社会经济条件,因地制宜开展农村废弃物资源化和资源节约利用,有重点、分类型、分步骤地开展建设,重点建设田园清洁、家园清洁、水源清洁等主体工程及配套工程。实践证明,乡村清洁工程是解决农业废弃物资源浪费严重、农业面源污染突出,提高村民生活环境质量,建设社会主义新农村的系统工程,是一项典型的民心工程,具有投资少、见效快、社会效益明显的特点,其前景广阔。     

实施乡村清洁工程 推进新农村建设——邹平县东尉村创建农村清洁工程示范村纪实

实施乡村清洁工程是建设社会主义新农村的重要载体和有效途径,是实现“农村节能减排”的有效措施,也是建设社会主义新农村切入点。邹平县东尉村按照“减量化、再利用、资源化”的循环理念,实施了以田园清洁、家园清洁、水源清洁为重点的乡村清洁工程,基本实现了家居环境清洁化、资源利用高效化和农业生产无害化。     

现状与对策:社会主义新农村建设中的环境保护

农村环境保护是关系提高农民生活质量、改善农村面貌、推动社会主义新农村建设的一项重要基础性工作。围绕推进社会主义新农村环境建设这一主要目标,2007年4月6日至15日,我们就“社会主义新农村建设中的环境保护现状与对策”问题,来到江西、浙江、安徽等地,先后在婺源、淳安、萧山、安吉、绩溪、巢湖等市县、乡镇、村组开展调研,实地考察当地农村环境状况,了解社会主义新农村建设工作所取得的成绩和目前存在的问题,希望能为解决农村环境保护深层次矛盾和重大问题提供参考。     

Perspectives on utilising Community Land Trusts as a vehicle for affordable housing provision

With lack of affordable housing being clearly identified as a social and economic exclusion issue for most communities, innovative ways of addressing this deficiency should be considered. Increasingly local communities are engaging with the possibility of direct provision themselves and discussion around this notion has profound implications for community cohesion. One community-based solution gaining popular support within communities, and with government ministers, is the Community Land Trust mechanism. This involves control and ownership of land to help ensure affordable housing is built and remains affordable in perpetuity for the community. The language and difficulties with definition of terms, together with the complexity of engaging relevant stakeholders in a changing policy and legislative framework can be problematic. This may lead to apparent lack of consensus within communities on the way forward. Perceptions of local housing issues and ways to address them are sometimes vague, sometimes diverse but rarely apathetic. This paper includes data from two case studies in North East England, which are examined using interviews with key players, as a means of seeking some practical solutions.     

新形势下河北省农村可再生能源管理与政策研究

我国农村可再生能源发展面临生态文明建设、能源安全趋紧、大气污染严重等新的形势变化。作为农业大省,河北省近年来农村可再生能源发展与管理成绩显著,为改善农民生活、保护生态环境、增加能源供应、促进经济社会发展等做出了积极贡献。但新形势下,其农村可再生能源管理也暴露出了思想认识不足、部分法规政策滞后、缺乏宏观科学规划、资金筹措机制单一、后续监督管理不够等问题,需要从加强宣传教育、提高认识水平,完善规章制度、形成法律体系,制定科学规划、明确目标计划,拓宽融资渠道、稳定资金支持、完善服务体系、加强后续管理等方面完善管理与政策,以推进其健康持续发展。     

高校学生干部队伍团队精神培养初探

阐述了团队精神及其对于高校学生干部队伍的重要意义,结合所在高校学生干部队伍的现状进行了分析,发现目前高校学生干部队伍在团队精神培养工作方面存在部分学生干部自身素质欠缺、学生工作机制有待完善、培养方法与学生需求存在一定距离、学生干部间缺乏沟通等问题,并对其成因进行了剖析,尝试通过规范工作机制、创造交流机会、开展各种形式的团队实践活动等方法予以解决,以期为新时期高校学生干部队伍建设提供新思路。     

农村生活污水与小流域水环境协同治理的规则型构——基于临沂“兰山模式”的实践样本

如何对农村地区的流域水环境进行高效而低成本的治理,是当前农村资源环境治理面临的挑战之一。本文以山东临沂市兰山区柳青河水环境污染治理作为典型案例,从规则型构视角剖析行动规则对"兰山模式"的作用机制。其中,边界规则打破了农村生活污水与小流域水环境资源治理的边界,企业等新行动主体的资金、技术的溢出效应提高了治理效率;身份规则改变了行动主体的参与动机,加强了多方主体间的交互作用;选择规则减少了多方治理主体的责任冲突;聚合规则弥补了农户在环境治理中的缺位。在四项行动规则的共同作用下,"兰山模式"实现了农村生活污水与小流域水环境的协同治理,是农村水环境治理的实践样本。     

生态补偿的价值目标：国际经验及对中国的启示

明晰生态补偿的价值目标,既是健全我国生态补偿政策体系、体现公共政策属性的关键,也是调动各方生态保护积极性、提升自然生态系统稳定性与生态产品供给能力的现实需要。本文首先评述了关于生态补偿价值目标的研究进展,认为国内对该领域的研究比较欠缺,亟须补充;其次对于国际上生态补偿的价值目标选择,从维护和提升生态系统服务功能、农民减贫脱贫、推动城乡生态公正以及提高农民生态参与意识等四个方面进行了介绍。反思国内生态补偿价值目标的问题,本文提出生态补偿机制完善与价值目标导向:①以“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念面向多元价值目标构建生态补偿机制;②通过生态补偿机制建设提升生态系统服务功能;③通过生态补偿机制接续推进全面脱贫与乡村振兴的有效衔接;④通过生态补偿机制建设促进城乡生态公正;⑤加强生态补偿政策宣传激发公民生态意识。     

重庆乡村旅游发展的实证分析

在我国提出大力发展乡村旅游的背景下,乡村旅游已成为社会主义新农村建设和城乡统筹发展的主要内容,并成为解决“三农”问题的一条重要途径。由于乡村旅游良好的“城乡联动”机制和广阔发展前景,将成为重庆城市带农村发展的重要举措。但从旅游学的角度看,乡村旅游产品具有一般旅游产品的特征,其发展历史较短而速度过快,已出现了众多棘手的问题。通过对重庆市乡村旅游资源及其发展现状分析,对发展中存在的问题进行了重点分析,从规划编制、精品培育、设施完善、资源保护、市场拓展、人才培养、示范带动等方面对乡村旅游发展对策进行了探讨。     

Criticism of the philosophy for development of standards for non-ionizing radiation

The new recommendations of WHO and EC for legislation in Europe and other countries concerning non-ionizing radiation (NIR) health and safety include exposure limits that are very debatable. ICNIRP Guidelines propose exposure limits for electromagnetic fields in the frequency range up to 300 GHz based on short-term exposures and on thermal effects. The new EC proposal for optical and laser safety legislation includes classification of sources of radiation—both lasers and other optical sources, but not requirements for the methodology of classification. On the other hand, many new requirements have been set by the WHO publication “Model Legislation for EMF Protection” concerning the responsibilities in the field of EMF health and safety. Many specialists in the field of developing exposure limits have positions very far away from the proposed of the ICNIRP Guidelines philosophy. The results are different approaches in developing standards and exposure limits, and differences more than 100 times in maximal permissible levels. We, the Bulgarian Program Committee on NIR, try to organize working groups and discuss different philosophy for developing exposure limits for more than 10 years. This paper exposes our position in this area.     

秦皇岛市农村饮水安全状况调查与管理对策

秦皇岛市农村饮水安全状况调查结果显示,90％受访户采用家庭分散式浅井取水、100％的用户取水后以漂白粉消毒,但消毒剂的投加不规范。当地政府从未组织对水质进行安全检测,农村缺少污水处理和垃圾处理设施,缺少健全的供水管理制度并且饮水安全意识薄弱。可以从加大水利资金投入推进集约化供水、引进权责明晰的多元化管理制度、建立水源地保护和水质监测的长效机制、推进农村污染综合整治等方面解决农村饮水安全问题。加强饮水安全后续管理,推进社会主义新农村建设。     

From subsistence farming towards a multifunctional agriculture: sustainability in the Chinese rural reality

The rural economic situation in China-with a living standard mostly at subsistence level-lags far behind the prosperous development in the cities and coastal areas. To balance this disequilibrium, comprehensive concepts and endeavors are necessary keeping in view all-not just economic-interests and needs that contribute to lively rural identities. In this context the role of agriculture, where still 50% of the Chinese population are working, will be newly defined, and sustainability concepts can help to find a readjusted position within the Chinese economy focusing on environmental health and food safety as main targets of political and other supporting measures. Within the SUCCESS project, a Concept of Sustainable Agriculture was developed and it drafts one conceivable relation between the exposure to natural resources and economy and tries to find new answers to the broad range of rural challenges in China. It is a qualitative model and, therefore, not always fully applicable, but in the concrete situation of villages, it shows possible directions of sustainability-oriented development by considering the typical local potentials. In the Chinese context that means identifying the different functions of agriculture-the well-known and the hidden-to make them explicit for the Chinese public and therewith to give them new significance. The article is based on a 3-years study within the EU-China Project SUCCESS with field research in four Chinese rural communities. It analyzes the agricultural sustainability potential of these selected villages against the background of massive structural changes within the next 20 years in rural China. Starting from the current agricultural reality, based on a qualitative analysis of the actual situation, local potentials and needs towards sustainable production and marketing are identified, and possible functions of the Chinese agriculture are formulated for the future.     

Farmers as modern-day stewards and the rise of new rural citizenship in the battle over land use

A decade ago, scholars such as Michael Woods suggested that mobilisation in response to development in rural spaces was the result of a redefinition of relations between individuals, communities and the State. This remains true with the rural representing a contested site characterised by debates concerning food and fibre, water and energy security. With the recent deployment of new energy technologies in areas traditionally used for agricultural production, increased confrontation and resistance over land use has forged unlikely alliances between farmers, environmentalists and concerned others, ultimately leading to the rise of a new form of rural citizenship. In the Australian state of New South Wales (NSW) where resistance to burgeoning coal seam gas operations has become the customary response of many rural communities, environmentalists and concerned others are mobilising in support of farmers, who self-identify as modern-day stewards and are actively working to protect a resource hierarchy of water, land and soil against industries believed to be putting these at risk. Adopting a qualitative case-study approach, this paper examines how residents and supporters in the regional Shire of Narrabri in NSW have responded to what many see as competing land uses. We argue that values traditionally associated with stewardship and rurality are being revalorised by citizens to actively oppose the visions of the State, which seek to prioritise extractive development over other alternate futures. We contend that this rise in rural relations represents a significant shift in the notion of citizens as “inhabitants” and presents a new and enduring form of agency.