Delayed colonisation of arable fields by spring breeding ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in landscapes with a high availability of hibernation sites

The colonisation of winter barley fields by spring breeding carabids and its temporal modulation by the amount of potential hibernation sites was studied. Species richness of carabids was lower in landscapes with high length of boundaries and a high amount of non-cropped open habitats during early stages of the beetles’ colonisation of arable fields. Species number of beetles with high dispersal potential responded to this landscape features at coarse spatial scales whereas beetles with low dispersal potential responded to intermediate scales. However, the negative impact of potential hibernation sites on colonisation diminished in later sampling phases. The patterns observed may be explained by both overwintering in arable soils in less complex landscapes and delayed colonisation in more complex landscapes. The seasonal patterns of landscape control suggest a need to account for temporal dynamics in interactions between species or functional groups and landscape properties. A high temporal resolution is needed in studies that focus on ecosystem function and services in agricultural landscapes, as direction of effect (positive/negative) of management on animal communities may change across spatial scales and within short time periods.     

Multifunctional landscapes--perspectives for the future

New methods in landscape ecology to study the link between landscape between landscape heterogeneity and landscape functionality are needed.Heterogeneity is a basic characteristic of Iandscape,and landscape fnction is the capacity to change the structural heterogeneity of a landscape ystem.In most developed countries the industrialisation of agriculture has in general resulted in a change of agricultural landscapes from a small-grained heterogeneous pattern towards more monotonous and monofunctional landscapes.During the 1990‘s this trends seems to have changed due to a diversification of rural land use and new trends in urbanisation.Weather these phases of landscape development should be expected in developing countries is a totally open question.Dealing with the study of multifunctionality of landscapes it is proposed to distinguish between ecological functionality of landscape ecosystems,functionality.Further,the relation between function,space and scale is important by the determination of spatial and time segregation as well as spatial and time integration of multifunctionality in landscapes.     

2000～2020年中国典型经济区PM2.5时空变化及其与植被景观格局的关系

探究典型经济区PM_2.5时空变化特征及其与植被景观格局的关系,对区域PM_2.5污染治理和大气环境保护具有重要意义.基于PM_2.5数据和MODIS NDVI数据集,采用像元二分模型、 Getis-Ord G^*_i分析、 Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、 Mann-Kendall检验、皮尔逊相关分析和复相关分析等方法,探究中国三大经济区PM_2.5空间聚集性、时空变化特征及其与植被景观格局指数的相关性.结果表明,2000～2020年环渤海地区PM_2.5主要表现为热点区扩张,冷点区缩减;长江三角洲地区冷点区和热点区面积占比无显著变化;珠江三角洲地区冷点区和热点区均发生扩张.2000～2020年三大经济区PM_2.5整体表现为下降趋势,改善程度由高到低依次是：珠江三角洲地区、长江三角洲地区和环渤海地区.2000～2020年三大经济区不同植被覆盖度等级下PM_2.5均表现为下降趋势,三大经济区PM<...     

鄱阳湖区景观格局季相变化及其优化调控研究

论文以自然属性确定的鄱阳湖区为例,基于景观生态学理论和GIS空间分析技术,定量描述和分析了鄱阳湖区景观格局的季相变化特征。研究结果表明：鄱阳湖区整体景观格局季节变化明显,枯水期较丰水期景观更加破碎,形状更加复杂,聚集程度更低,异质性水平更高;类别水平上,以滩地景观变化最为显著。枯水期和丰水期生态连通性也有较明显差异,枯水期景观生态连通性更差,景观单元间的生态阻力更大,生态流运行更加困难。在此基础上,借助最小累积耗费阻力模型和GIS空间分析模块,识别和构建了不同季相鄱阳湖区的源地、廊道（三类）、节点等生态组分,形成了“斑块-廊道-基质”模式的生态功能网络;并通过对不同季相景观格局优化组分的对比分析,辨识了年内能够持续发挥重大生态效益的景观组分,构建了更为合理的景观格局优化调控方案,以期增强鄱阳湖区景观网络的连通性,保障生态流的畅通运行,加强湖区生态系统的稳定性和可持续性,为鄱阳湖区生态规划和管理提供借鉴和参考。     

Quantifying the effect of buffer zones,crop areas and spatial aggregation on the externalities of genetically modified crops at landscape level

The development of genetically modified (GM) crops has led the European Union (EU) to put forward the concept of ‘coexistence’ to give farmers the freedom to plant both conventional and GM varieties. Should a premium for non-GM varieties emerge in the market, ‘contamination’ by GM pollen would generate a negative externality to conventional growers. It is therefore important to assess the effect of different ‘policy variables’ on the magnitude of the externality to identify suitable policies to manage coexistence. In this paper, taking GM herbicide tolerant oilseed rape as a model crop, we start from the model developed in Ceddia et al. [Ceddia, M.G., Bartlett, M., Perrings, C., 2007. Landscape gene flow, coexistence and threshold effect: the case of genetically modified herbicide tolerant oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Ecol. Modell. 205, pp. 169–180] use a Monte Carlo experiment to generate data and then estimate the effect of the number of GM and conventional fields, width of buffer areas and the degree of spatial aggregation (i.e. the ‘policy variables’) on the magnitude of the externality at the landscape level. To represent realistic conditions in agricultural production, we assume that detection of GM material in conventional produce might occur at the field level (no grain mixing occurs) or at the silos level (where grain mixing from different fields in the landscape occurs). In the former case, the magnitude of the externality will depend on the number of conventional fields with average transgenic presence above a certain threshold. In the latter case, the magnitude of the externality will depend on whether the average transgenic presence across all conventional fields exceeds the threshold. In order to quantify the effect of the relevant ‘policy variables’, we compute the marginal effects and the elasticities. Our results show that when relying on marginal effects to assess the impact of the different ‘policy variables’, spatial aggregation is far more important when transgenic material is detected at field level, corroborating previous research. However, when elasticity is used, the effectiveness of spatial aggregation in reducing the externality is almost identical whether detection occurs at field level or at silos level. Our results show also that the area planted with GM is the most important ‘policy variable’ in affecting the externality to conventional growers and that buffer areas on conventional fields are more effective than those on GM fields. The implications of the results for the coexistence policies in the EU are discussed.     

基于Landsat的黄河三角洲湿地景观时空格局演变

为全面揭示黄河三角洲湿地景观的演变,利用1973~2016年9期Landsat卫星影像,构建黄河三角洲湿地景观空间数据库,分析区域湿地景观的组成及其变化,应用景观格局指数分析方法,研究湿地景观格局演变的趋势,并结合质心模型探讨湿地景观空间位置的变化.结果表明：（1）黄河三角洲咸水湿地多分布于海岸带附近,淡水湿地多分布于河流沿岸,人工湿地多分布于距离海岸线15km以内的沿海区域以及河流沿岸.（2）黄河三角洲湿地总面积呈下降趋势,是由芦苇沼泽、翅碱蓬柽柳沼泽以及芦苇柽柳沼泽为主的自然湿地向人工湿地和非湿地的转换变化导致.（3）黄河三角洲湿地景观整体呈破碎化的萎缩趋势,景观空间构型不断朝破碎化、多样化,形状简单化的人工化特征突出的方向发展.（4）1973~1985年间,受黄河由刁口河流路改道清水沟流路初期的影响,加上充沛的淡水水源,黄河三角洲湿地呈以淡水湿地的东北向扩张变化主导;1985年后,黄河处于改道清水沟流路中后期,后又改至清8汊流路,加上黄河径流量的减少,使得区域湿地景观整体呈咸水湿地主导的东南方向萎缩变化.     

Are landscape complexity and farm specialisation related to land-use intensity of annual crop fields?

Little is known about the predictive value of landscape complexity and farm specialisation for land-use intensity, although this is critical for regional agri–environmental schemes and conservation of biodiversity. Here, we analysed land-use intensity of annual crop fields of 30 farms in northern Germany that were located in 15 landscapes differing in structural complexity ranging from <15% to >65% non-crop habitats. The proportion of arable land per landscape was used as simple predictor of landscape complexity due to its close correlation with habitat-type diversity, and the proportion of arable land per farm acted as an indicator for farm specialisation due to its negative correlation with stock farming. Land-use intensity was quantified using questionnaires. Landscape complexity and farm specialisation were related to several but not all indicators of land-use intensity. Structurally simple landscapes were related to more nitrogen input and higher crop yields, and farms specialised on annual crops had reduced crop-species diversity, larger fields, higher crop yields and more pathogen species. In contrast to general expectations, pesticide use in annual crop fields was exceptionally high and not a function of landscape complexity or farm specialisation. Our results show that generalisations such as “farms specialised on annual crops and structurally simple landscapes show increased land-use intensity” may be misleading.     

长沙城市景观破碎化空间异质性研究

景观破碎化表现为景观由单一、均质、连续趋于复杂、异化离散状态.空间异质性是空间景观格局产生的原因.不同尺度下景观破碎化空间异质性表现为不同的特征.遵循"尺度——格局——过程"的思路,以长沙市2005年、2010年遥感影像为数据源,针对都市区空间异质性对不同粒度和幅度水平的响应得到合适的分析尺度,进而对长沙市景观破碎化的空间格局和空间异质性展开研究,最后剖析了景观破碎化与城市生态系统的耦合过程.研究表明:(1)长沙都市区研究中,60 m粒度是一个本征观测尺度,1200 m幅度是理想特征尺度;(2)都市区景观破碎化空间格局复杂;(3)景观破碎化空间异质性受人为因素干扰影响大,随经济社会发展呈正相关关系.     

Diversity of cereal aphid parasitoids in simple and complex landscapes

Structurally complex landscapes may enhance local species richness and interactions, which is possibly due to a higher species pool in complex landscapes. This hypothesis was tested using cereal aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae) by comparing 12 winter wheat fields in structurally complex landscapes (>50% semi-natural habitats; n = 6) and structurally simple landscapes dominated by agricultural lands (>80% arable land; n = 6). Surprisingly, landscape structural complexity had no effect on aphid parasitoid species diversity. In complex landscapes 12 and in simple landscapes 11 species were found; 9 species occurred in both landscape types. Hence, arable fields in high-intensity agricultural landscapes with little non-crop area can support a similar diversity of cereal aphid parasitoids as structurally complex landscapes. This finding suggests that cereal aphid parasitoids may find necessary resources even in simple landscapes, making generalisations concerning the relationship between landscape composition and biodiversity in arable fields difficult.     

Agricultural landscape change and stability in northeast Thailand: historical patch-level analysis

The temporal nature of agricultural landscape change, where both intra- and inter-annual processes and changes are often at work, renders traditional methods of landscape change assessment not completely effective. Additionally, seasonal and longer-term shifting patterns of cultivation can sometimes appear as permanent landscape change when in fact they actually are simply a local change in spatial arrangement. To address these complexities, this work tests an approach that is longitudinal in character and based upon assessing the structure of landscape change as well as the landuse/landcover (LULC) change. Set in rural northeast Thailand, patch dynamics are examined through use of LULC change trajectories built from an image time series and temporal patterns built from pattern metrics. The given unit of observation is the pixel, and its “life history” is constituted by the values derived from the images of a satellite time series, which are then reconstituted at the patch level for better ecological interpretation. The hypothesis that underpins this approach is that the nature of the trajectory is associated with the function of the land in that patch and in the neighborhood of surrounding patches. Hence, different trajectories of LULC spatial arrangement may suggest, for example, differences in the stability or dynamics of LULC over time and space, which are further suggestive of land sustainability or resilience, or conversely land conversion or dynamism. The study area for this research is a marginalized, agrarian environment in northeast Thailand, a region that has undergone deforestation of upland forests for the cultivation of commercial field crops, intensification of lowland rice for subsistence as well as local and regional sales and global export, and LULC scenarios altering the savanna landscape that serves as the background matrix. The analysis here characterizes the relative stability and temporal dynamics of LULC at the patch level. Pattern metrics calculated at the patch level are assessed as the spatial organization of landscape units that represent: (1) transitional areas of LULC dynamics occurring as peripheral expansion, (2) LULC change from forest to agriculture through deforestation, or (3) agriculture to forest through secondary plant succession, with savanna serving as a transitional matrix. In short, this paper proposes and tests a method for assessing the temporal persistence of LULC through pattern metrics. The method contributes a technique for analyzing the landscape ecology of sites as a function of their stability/dynamics within a scale-explicit context, and contributes to the growing body of work on relating scale, pattern, and process.     

基于景观指数和空间自相关的吉林大安市景观格局动态研究

以松嫩平原西部盐碱化严重的典型区域大安市为研究对象,基于2000和2010年两个时期的土地利用和增强植被指数（EVI）数据,利用移动窗口法和局部空间自相关分析,研究大安市景观格局的变化。结果表明,大安市优势景观类型是农田、草地和盐碱地,2000年农田、草地和盐碱地分别占景观类型总面积的40.20%、19.09%和19.26%,2010年分别占景观类型总面积的41.69%、18.16%和19.94%。2000-2010年,农田和盐碱地面积增加,最大斑块指数增加,景观形状变得复杂,并且盐碱地的景观连通性增强,而草地的面积减少,最大斑块指数降低,景观形状变得复杂。大安市景观格局空间分布特征明显,优势度较高的景观类型分布的区域包括草地、农田和盐碱地,景观连通性强,景观破碎化程度和异质化程度低。而各种景观类型交错分布的区域景观破碎化程度较高,景观异质性较强。大安市2000和2010年EVI的局部Moran’s I分别为0.73和0.75,在空间分布上呈现出明显的空间自相关性。2000和2010年EVI呈高-高自相关的地区大多为农田,这些区域的植被覆盖较好,EVI呈低-低自相关的地区大多为盐碱地,植被覆盖较差。大安市不同景观类型的Moran’s I和斑块密度（PD）以及斑块形状指数（LSI）呈负相关关系,和最大斑块指数（LPI）以及蔓延度指数（CONTAG）呈正相关关系。移动窗口法和空间自相关法的结合分析,有助于了解大安市景观格局的空间变化特征及植被覆盖的空间聚集规律,从而为该地区生态环境保护提供依据。     

南方丘陵山区典型地物景观特征尺度研究

景观的特征尺度反映了人与自然交互作用的空间过程,合理识别景观空间结构及其特征尺度有助于遥感影像景观空间异质性分析。论文以地处南方丘陵山区的福建省福州市为研究区,针对城市、农田、森林与水域4种地物景观,基于SPOT 10 m影像,分别利用半方差分析、小波分析与平均局部方差方法,开展景观特征尺度研究。结果表明:①不同景观类型的空间异质性差异较大,其中森林景观空间异质性最大,其次为城市、农田景观,水域的空间异质性最小;②小波方差分析和半方差分析分别检测到两个不同的特征尺度,而局部方差仅仅检测到较小的空间结构;③森林景观特征尺度比通常偏小,与南方丘陵山区破碎地形有关,城市景观更多体现为人类活动的影响,南方丘陵山区城市景观至少具有两种不同的空间结构,其特征尺度均较小,农田景观特征尺度最大。基于小波分析与半方差各自的特点,总结提炼出综合两种方法合理识别景观特征尺度的基本流程,即:首先开展小波分析,然后在此基础上利用半方差分析多种理论模型组合从而获得更详细的特征尺度信息,模型组合个数与参数初始值依据小波分析的结果而定。     

云南澜沧江流域土地利用及其变化对景观生态风险的影响

利用GIS的空间分析功能,对云南澜沧江流域1980年、1992年和2000年3期TM遥感影像解译的土地利用解译数据进行图层代数运算,定量分析了土地利用变化及各种土地利用方式的相互转化关系;在土地利用变化的基础上,以景观干扰指数和土地利用类型的敏感度指数为评价指标,分析了不同研究时段内不同空间范围的景观生态风险变化情况.研究结果表明,自1992年以来该流域牛态环境受人类活动干扰增强,耕地、林地、草地三者之间相互转化频率较高;土地利用结构的变化已导致景观生态风险指数发生显著时空差异,中级以上的生态风险主要分布于该流域的中下游,分布范围呈东南向西北方向扩展,风险较高的地区增加幅度较大.受地形、地貌的影响,该区域的景观生态风险各向异性较显著,自相关范围在7.5km之内.澜沧江流域景观生态风险有扩大的趋势,应加强中级以上景观生态风险区域的生态保护与建设,以实现澜沧江流域的生态环境与社会经济的可持续发展.     

岩溶山区城镇化进程的土地利用景观格局演变特征——以贵阳市为例

基于多期贵阳市土地利用现状数据,运用景观生态学原理系统研究了城镇化进程中贵阳市景观格局时空演变特征。结果表明,城镇化进程中建设用地景观面积持续增加,耕地、林地和草地景观面积减少。城市建设用地景观早期集中于贵阳市中部,其它呈零星点状分布;中期以南部和西北部为主,逐渐由零星点状向带状发展;后期由带状向四周拓展的区位演变特征。城镇化进程中景观蔓延度和景观形状呈下降趋势,斑块数和破碎度增加,景观形状趋于规则;景观多样性和均匀度随城镇化推进有所上升,景观异质性增强。景观格局变化受控于国家政策、城市发展理念与规划调整。     

密云水库上游流域非点源氮流失特征研究

利用密云水库上游流域2001年、2004年地表水质监测数据,从流域土地利用和景观格局特征出发,分析了非点源氮流失的时空差异以及影响因素。结果表明:雨季中水体中氮污染物的浓度明显高于雨季后的浓度,硝态氮(NO3--N)是是氮在地表水环境的主要存在形式,而且与总氮(TN)呈很好的线性关系;村庄、农地等人类活动比较剧烈的流域,氮的季节变异较大;而在有稳定水源或径流季节变异较小的流域,氮的季节变异较小;不同的景观分布格局也对氮的流失产生影响,源景观更靠近监测点氮污染物浓度要高于汇景观更靠近监测点的氮污染物浓度;在坡度较大的东北和西北地区,(TN)和(NO3--N)的浓度要明显大于坡度较小的库北地区。     

Influence of habitat type and surrounding landscape on spider diversity in Swedish agroecosystems

Lycosid and linyphiid spiders were collected over a full cropping season around Uppsala, Sweden, in eight organic spring sown cereal fields in three different habitat types: field margin, field, and the edge between the two. The sites were located in landscapes with different proportions of non-crops, forest, perennial crops, annual crops, and number and sizes of arable fields. The field margin, compared with the field habitat, was found to be important for the activity density of lycosids, and for the species richness and composition of linyphiids. Landscape parameters were central for the activity density of linyphiids and for the species richness and composition of Lycosidae. A diverse landscape with easy access to perennial crops and forest in addition to field margins will augment both the number of species and individuals of the two spider families.     

基于"源""汇"景观格局指数的海河流域总氮流失评价

土地利用类型及其格局能够影响非点源污染时空特征,而景观格局分析方法是评价非点源污染的重要技术手段,但是传统的景观格局指数较少考虑景观之间的位置关系,导致生态意义不明确.＂源＂＂汇＂景观格局理论中的＂源景观＂和＂汇景观＂指的是促进和阻碍非点源污染发生的景观类型.通过收集海河流域2009年夏季26个子流域的总氮浓度数据,并结合1∶25万DEM和1∶10万土地利用图,构建了融合景观类型、面积、空间位置等信息在内的源汇景观格局指数,发现源汇景观格局指数与总氮浓度有很好的相关性,在燕山山区、太行山区和下游平原区的相关系数分别为0.86、0.67和0.65.结果表明,源汇景观格局指数能够很大程度上反映总氮的空间变异特征,可以为其它流域的非点源污染评价提供参考,也有可能作为输入参数提高现有水质模型的模拟精度.     

京津冀地区生境质量与景观格局演变及关联性

以京津冀地区为研究区,基于InVEST生态评估模型、Fragstats景观格局指数测算平台,运用网格分析法,评估了2000~2018年京津冀地区生境质量与景观格局演变;利用空间自相关理论,分析了二者空间关联性及其时序演变特征.结果表明：京津冀地区生境质量整体呈现出“东南低、西北高”的空间分布特征;2000~2018年京津冀北部以及沿海地区生境质量大面积提升;北京-天津都市圈及其南部存在大面积生境质量衰退.京津冀山区景观格局较稳定,东南部城市群景观格局指数值变化显著,景观趋于破碎化.生境质量与景观格局特征二者具备空间关联性,但相关关系逐渐减弱,以东南部生境质量低值区集聚效应减弱最为明显.研究结果有助于揭示生境质量与景观格局的空间关联性规律,可为我国乃至世界其他类似地区生态保护与景观规划提供科学支持.     

Quantification of spatial structures in two landscape regions

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The role of perennial habitats for Central European farmland spiders

Spiders are important predators of insect pests. Some species invariably dominate spider communities in crop fields over large parts of Europe, and are therefore considered as “agrobionts”. It is however not clear if these species generally prefer arable habitats, or to what degree they utilize other habitats during times when crops are inhospitable. Here, spider abundances in 26 crop fields and 16 perennial habitats in Germany were compared during spring. Overall spider abundance in winter wheat was 75% lower than in perennial habitats, and species richness was reduced by 46%. Out of a total of 91 species, 73 had higher densities in perennial habitats, including the most dominant crop spiders Erigone atra and Tenuiphantes tenuis. Only one species (Oedothorax apicatus) was significantly more abundant in crops than in perennial habitats. Hence, the high dominance of most “agrobiont” species in crops was due to low densities of other species, and not to their own higher abundances. Therefore, perennial habitats adjacent to crop-fields could enhance spider populations and their potential for biological control in arable fields on a landscape level.