海藻酸钙固定混合SRB菌群力学生物吸附Ni2+的动力学

利用海藻酸钙为载体包埋固定化硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)混合菌群,研究了固定化微生物吸附重金属镍离子的动力学特性.结果表明:固定化混合SRB菌群对Ni2+具有良好的吸附性能,最大吸附容量qm高达931.9 mg(Ni2+)/g(SRB)颗粒,是一种颇具应用前景的生物吸附剂.固定化SRB吸附Ni2+的动力学过程可以用准二次动力学方程描述,整个吸附过程可以明显地分为两个阶段,即物理化学吸附阶段和生物沉淀阶段.扩散动力学研究表明,固定化颗粒的内扩散并非是唯一控制吸附速率的机制,整个吸附过程涉及到多种吸附机制.图4表3参14     

好氧颗粒污泥对水溶液中酸性淡黄2G的生物吸附

利用好氧颗粒污泥对酸性淡黄2G溶液进行吸附脱色研究,考察了pH值、吸附剂用量、初始酸性淡黄2G的浓度、温度以及NaCl浓度对吸附过程的影响.实验结果表明,吸附过程对溶液pH值具有很高的依赖性,其最佳pH值为2.0.Temkin等温线在整个实验染料浓度范围内能够很好地描述吸附过程.吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型.内部扩散和边界层扩散都可能影响生物吸附速率.热力学分析表明,吸附过程是一个自发的放热过程.采用FTIR分析的结果进一步揭示了颗粒污泥上官能团(如胺基、羧基和羟基等)可能是染料生物吸附的活跃结合位点.这些结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥可以作为吸附剂以去除水中的酸性淡黄2G。     

啤酒酵母去除水中Cd~(2+)和Cu~(2+)的吸附动力学和解吸特性

生物吸附法是一种经济有效的处理大规模低浓度重金属废水的生物技术,其中啤酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)是具有实用潜力的生物吸附剂.通过以实验室培养的啤酒酵母作生物吸附剂,研究了啤酒酵母对Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)吸附的动力学解吸特性,结果表明:非固定化啤酒酵母对重金属的吸附是一个快速的、不依赖于生物代谢的过程,经过2h后Cd~(2+)达吸附平衡,Cu~(2+)为3 h.它们的吸附动力学过程均可用Elovich方程、抛物线扩散方程、双常数方程、二级动力学方程、Langmuir动力学方程来拟合,对Cd~(2+)来说,以二级动力学方程的拟合效果最佳,Cu~(2+)以Elovich方程最佳.固定化啤酒酵母吸附Cd~(2+)的平衡时间为60 h,Cu~(2+)为24 h,吸附速率大大降低.固定化啤酒酵母对重金属的吸附动力学也可用Elovich方程、抛物线扩散方程、双常数方程、二级动力学方程、Langmuir动力学方程拟合,但Cd~(2+)以Elovich方程最佳,Cu~(2+)以Langmuir动力学方程最佳.固定化碱处理啤酒酵母可用HC1作为解吸剂进行解吸,使吸附剂得到再生,具有较大的开发应用潜力.     

不同热解条件下制备的秸秆炭对铜离子的吸附动力学

研究了不同热解条件下制备的秸秆生物炭对铜离子的吸附动力学规律.以常见的玉米杆和番茄杆为原料,在限氧升温热解的条件下制备生物炭.研究不同热解温度(300、400、500、600、700℃)和不同热解时间(1、2、4、6、8 h)对秸秆生物炭吸附性能的影响,实验结果表明番茄杆样品T6004和玉米杆样品C6006分别获得对铜离子的最佳吸附效果,其去除率分别为98.40%和98.77%.通过批试验探明秸秆生物炭对Cu~(2+)的吸附动力学特征与机理,秸秆生物炭对Cu~(2+)的吸附动力学数据随时间的变化能很好地用准二级动力学方程进行拟合,说明生物炭对Cu~(2+)的吸附是一个复杂的过程,并不是简单的单层吸附.用颗粒内扩散模型进行拟合分析发现,热解时间和温度对秸秆生物炭的吸附边界层厚度均会产生不同程度的影响.此外,颗粒内扩散并非吸附过程的唯一控速步骤,表面吸附和液膜扩散共同控制吸附反应速率.     

固定化硫酸盐还原菌处理含铊废水效果及其解毒机制

生物固定化是一种新型防控水源地水体重金属污染技术.实验采用固定化硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)处理含铊废水,并研究了SRB处理含铊废水的机理.研究结果表明,包埋后SRB仍能够保持较强活性,pH和接触时间对固定化SRB处理含铊废水具有较大影响,包埋小球pH耐受性较好,最适pH值是6,处理在720min达到饱和量.菌液包埋量和废水中硫酸根离子浓度对固定化处理含铊废水作用重要,处理量高达253.94μg·g~(-1).采用EDS和XRD分析了反应体系中沉淀物的组成,表明溶液和小球沉淀物中均含有硫化铊,硫化铊沉淀是固定化SRB处理含铊废水过程中铊污染去除的重要机制,固定化SRB可有效防控水源地铊污染.     

聚苯乙烯微塑料对土壤吸附泰乐菌素的影响过程和机制

以聚苯乙烯(PS)微粒和泰乐菌素(TYL)为研究对象,选取我国不同地区、不同性质农田土壤,通过吸附动力学和热力学试验研究微塑料添加对土壤吸附TYL的影响。结果表明,添加PS条件下4种土壤吸附TYL的能力显著提高,其中,PS对黏质土壤吸附TYL能力的提高作用大于壤土;土壤中w=1%的PS没有明显改变4种土壤对TYL的吸附过程,吸附过程能较好地用准二级动力学模型(R²>0.97)拟合,通过颗粒内扩散模型判断原土壤和含PS土壤对TYL的吸附过程分为外部扩散、颗粒内扩散和吸附平衡3个阶段。土壤对TYL的吸附等温线可以用Freundlich和Langmuir方程进行较好的拟合(R²>0.97)。添加PS后土壤吸附TYL的能力随pH值和离子强度的增加均有一定程度减弱,且达到显著性差异,其吸附机制为以疏水作用和静电作用为主导的多相吸附。     

马铃薯秸秆生物炭对黄土吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的影响

为了探究来源于本地农业废弃物的生物炭对区域重金属污染黄土吸附固定化修复的可行性,本文采用批量平衡实验法,研究了马铃薯秸秆生物炭、黄土和生物炭与黄土混合物(加炭黄土)吸附重金属Cd(Ⅱ)的性能,考察了吸附时间、初始Cd(Ⅱ)浓度和溶液p H值对吸附过程的影响,并利用红外光谱、X-射线衍射分析等方法对吸附前后的生物炭和黄土分别进行表征.结果表明,生物炭、黄土、加炭黄土对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附等温模式符合Langmuir模型,在25℃下的最大吸附量分别为15.60、7.87、12.40 mg·g~(-10,吸附动力学数据满足准二级动力学方程,溶液初始p H值对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附过程影响较大,2p H4和6p H8时,吸附量增加速率很快,而4p H6时,吸附量平缓上升.表征结果说明离子交换和阳离子-π作用为生物炭对Cd(Ⅱ)的主要吸附机制,而黄土对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附主要归因于石英、高岭石等黏土矿物以及有机质中的羧基基团.对比动力学和等温吸附数据可得,在实验研究范围内,生物炭的添加使黄土对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附能力分别提高了41.50%和49.94%.因此,在一定条件下,生物炭的输入可有效提高黄土对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附固定化能力.     

镁改性水生植物生物炭吸附水中的微囊藻毒素-LR

利用水生植物苦草和狐尾藻制备镁改性生物炭,并对生物炭的比表面积、孔隙度、元素组成、pH_pzc、FTIR、XPS、XRD进行表征,开展吸附水中微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)的研究.结果表明,与未改性生物炭相比,镁改性生物炭具有较大的比表面积和中孔孔容,其表面负载有MgO和Mg(OH)₂,且具有更多的含氧基团和更高的pH_pzc.以2.0 mol·L^-1的MgCl₂浸渍制备的镁改性生物炭对MC-LR的去除效果最佳.准一级、准二级动力学、Elovich和颗粒内扩散模型都能在不同程度上较好地描述吸附过程.吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich模型,且较高的温度有利于对MC-LR的吸附,而较高的pH和较大分子量的DOM会抑制吸附.颗粒内扩散、中孔填充是吸附的重要机制,还可能存在氢键、静电吸引和π⁺-π EDA相互作用力.本研究为水生植物残体资源化利用提供新的思路.     

三维多孔生物炭吸附剂的制备及其对菲的吸附行为

以生活中常见的丝瓜络为原材料,在氮气保护和不同温度(600、700、800、900℃)的条件下热解制备了三维多孔丝瓜络生物炭(LSBC600、LSBC700、LSBC800、LSBC900)。表征了丝瓜络生物炭的理化性质,通过动力学吸附实验和等温线吸附实验研究了不同热解温度条件下制备的丝瓜络生物炭对菲的吸附动力学特征和吸附等温线特征,探讨了可能的吸附机理,评估三维多孔生物炭对菲的去除能力,为水生态系统保护和饮用水安全提供科学依据。结果表明,热解温度会影响生物炭的表面官能团组成,进而影响其芳香性。丝瓜络生物炭呈现多管束堆叠的三维多孔结构,随着热解温度的升高,挥发性物质减少,丝瓜络生物炭的表面变得粗糙,比表面积增大,芳香结构增加;LSBC900的比表面积达到了467 m²·g^-1。吸附动力学结果说明,丝瓜络生物炭对菲的吸附是复杂和多阶段的,主导吸附速率的是液膜扩散过程,其次是颗粒内扩散过程。在600-900℃范围内,随着热解温度的升高,丝瓜络生物炭对菲的平衡吸附量升高,吸附速率加快。吸附等温线结果说明,热解温度升高可以提高丝瓜络生物炭对菲的吸附容...     

酿酒酵母生物吸附Cu2+的动力学及吸附平衡研究

研究了重金属离子Cu2 在酿酒酵母上的生物吸附特性,内容包括生物吸附动力学、吸附等温线以及pH对生物吸附的影响.生物吸附动力学结果表明,当Cu2 初始浓度为71.6mg/L时,Cu2 在酿酒酵母上的生物吸附过程可以分为两个阶段,第一阶段为物理吸附,在10min内达到平衡,此后,随着时间的延长,有微量脱附现象发生.Cu2 在酵母上的吸附过程可以很好地用准二级动力学方程来描述(R2=0.9984),动力学参数k2为7.65×10-3g mg-1min-1,qe为9.15mg/g.吸附等温线结果表明,Cu2 在酿酒酵母上的生物吸附可以用Langmuir和Freundlich方程来描述,最大吸附量qmax为10.2mg/g·pH为5.0时Cu2 在酿酒酵母上的吸附量最大.酿酒酵母可用于处理低浓度含Cu2 的废水.     

A comparative study of Cu (II) biosorption on Ca-alginate and immobilized live and inactivated Cladosporium sp

Spores of Cladosporium sp. were immobilized into Ca-alginate beads via entrapment. The alginate beads and both entrapped live and inactivated spores of Cladosporium sp. were used for comparison of biosorptive capacity from aqueous solutions. The factors affecting the adsorption ability on Cu (II), such as the contact time, initial pH, temperature were investigated. The results showed that the Ca-alginate beads containing live spores of Cladosporium sp. had the maximum biosorptive capacity. The biosorption equilibrium was established in about 3 h. The maximum biosorption of Cu (II) on Ca-alginate entrapping spores and no spores were obtained between pH 4.0 and 3.5. Temperature over the range of 15-45 degrees C had no significant effect on the biosorption capacity. The biosorptive capacity increased with initial concentrations in the concentration range of 30-800mg/l. The equilibrium was well described by Langmuir biosorption isotherms. The Ca-alginate beads could be regenerated using 0.1M HCl, The biosorbents were reused in three biosorption-desorption cycles with negligible decrease in biosorptive capacity.     

Biosorption of low level Cd~（2＋） in water by Aspergillus sojae

以酱油曲霉（Aspergillus sojae）为吸附剂,对水溶液中微量Cd2＋进行了吸附研究.实验考察了预处理方法、菌体用量、pH、温度和吸附时间对吸附的影响,同时分析了其吸附动力学和吸附等温线特性,并对酱油曲霉菌体吸附Cd2＋的可能作用机理进行了探讨.结果表明,碱预处理的菌体吸附效果最好.在菌体用量为0.08 g时,对Cd2＋的吸附量达到最大,为0.095 mg.g-1.pH值在3.4—8之间,酱油曲霉菌体对Cd2＋的吸附效果比较稳定,其最大吸附率出现在pH 3.4.温度在15℃—30℃之间时,菌体对Cd2＋的吸附率差异很小,吸附率在88.3%—94.4%之间.二级动力学方程能很好地表征酱油曲霉吸附微量Cd2＋的过程,R2在0.99以上,其吸附平衡时间大约2.5 h,线性模型更适于描述该吸附平衡过程.SEM、FTIR分析得出,Cd2＋可能是与酱油曲霉菌体表面的羟基、酰胺基、羧基、磷酸基和胺基等基团相络合而被吸附,也可能是形成颗粒沉淀而附着在菌丝上.     

Development of chitosan-alginate based biosorbent for the removal of p-chlorophenol from aqueous medium

Removal of p-chlorophenol (pCP) from synthetic aqueous solutions was studied through adsorption on a biosorbent developed from chitosan (CS) and sodium alginate (SA), the natural cationic and anionic polysaccharides, respectively. Chitosan-coated sodium alginate beads were prepared and treated with calcium chloride solution in order to improve the stability as well as hydrophobic character. The resulting beads (CS/CA) were characterized using FTIR spectra, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and BET surface analysis. The efficiency of this biosorbent in removing pCP from aqueous medium was studied under batch equilibrium and dynamic column flow experimental conditions. The binding capacity of the biosorbent was studied as a function of initial pH, contact time, initial concentration of adsorbate and amount of biomass. The data were fitted to pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Weber–Morris models and found that the adsorption process followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. Further, the equilibrium data were fitted to Freundlich, Langmiur, and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) adsorption isotherms and the isotherm constants were evaluated for adsorption of pCP. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of CS/CA beads was found to be 127 mg g^?1. Column flow results were used to generate breakthrough curves. The experimental results suggested that the chitosan–calcium alginate blended biosorbent was effective for the removal of pCP from aqueous medium.     

Chromium (VI) biosorption by immobilized Aspergillus niger in continuous flow system with special reference to FTIR analysis

Aspergillus niger was treated with acid and immobilized in calcium alginate matrix. The dynamic removal of Cr (VI) ion was studied using continuously fed column packed with immobilized biosorbent beads. Column experiments were carried out to study the effect of various bed heights (20, 30, 40 cm) under different flow rates (5, 7.5, 10 ml min(-1)) on efficiency of biosorption. The maximum time (1020 minutes; 17 hr) before breakthrough point was observed in case of 40 cm bed height with flow rate of 5ml min(-1). FTIR analysis of acid treated immobilized A. niger was used fora qualitative and preliminary analysis of chemical functional groups present on its cell wall which provided the information on nature of cell wall and Cr (VI) interaction during the process of biosorption. The IR spectra of biosorbent recorded before and after chromium biosorption had shown some changes in the band patterns, which were finally analyzed and was found that chemical interaction such as ion-exchange between carboxyl (-COOH), hydroxyl (-OH) and amine (-NH2) group of biosorbent and Chromium ion were mainlyinvolved in biosorption of Cr (VI) onto A. niger cell wall surface. The biosorbed metal was eluted from biosorbent by using 0.1 M H2SO4 as eluant. Immobilized biosorbent could be reused for five consecutive biosorption and desorption cycles without apparent loss of efficiency after its reconditioning. Considering all above factors together this paper discusses the efficient chromium biosorption process carried out by immobilized A. niger biosorbent.     

Adsorptive separation of phosphate oxyanion from aqueous solution using an inorganic adsorbent

Phosphate removal from aqueous solution was explored using granular ferric hydroxide (GFH) as an inorganic adsorbent. Adsorption, desorption and kinetic studies were conducted on laboratory scale to evaluate the performance of GFH as an adsorbent for low concentrations of phosphate solution. The effect of pH on adsorption was investigated, and phosphate uptake was shown to decrease with an increase in solution pH, with maximum removal seen to occur at pH 3. The experimental data best fit the Temkin isotherm at both pH 3 and 4. Uptake of phosphate by GFH follows second-order kinetics, with the small particle range (76–200 μm) removing phosphate from the solution more rapidly than the larger particle range (710–850 μm). The kinetic results suggest that intra-particle diffusion is an important factor in phosphate adsorption onto GFH. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH°, ΔS°) were evaluated, and the results indicated that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. This study demonstrates that GFH has potential to be used as a cost-effective adsorbent for phosphate removal from aqueous solution.     

Biosorption of Cd2+ and Cu2+ on immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The biosorption of Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺ onto the immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) was investigated in this study. Adsorption kinetics, isotherms and the effect of pH were studied. The results indicated that the biosorption of Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺ on the immobilized S. cerevisiae was fast at initial stage and then became slow. The maximum biosorption of heavy metal ions on immobilized S. cerevisiae were observed at pH 4 for Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺. by the pseudo-second-order model described the sorption kinetic data well according to the high correlation coefficient (R ²) obtained. The biosorption isotherm was fitted well by the Langmuir model, indicating possible mono-layer biosorption of Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺ on the immobilized S. cerevisiae. Moreover, the immobilized S. cerevisiae after the sorption of Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺ could be regenerated and reused.     

Mass-transfer processes of chromium(VI) adsorption onto guava seeds

The chromium(VI) biosorption onto guava seeds, as an alternative method for Cr⁶⁺ removal from aqueous solutions, was investigated. The parameters affecting kinetics and equilibrium of Cr⁶⁺ adsorption onto guava seeds were studied. An external mass-transfer diffusion coefficient k and intra-particle diffusion coefficient k_i were determined to measure the rate-limiting step of adsorption. A single external mass-transfer diffusion model and intra-particle diffusion models were used. The effects of initial pH, sorbent mass, and initial Cr⁶⁺ concentrations on mass-transfer coefficients were investigated. The external mass-transfer coefficient has an average value of 7.2×10^-3 cm s^-1, while the intra-particle mass-transfer diffusion coefficient was 0.34 mg g^-1 min^-0.5. This indicates that external diffusion to the guava seeds surface and intra-particle diffusion are both involved in the sorption process. The isotherm equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir and Freundlich models with an average correlation coefficient R²=0.98. The maximum removal of Cr⁶⁺ was obtained at pH 1 (about 100% for adsorbent dose of 15 g l^-1 and 25 mg l^-1 initial concentration of Cr⁶⁺). The results indicated that the guava seeds exhibit acceptable sorption capacity.     

聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠固定香菇废弃物吸附Pb和Cd的最佳配方

选用香菇废弃物作为生物吸附剂,用聚乙烯醇(PVA)-海藻酸钠(SA)同定香菇粉制成PVA-SA固定香菇,以吸附溶液中铅(Pb)和镉(Cd)的能力为主要评价指标,结合成球性、机械强度和耐酸性等,通过正交试验确定出吸附Pb的PVA-SA固定香菇最佳配方是8%PVA+1%SA+3%香菇粉+2%CaCl2的饱和H3BO3,对Pb的吸附率为95.4%,吸附Cd的PVA-SA同定香菇的最佳配方是5%PVA+1%SA+3%香菇粉+2%CaCl2的饱和H3BO3,对Cd的吸附率为63.7%.二小球的成球性、机械强度和耐酸性都较好.Langmuir等温吸附模型能最好地拟合香菇吸附Pb的热力学过程,相关系数R2达0.993 9;Freundlich模型能更好地描述香菇吸附Cd的热力学过程,R2为0.999 3.Freundlich等温吸附模型适合描述PVA-SA同定香菇吸附Pb和Cd的热力学过程,R2分别为0.958 7和0.982 3.自由香菇对Cd的理论最大吸附量qm-Langmuir (2.832 1 mg g-1)小于PVA-SA固定香菇的理论最大吸附量qm-Langmuir (6.447 5 mg g-1),自由香菇吸附Pb的Freundlich模型参数k(0.312 7)小于PVA-SA固定香菇吸附Pb的k(0.431 0),香菇固定后吸附Cd和Pb的能力有所提高.PVA-SA固定香菇吸附Pb和Cd的吸附平衡时间分别为3 h和7 h,比自由香菇吸附Pb和Cd的平衡时间(1 h)长.伪二级动力学模型能很好地拟合固定香菇吸附Pb和Cd的动力学过程,R2分别为0.999 9和0.994 6,由该模型计算出的对Pb和Cd的平衡吸附量理论值分别为0.453 6 mg g-1和0.2060 mg Cd g-1.伪二级动力学模型能很好地拟合同定香菇吸附Pb和Cd的动力学过程,由该模型计算出的固定香菇对Pb和Cd的平衡吸附量理论值分别为0.453 6 mg g-1和0.206 0 mg g-1,自由香菇对Pb和Cd的平衡吸附量理论值分别为1.817 2 mg g-1和0.842 5 mg g-1.PVA-SA固定香菇吸附Pb/Cd的伪二级动力学反应速率常数k2为1.324 1/1.253 1,自由香菇吸附Pb/Cd的k2为0.780 510.213 0,自由香菇吸附Pb/Cd的k2大于固定香菇的k2,表明固定香菇吸附Pb/Cd达到平衡所需要的时间比自由香菇所需要的时间长.图3表6参16     

Biosorption of copper from aqueous solutions by date stones and palm-trees waste

The removal of toxic metals from wastewaters by biosorption, based on the metal-binding capacities of various biological materials, has received much interest. However, the success of this approach depends on economic feasibility, which can be obtained by optimization of the environmental conditions. This paper evaluates, for the first time, the use of low-cost biosorbent (date stones (DS) and palm-tree waste (PTW)) to eliminate Cu(II) from aqueous solutions. The effect of some parameters on copper biosorption has been studied using date stones and palm-tree waste as solid sorbents. Results show that the highest percentage of copper adsorption was obtained for the smallest size of the sorbent particles. The biosorption process was found to occur rapidly, i.e. the maximum sorption capacity was reached within 20 min. The process involved pseudo-second-order kinetics with an activation energy value within the normal range considered for processes, where a physical interaction between the sorbate and the sorbent solid predominated. The thermodynamic parameters of the copper ions uptake onto the solid sorbents indicated that, the process was endothermic and proceeds spontaneously from the date stones. However, the thermodynamic studies of the adsorption of copper on palm-tree waste indicated that the process was exothermic and proceeds spontaneously.     

Removal of lead from aqueous solution by hydroxyapatite/manganese dioxide composite

A novel composite adsorbent, hydroxyapatite/manganese dioxide (HAp/MnO₂), has been developed for the purpose of removing lead ions from aqueous solutions. The combination of HAp with MnO₂ is meant to increase its adsorption capacity. Various factors that may affect the adsorption efficiency, including solution pH, coexistent substances such as humic acid and competing cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺), initial solute concentration, and the duration of the reaction, have been investigated. Using this composite adsorbent, solution pH and coexistent calcium or magnesium cations were found to have no significant influence on the removal of lead ions under the experimental conditions. The adsorption equilibrium was described well by the Langmuir isotherm model, and the calculated maximum adsorption capacity was 769 mg·g⁻¹. The sorption processes obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. The experimental results indicate that HAp/MnO₂ composite may be an effective adsorbent for the removal of lead ions from aqueous solutions.