巢湖蓝藻的机械清除工艺以及藻水分离实验研究

对巢湖蓝藻进行机械清除以及藻水分离实验研究,实验采用的浮式围栏引导一机械清除．投加剥离液辅助机械清除工艺处理量大,除藻效率高,筛网过滤-浓缩-卧螺离心机脱水成藻泥的藻水分离工艺较为理想,藻泥含水率仅为89％。2011年5-10月在巢湖运用上述方法清除湖面水华蓝藻,共处理富藻水1．6万m3,得到藻泥970t,累计清除蓝藻106．7t（干重）。按照所清除蓝藻的总氮、总磷的平均含量计算,相当于从湖中移除了氮6．25t,磷2．1t。表明在富营养湖泊中水华蓝藻大量暴发时,采用上述方法除藻,对控制蓝藻水华污染,有效降低内源氮、磷等污染物负荷具有十分重要的作用。     

太湖底泥的污染控制及修复技术的可行性应用探讨

太湖表层底泥营养物、重金属和有机污染物等含量较高,并有向水体释放倾向,对水体及水生生态系统造成威胁.文章探讨了对太湖已开展或近期可开展的内源污染治理实用和示范技术,如外部污染源控制、原位覆盖、原位底泥氧化、原位上覆水充氧、生态疏浚、生物修复技术以及自然消减技术等.对上述技术运用于太湖进行了可行性分析.     

泥沙起动临界状态对底泥内源释放的影响研究

通过波浪水槽试验,研究了泥沙起动临界状态时太湖贡湖湾底泥内源释放的特点。结果表明,当底泥处于泥沙起动临界状态时,底泥以上1cm处上覆水中溶解氧在前15min内呈降低趋势,由初始7.5mg/L左右降低至7.0mg/L以下;约20min后,溶解氧总体呈升高趋势,最高达到8.12mg/L;底泥以上1cm处上覆水中硝态氮、亚硝态氮、氨氮和磷酸根等营养盐浓度仅在过程中有不同程度的波动,试验前后基本保持不变。初步研究结果可见,在波浪水槽试验的条件下,泥沙起动临界状态在短时间内能降低水-沉积物界面上覆水的溶解氧浓度,而从环境效应角度看对太湖贡湖湾底泥内源释放没有影响。     

污染底泥及其间隙水分层特性的模拟实验研究

底泥冲刷沉降、再悬浮是作用于水环境内源污染的主要因素,而底泥间隙水的污染释放则是主要途径。通过底泥培养实验,研究了污染底泥及其间隙水的分层特性。结果表明,底泥及其污染物具有显著的分层特性。底泥间隙水中CODMn随深度的增加略有下降的趋势;底泥湿容重和干容重呈增大的趋势;含水率随底泥深度的增加而减小。底泥深度对底泥泥沙颗粒的级配有很大影响,在表层以细颗粒为主,随着深度的增加．底泥粒径增加,但趋势衰减较快。这对底泥冲刷作用下的再悬浮有很大影响。     

巢湖蓝藻的机械清除工艺以及藻水分离实验研究简

对巢湖蓝藻进行机械清除以及藻水分离实验研究,实验采用的浮式围栏引导-机械清除-投加剥离液辅助机械清除工艺处理量大,除藻效率高,筛网过滤-浓缩-卧螺离心机脱水成藻泥的藻水分离工艺较为理想,藻泥含水率仅为89%。2011年5—10月在巢湖运用上述方法清除湖面水华蓝藻,共处理富藻水1.6万m³,得到藻泥970 t,累计清除蓝藻106.7 t（干重）。按照所清除蓝藻的总氮、总磷的平均含量计算,相当于从湖中移除了氮6.25 t,磷2.1 t。表明在富营养湖泊中水华蓝藻大量暴发时,采用上述方法除藻,对控制蓝藻水华污染,有效降低内源氮、磷等污染物负荷具有十分重要的作用。     

渭河(陕西段)污染物归趋问题分析

采用物质平衡原理,对渭河(陕西段)以及4个河段的COD来源和归趋问题进行了探讨。结果显示,2010年COD入河总量为18.56万t,COD总体表现为负滞留,被冲刷的COD为12.04万t。各河段COD的归趋表现出明显的差异,河段2和河段3滞留的COD分别为6.84万、0.27万t,河段1和河段4表现为负滞留,被冲刷的污染物分别为5.76万、13.39万t。对于河段2和河段3不仅要控制污染物的入河量,同时要通过清淤、增加水量降低污染物的滞留,对于河段1和河段4要提高自身水环境容量,减少对下游的污染转嫁。     

基于SWAT模型的大宁河流域污染物负荷分布特性分析

为了给流域污染物总量控制及分配工作提供理论依据,利用SWAT模型分析了大宁河巫溪水文站控制流域污染物负荷分布特性,结果表明：耕地是泥沙和总磷污染的主要来源,泥沙和总磷负荷分别占整个流域的95%和50%以上;后溪河流域是整个流域内污染负荷最高的支流流域,泥沙贡献率为46.02%,总磷负荷贡献率为60.15%;流域西南部的土壤侵蚀现象较为严重,尤其是子流域17和20;东溪河内子流域7是总磷负荷较高的地区,应重点进行控制。     

太湖地区何家浜流域初期雨水对水稻田污染物的冲刷效应

为研究农田非点源污染物在降雨过程中初期冲刷效应的变化规律,在太湖地区何家浜流域划定若干块水稻田作为研究区域,并分别选取单块封闭水稻田沿河岸的直入河点和多块水稻田沿沟渠汇流后的沟渠入河点为采样点,对比封闭小区域和非封闭大区域污染物输移的特征,通过监测在降雨-径流过程中的水量、水质,并结合相关分析方法,分析降雨初期污染物的冲刷规律。结果表明,初期雨水对水稻田污染物的冲刷强度从颗粒态悬浮物(SS)、颗粒态氮(PN)、颗粒态磷(PP)到溶解态氮、磷逐渐减弱,其中最明显的是SS,定义新的雨水初期冲刷效应强度量化考核指标后,计算得各主要指标的冲刷效应强度I值从大到小依次为:SS(0.059 3) >PP(0.021 2) >TP(总磷,0.013 0) >TN(总氮,0.006 8) >PN(0.004 6) >PO43--P(磷酸盐,0.003 7) >NN(硝态氮,-0.002 8);封闭小区域的初期冲刷效应非常明显,非封闭大区域的初期效应相对较弱,比较小区域和大区域,颗粒态污染物如SS、PP和PN等初期冲刷效应被弱化的程度较小,溶解态污染物如NN、PO43-初期冲刷效应被弱化的程度较大。     

荷电水雾除尘器捕尘效率的实验研究

实验分析了影响荷电水雾除尘器除尘效率的主要因素,在此基础上提出了一种新的除尘效率数学模型,该模型明确地表达了过滤风速、喷雾量以及雾滴荷质比对除尘效率的贡献情况。对实验结果及数学模型的分析表明,对于带有振弦栅的荷电水雾除尘系统,喷雾量对除尘效率的影响比过滤风速及荷质比更为显著,新除尘效率模型的提出对指导生产具有重要意义。实验中同时确定了荷电水雾除尘器最佳操作参数,在粉尘入口浓度为412 mg/m3的情况下,当过滤风速为16 m/s,喷雾量为12×10-3 m3/min,雾滴荷质为3.5×10-4 c/kg时,除尘效率可达99.5%。     

基于质量守恒测算底泥中氮、磷污染物释放量的方法及案例研究

解析底泥污染物的进出总量、沉积量、降解量和大气降水补给量等参数迁移转化特征,基于质量守恒定律,建立宏观的质量衡算模型。以邛海为例,计算得出底泥总氮年释放量约为243.63t,平均释放速率为24.3 mg/(m~2·d);总磷年释放量约为93.28t,平均释放速率为9.3mg/(m~2·d)。此外,通过对比现有的相关研究成果,认为该测算方法得出的结论基本符合客观规律。     

Modeling the response of eutrophication control measures in a Swedish lake

The response of a biogeochemical lake model (BIOLA) to different eutrophication management actions has been studied in a eutrophic lake. Management actions included in the study were nutrient load reduction, sediment manipulation, biomanipulation, and herbicide application. The model was used to simulate nutrient and biomass concentrations in the lake during the 1990s. During the same period, management scenarios were also simulated. Several ecological parameters were calibrated to better simulate the behavior of the chosen lake, but there were still some difficulties with phosphate. This indicated that further model development is necessary. The most favorable development within the lake was found for scenarios with nutrient load reduction and biomanipulation through planktivorous fish reduction. Reducing both the nitrogen and phosphorus loads had a greater effect on the lake's water quality than simply reducing just one of the nutrients.     

Resistant sorption of in situ chlorobenzenes and a polychlorinated biphenyl in river Rhine suspended matter

The desorption kinetics of in situ chlorobenzenes (dichlorobenzenes, pentachlorobenzene and hexachlorobenzene) and 2,4,4^′-trichlorobiphenyl (PCB-28) were measured with a gas-purge technique for river Rhine suspended matter sampled in Lobith, The Netherlands. This suspended matter is the main source of sediment accumulation in lake Ketelmeer. In lake Ketelmeer sediment earlier observations showed that slow and very slow fractions dominate the desorption profile.

For the river Rhine suspended matter, only for PCB-28 a fast desorbing fraction of around 1.6% could be detected. The observed rate constants were on the average 0.2 h⁻¹ for fast desorption, 0.004 h⁻¹ for slow desorption, and 0.00022 h⁻¹ for very slow desorption. These values are in agreement with previous findings for the sediment from lake Ketelmeer and with available literature data on fast, slow, and very slow desorption kinetics.

The results from this study show the similarity of desorption profiles between river Rhine suspended matter, and the top layer sediment from lake Ketelmeer. This indicates that slow and very slow fractions are already present in material forming the top layer of lake Ketelmeer, and were not formed after deposition of this material in the lake. The absence of detectable fast fractions for most compounds could be caused by the absence of recent pollution of the suspended matter. But, the observations may also be explained by a rapid disappearance of compounds from the fast fraction due to a combination of a high affinity of very slow sites for these compounds, and their relatively high volatility.     

基于引江灌湖为基础的物理生态工程应用研究

结合武汉市湖泊特点及分析湖泊污染带来的危害 ,叙述了一种以引江灌湖为主的生态恢复技术———物理生态工程 ,它包括 :引江灌湖模式 ;光合耗营养盐系统 ;鱼类除营养盐、抑藻系统 ;底栖、浮游动物控营养盐系统和面源截营养盐系统。并从理论及过去他人的研究实例中阐述其可行性     

A long-term survey on anthropogenic impacts to the water quality of coral reefs, southern Taiwan

Before 2001, the ecological protection area in the Kenting National Park (KTNP), southern Taiwan, was poorly described. In this study, a set of four-year data (2001-2004) of seawater qualities at 19 sampling sites around the Nanwan Bay in the KTNP was used to explore anthropogenic impacts to ecological environment, especially coral reefs. The parameters of water quality were analyzed immediately after collection. The results showed that higher values of nutrients and suspended solids were attributed to the higher run-off around Nanwan Bay. The fluxes of nutrients and suspended solids were consistently correlated to rainfall. Hence, equations were developed to calculate nutrient fluxes and suspended solids by using only rainfall data. Our results show that suspended solids and ammonia were the dominant factors leading to the drop in coral coverage. In summary, the water quality in the intertidal zone of Nanwan Bay has been degraded and required greater attention.     

The residues, distribution, and partition of organochlorine pesticides in the water, suspended solids, and sediments from a large Chinese lake (Lake Chaohu) during the high water level period

The levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the water, suspended solids, and sediments from Lake Chaohu during the high water level period were measured by a solid-phase extraction gas chromatograph–electron capture detector. The spatial distributions of the three phases and the water/suspended solids and sediment/water partition coefficients were analyzed. The results showed the following: (1) The mean contents of OCPs in the water, suspended solids, and sediments were 132.4?±?432.1 ng/L, 188.1?±?286.7 ng/g dry weight (dw), and 13.7?±?9.8 ng/g dw, respectively. The dominant OCP components were isodrin (85.1 %) for the water, DDTs (64.4 %) for the suspended solids, and both isodrin (48.5 %) and DDTs (31.8 %) for the sediments. (2) β-HCH was the primary isomer of HCHs in the water and sediments, and the proportions were 61.7 and 41.3 %; γ-HCH was the primary isomer in the suspended solids, accounting for 49.3 %; p,p′-DDT was the dominant content of DDTs in the water and suspended solids, whereas p,p′-DDD was the main metabolite of DDTs in the sediments. (3) The concentrations of contaminants in the water from the western lake were greater than those from the eastern lake, but the concentrations in the suspended solids from the western lake were less than those from the eastern lake. (4) There was no significant correlation between the water–suspended solids partition coefficient K _d and the n-octanol–water partition coefficient K _ow, and between the sediment–water organic-C weighted sorption coefficients K _oc and K _ow.     

Phytoplankton responses to biomanipulated grazing pressure and nutrient additions--enclosure studies in unlimed and limed Lake Njupfatet, central Sweden

Enclosure experiments aimed to assess the role of Chaoborus larvae in regulating lower trophic levels under natural and nutrient-enriched conditions were performed in situ in the dimictic, oligotrophic clearwater Lake Njupfatet, central Sweden. One experiment was performed before, and one after, whole-lake calcite treatment. In the acidic system, total planktonic biomass (TPB; the sum of phyto-, bacterio-, protozoo-, and metazooplankton), dominated by the cyanobacterium Merismopedia, was only weakly stimulated by the nutrients while the predator had no effect. In the limed environment, TPB increased strongly in response to the nutrients in combination with a negative response to the predator. Principally phytoplankton, but also bacterioplankton and protozooplankton (ciliates) were stimulated by the nutrients. It is argued that Merismopedia acted as a dead-end in the energy flow in the acidic system. Liming resulted in the disappearance of Merismopedia and this opened the flow of material to higher trophic levels. Since liming also led to a significant reduction in the concentrations of phosphorus in the lake water, it is proposed that a combination of liming and gentle fertilization might be used to restore the productivity of acidified lakes.     

雨水收集系统结合自循环系统下的景观湖体氮磷特征

为评估采用雨水作为城市景观湖体补充水源的富营养化发生风险,以天津文化中心景观湖为研究案例,分析了其典型的2套运营系统：雨水收集系统（雨水经沉淀井、蓄水模块和垂直潜流湿地进入景观湖）和中心湖水体的循环及净化系统（湖水抽排至垂直潜流湿地再进入景观湖）中景观湖的氮磷浓度变化规律。采用2015年3-10月的长期监测,研究湖中氮磷营养盐的时间变化趋势以及形态变化规律,提取影响湖中氮磷浓度的因素。结果表明：2015年3-10月景观湖中总氮和总磷平均浓度分别为（1.551±0.491）mg·L-1和（0.058±0.029）mg·L-1,溶解态氮和磷分别占71.7%和50%,系统运行稳定时总氮和总磷浓度主要分布在1.0~1.3 mg·L-1和0.029~0.05 mg·L-1之间;总体上,溶解态氮为湖水中氮存在的主要形式,而磷则主要以颗粒态形式存在,在降雨条件下,部分污染物随着降雨冲刷进入湖体,因此景观湖中溶解态磷的浓度增高;湿地是否稳定运行是影响景观湖中总氮、溶解态氮以及总磷浓度的因素,而降雨条件是影响景观湖体的总磷浓度以及溶解态磷浓度的因素;景观湖的富营养化风险较低,降雨期间进入湖体的溶解态磷是最大的风险因子。     

Comparison of E. coli, enterococci, and fecal coliform as indicators for brackish water quality assessment.

Escherichia coli (E. coli), enterococci, and fecal coliform data were collected and compared as potential indicators for swimmablility assessment of a brackish waterbody (Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana). These indicators were measured during lake background conditions, in stormwater runoff (before dilution with lake water), and in the outfall plume within the lake following storm events. Microbial indicator titers associated with suspended particles and lake-bottom sediments were also investigated. Overall reduction rate constants for fecal coliform, E. coli, and enterococci in lake water and sediment were measured and reported. Attachment of microbial indicators to suspended matter and subsequent sedimentation appeared to be a significant fate mechanism. A slower reduction rate of indicator organisms in sediment further suggested that bottom sediment may act as a reservoir for prolonging indicator organism survival and added concern of recontamination of overlaying waters due to potential solids resuspension. Results indicated that enterococci might be a more stable indicator than E. coli and fecal coliform and, consequently, a more conservative indicator under brackish water conditions.     

Relationships among trihalomethane formation potential, organic carbon and lake enrichment

Trihalomethanes (THMs) are potential carcinogens formed from the reaction of the disinfectant chlorine with organic matter in the source water. This study of Kansas drinking water supply lakes evaluates the relationship among THM formation potential (THMFP), organic carbon and lake trophic state (LTS). THMFP was positively correlated to organic carbon. Total THMFP and total organic carbon were positively correlated to LTS, an estimator of lake enrichment, when very turbid lakes were omitted. These very turbid lakes (due to high suspended solids concentrations) had higher than expected THMFP, based on LTS, and higher organic carbon concentrations. THM data measured in the treated drinking water were positively correlated to THMFP, total organic carbon and LTS. The levels of organic carbon that contribute to THMs are a result of lake and watershed factors related to increasing levels of enrichment and suspended sediments. These factors are controllable by appropriate management practices.     

基于最大流原理的草型与藻型湖泊富营养化驱动因子识别

湖泊生态系统是一个十分复杂的动力学系统,Chl-a、TN、TP、COD和SD在影响湖泊生态结构的同时也被湖泊生态动力所影响,即这些因子可能在其中扮演着因和果的双重角色。本文在对现有湖泊富营养化研究工作总结与分析的基础上,为湖泊生态系统建立符合动力学原理的基于最大流原理的新模型,弱化单一的因果关系,把湖泊生态系统当作一个动态的整体来分析。选取了抚仙湖连续5年(2005-2009)以及滇池草海连续10年(1999-2008)的水质监测数据进行分析,通过比较原始数据与设置的对照组数据的模拟结果,发现藻型湖泊更容易受到化学类的营养物质驱动,而对于营养不过剩的草型湖泊,则更倾向于受到物理因子透明度的驱动。