Radiocarbon and stable carbon isotope compositions of chemically fractionated soil organic matter in a temperate-zone forest

To better understand the role of soil organic matter in terrestrial carbon cycle, carbon isotope compositions in soil samples from a temperate-zone forest were measured for bulk, acid-insoluble and base-insoluble organic matter fractions separated by a chemical fractionation method. The measurements also made it possible to estimate indirectly radiocarbon ((14)C) abundances of acid- and base-soluble organic matter fractions, through a mass balance of carbon among the fractions. The depth profiles of (14)C abundances showed that (1) bomb-derived (14)C has penetrated the first 16cm mineral soil at least; (2) Delta(14)C values of acid-soluble organic matter fraction are considerably higher than those of other fractions; and (3) a significant amount of the bomb-derived (14)C has been preserved as the base-soluble organic matter around litter-mineral soil boundary. In contrast, no or little bomb-derived (14)C was observed for the base-insoluble fraction in all sampling depths, indicating that this recalcitrant fraction, accounting for approximately 15% of total carbon in this temperate-zone forest soil, plays a role as a long-term sink in the carbon cycle. These results suggest that bulk soil organic matter cannot provide a representative indicator as a source or a sink of carbon in soil, particularly on annual to decadal timescales.     

基于碳稳定同位素的滨岸草地生态系统土壤有机碳贡献研究

通过测定4种长三角地区常见的滨岸草本植物（百慕大、白花三叶草、高羊茅与白茅）所在样地中不同形态的土壤碳库含量及土壤有机碳稳定同位素丰度来探索该区域土壤碳库及碳稳定同位素分布特征,并利用稳定同位素混合模型,研究滨岸草地生态系统对土壤碳库的贡献。结果表明：（1）土壤中总碳、有机碳、溶解性有机碳含量随着深度的增加而逐渐降低。总碳、有机碳、溶解性有机碳在4种植物样带的表层土壤中,平均含量分别为2211、1144、5395 mg·kg-1;而深层土壤中则仅为1557、707、1947 mg·kg-1,远低于表层土壤中的含量。且土壤总碳、有机碳及溶解性有机碳两两之间存在极显著的正线性相关;（2）土壤有机碳稳定同位素在垂直方向上表现出C3植物δ13C值随深度增大而增大、C4植物δ13C值随深度增大而减小两种特征。两类植物的平均土壤有机稳定碳同位素δ13C值分别由表层土壤中的-2524‰、-2233‰变化为深层土壤中的-2435‰、-2327‰;（3）借助稳定同位素混合模型计算后发现：不同植物对土壤有机碳的贡献率及有机碳累积速率完全不同。其中百慕大贡献率为1219%、累积速率为6279 g·m-2·a-1;白花三叶草贡献率1434%、累积速率为7534 g·m-2·a-1;高羊茅贡献率为3595%、累积速率为18184 g·m-2·a-1;白茅贡献率为1851%、累积速率为9770 g·m-2·a-1。     

Dynamics of Carbon Pools and Fluxes in Russia's Forest Lands

The state and results of studies on the carbon cycle of forests on lands of the Russian forest fund (total area 1172 × 10⁶ ha) are analyzed at the federal level. Consideration is given to changes in the areas of different categories of forest lands, the age structure of stands, the pool and deposition of carbon in the phytomass, and the organic carbon pool of soils over the period from 1966 to 1998; the dynamics of activity in the forest industry by years and the extent of pyrogenic transformation of the forest cover between 1990 and 2001; and carbon fluxes associated with forest exploitation, including carbon emission resulting from fires.     

保护性耕作下蚕豆生育期土壤有机碳、氮含量变化与分布特征

为研究西南紫色土丘陵区坡耕地长期保护性耕作下旱作蚕豆不同生育时期农田土壤有机碳、氮相关组分分布特征,进而优化保护性耕作措施、改善土壤肥力。试验采用传统耕作、垄作、传统耕作+秸秆半量覆盖、垄作+秸秆半量覆盖、传统耕作+秸秆全量覆盖、垄作+秸秆全量覆盖6个处理。结果表明:在不同处理下,土壤总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、活性有机碳(AOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、水溶性氮(DN)的含量分布均表现出0～1010～20 cm土层,且随时间变化整体波动均不大。蚕豆生育期内,无秸秆覆盖条件下,垄作较平作提高了土壤总有机碳、土壤全氮、活性有机碳和颗粒有机碳的含量,但在秸秆覆盖条件下,垄作却降低了土壤总有机碳和颗粒有机碳的含量,且随着秸秆覆盖量的增加土壤颗粒有机碳和活性有机碳含量下降。同时,无论平作或垄作,秸秆覆盖较无秸秆覆盖均有利于土壤总有机碳、土壤全氮、活性有机碳和颗粒有机碳含量的提升。相关性分析表明,TOC与TN、DN、AOC之间呈显著正相关,TN与POC、DN、AOC之间呈显著正相关,POC仅表现出与DOC显著正相关,DOC与DN呈极显著正相关,DN则与AOC为极显著正相关关系。总之,单一垄作措施或秸秆覆盖能更有利于改善土壤碳、氮状况,且土壤有机碳、氮不同组分之间存在一定的耦合关系。     

Aggregated Estimation of the Basic Parameters of Biological Production and the Carbon Budget of Russian Terrestrial Ecosystems: 1. Stocks of Plant Organic Mass

The data presented were obtained at the first stage (1993–1999) of studies on evaluating the basic parameters of biological production in Russian terrestrial ecosystems in order to provide information for assessing and modeling the carbon budget of the entire terrestrial biota of the country. Stocks of phytomass (by fractions), coarse woody debris, and dead roots (underground necromass) were calculated by two independent methods, which yielded close results. The total amount of phytomass in Russian terrestrial ecosystems was estimated at 81800 Tg (=10¹² g = million t) dry matter, or 39989 Tg carbon. Forest ecosystems comprise a greater part (82.1%) of live plant organic matter (here and below, comparisons are made with respect to the carbon content); natural grasslands and brushwoods account for 8.8%; the phytomass of wetlands (bogs and swamps), for 6.6%; and the phytomass of farmlands, for only 2.5%. Aboveground wood contains approximately two-thirds of the plant carbon (63.8%), and green parts contain 9.9%. For all classes of ecosystems, the proportion of underground phytomass averages 26.7% of the total amount, varying from 22.0% in forests to 57.1% in grasslands and brushwoods. The average phytomass density on lands covered with vegetation (1629.9 million hectares in Russia) is 5.02 kg/m² dry matter, or 2.45 kg C/m². The total amount of carbon in coarse woody debris is 4955 Tg C, and 9180 Tg C are in the underground necromass. In total, the vegetation of Russian terrestrial ecosystems (without litter) contains 54124 Tg carbon.     

Carbon cycle in spruce ecosystems of the northern Taiga subzone

The main components of the carbon balance have been determined in old spruce-bilberry forests of the northern taiga subzone. Annual carbon deposition in live phytomass and necromass has been determined by the weight method. Photosynthetic carbon binding has been calculated using the chlorophyll index, and the daily carbon balance has been estimated on the basis of direct measurements of CO₂ exchange. The results have shown that photosynthetic carbon binding by the phytocenosis amounts to 3.5–4 t/ha per year. Taking into consideration the litter yearly deposition decreased up to 1 t C/ha per year. With more than 70% of carbon accumulated in the organic mass being oxidized within the phytocenosis and returned to the atmosphere in the form of CO₂. Spruce ecosystems serve as a sink for 0.2–0.3 t C/ha per year.     

川中丘陵紫色土区农田土壤有机碳储量及空间分布特征

土壤有机碳在陆地生态系统碳循环中起着举足轻重的作用。针对农田区域内典型县域尺度有机碳储量及其空间格局特征的研究,可以为区域农田土壤固碳提供参考,为研究我国土壤有机碳储量提供基础数据支持。基于2012年农田土壤有机碳分析调查数据,结合GIS和GPS技术对川中丘陵区盐亭县土壤有机碳密度和储量及空间格局进行了估算和分析。结果表明:其主要土壤类型的0~20 cm耕层土壤有机碳密度为111~426 kg/m2,平均值为266 kg/m2,水田和旱地耕层土壤有机碳密度分别为345和234 kg/m2,均低于全国平均值;全县20 cm深度土壤有机碳总储量250×109 kg C,紫色土类土壤有机碳储量最大,为153×109kg C,水稻土次之,有机碳储量0.93×109kg C,两者占据了农田土壤有机碳储量约98%,冲积土和黄壤土类由于面积小,有机碳储量也最低。各土壤类型有机碳储量丰度指数(RI)值都较低,碳存储能力处于中下水平。在县域农田尺度,有机碳空间格局与气候差异、植被类型关系不大,土壤类型空间差异和地形差异是有机碳空间格局形成的主要原因。     

崇明东滩盐沼表层沉积物有机碳空间分布特征及其来源示踪研究

沉积物有机碳空间分布特征及其来源是盐沼碳循环研究的一个关键问题。该研究分析了长江口崇明东滩盐沼表层沉积物样品总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和稳定碳同位素(δ13C)等参数。研究表明:东滩表层沉积物TOC和TN的平均值分别为7. 70±3. 74和0. 74±0. 32 g/kg,两者均表现为自北向南减少的分布趋势。沉积物δ13C平均值为-25. 05±1. 21‰,三元混合模型模拟计算结果表明东滩沉积物有机碳主要来源于悬浮颗粒物(43. 53±22. 44%)和植被(43. 29±24. 82%),底栖微藻贡献率较低(13. 20±8. 40%)。东滩北部沉积物表现为高悬沙贡献-低植被贡献-高有机碳含量特征,中南部表现高植被贡献-低悬沙贡献-低有机碳含量的特点。     

丰乐河流域表层土壤有机碳空间变异特征研究

土壤有机碳含量空间变异特征的研究对于区域土壤资源的可持续利用具有重要意义。在ArcGIS技术的支持下对丰乐河流域表层土壤(0~20 cm)有机碳（SOC）含量的空间变异特征进行了研究。结果表明：丰乐河流域SOC含量为1431±4.50 g·kg-1,不同土地利用类型下SOC含量差异显著（p<001）。其中,林地SOC含量的均值最大,为1558±593 g·kg-1;水田和旱地次之（分别为1539±309 g·kg-1、1146±304 g·kg-1）;园地最小(1109±348 g·kg-1)。流域SOC含量变异系数（CV）为3144%,属中等变异程度。其中,林地的CV为3806%,在4种土地利用类型中为最大;园地、旱地的CV分别为3138%、2652%;水田的CV最小,为2007%,表明人类活动影响表层土壤有机碳含量的变异程度。研究区表层SOC半方差模型为球状模型,块金效应小于25%,存在强烈的空间自相关性,且空间变异主要由结构性因素引起。SOC含量空间分布的各向异性显著,在南北方向上变异程度最为剧烈。SOC含量空间分布表现为东北部、西南部较高,西北部偏低,总体呈斑块状分布     

Global estimates of soil carbon sequestration via livestock waste: a STELLA simulation

It has become increasingly well documented that human activities are enhancing the greenhouse effect and altering the global climate. Identifying strategies to mitigate atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions on the national level are therefore critical. Fossil fuel combustion is primarily responsible for the perturbation of the global carbon cycle, although the influence of humans extends far beyond the combustion of fossil fuels. Changes in land use arising from human activities contribute substantially to atmospheric carbon dioxide; however, land use changes can act as a carbon dioxide sink as well. A soil carbon model was built using STELLA to explore how soil organic carbon sequestration (SOC) varies over a range of values for key parameters and to estimate the amount of global soil carbon sequestration from livestock waste. To obtain soil carbon sequestration estimates, model simulations occurred for 11 different livestock types and with data for eight regions around the world. The model predicted that between 1980 and 1995, United States soils were responsible for the sequestration of 444–602 Tg C from livestock waste. Model simulations further predicted that during the same period, global soil carbon sequestration from livestock waste was 2,810–4,218 Tg C. Our estimates for global SOC sequestration are modest in proportion to other terrestrial carbon sinks (i.e. forest regrowth); however, livestock waste does represent a potential for long-term soil carbon gain. SOC generated from livestock waste is another example of how human activities and land use changes are altering soil processes around the world. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

宝天曼自然保护区土壤有机碳异质性及其影响因素

自然界中,土壤碳库对于维持生态系统碳平衡起决定性作用,而土壤有机碳又是碳库中不可或缺的一员,研究土壤有机碳对于全球生态系统碳平衡具有十分重大的意义。因此,基于宝天曼土壤有机碳实测数据并运用半方差函数、克里格插值分析山地土壤有机碳垂直性特征及空间分异程度,利用地理探测器对影响土壤有机碳分布的环境因子进行相关分析,结果表明:(1)宝天曼土壤有机碳介于0.31～7.7 g/kg,属于较低水平,最高值(7.70 g/kg)出现在北坡987 m处;(2)不同土层深度的半方差函数模型不同,0～20和40～60 cm对高斯模型拟合效果更明显、20～40 cm对球状模型拟合效果较好,而线性模型对于60～80和80～100 cm土层深度拟合效果较佳,克里格插值表明0～20和20～40 cm空间分异特征相似,呈西南向东北增加的趋势,而40～60 cm土壤有机碳空间分异呈现东北高、西南低;(3)宝天曼不同土层深度受单个环境因子影响程度不同,解释力介于0.127～0.407,其中NDVI对0～20 cm土壤有机碳解释力最显著(0.407)、高程对40～60 cm土壤有机碳解释力最高(0.373),交互探测结果表明NDVI与坡度解释力最高、高程与其他因子交互探测后解释力显著增大,表明宝天曼土壤有机碳受多种环境因子共同影响,而非单一因素起决定性作用。     

Estimation of Soil Carbon Gains Upon Improved Management within Croplands and Grasslands of Africa

Many agro(eco)systems in Africa have been degraded as a result of past disturbances, including deforestation, overgrazing, and over exploitation. These systems can be managed to reduce carbon emissions and increase carbon sinks in vegetation and soil. The scope for soil organic carbon gains from improved management and restoration within degraded and non-degraded croplands and grasslands in Africa is estimated at 20–43 Tg C year^?1, assuming that 'best' management practices can be introduced on 20% of croplands and 10% of grasslands. Under the assumption that new steady state levels will be reached after 25 years of sustained management, this would correspond with a mitigation potential of 4–9% of annual CO₂ emissions in Africa. The mechanisms that are being put in place to implement the Kyoto Protocol - through C emission trading - and prevailing agricultural policies will largely determine whether farmers can engage in activities that enhance C sequestration in Africa. Mitigation of climate change by increased carbon sequestration in the soil appears particularly useful when addressed in combination with other pressing regional challenges that affect the livelihood of the people, such as combating land degradation and ensuring food security, while at the same time curtailing global anthropogenic emissions.     

贵州阿哈湖喀斯特小流域DOC输出特征

河流不仅是陆地碳循环的通道,也是碳交换的重要场所,而小流域更被认为是陆地碳循环的热点。为探究人类活动影响下喀斯特小流域溶解性有机碳(DOC)输出特征,于2017年6月～2018年5月对阿哈湖3条主要入湖小流域游鱼河、白岩河、金钟河河水主要理化特征和DOC含量进行分析,并计算流域DOC输出通量。研究期间游鱼河、白岩河、金钟河DOC含量分别为4.78±2.11、5.61±2.27、7.40±2.51 mg/L,输出通量分别为2.71、2.91、3.82 t/(km~2. a)。结果表明:(1)阿哈湖小流域河水DOC含量时空变化特征明显,与降雨、流域土地利用类型密切相关,人类外源输入对DOC有显著影响;(2)对比不同河流DOC输出特征发现,小流域通常具有更高的DOC输出通量,特别是受城市输出影响的中小流域,其河流碳过程在碳循环中的贡献可能被低估。     

Soil erosion and the global carbon budget

Soil erosion is the most widespread form of soil degradation. Land area globally affected by erosion is 1094 million ha (Mha) by water erosion, of which 751 Mha is severely affected, and 549 Mha by wind erosion, of which 296 Mha is severely affected. Whereas the effects of erosion on productivity and non-point source pollution are widely recognized, those on the C dynamics and attendant emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are not. Despite its global significance, erosion-induced carbon (C) emission into the atmosphere remains misunderstood and an unquantified component of the global carbon budget. Soil erosion is a four-stage process involving detachment, breakdown, transport/redistribution and deposition of sediments. The soil organic carbon (SOC) pool is influenced during all four stages. Being a selective process, erosion preferentially removes the light organic fraction of a low density of <1.8 Mg/m(3). A combination of mineralization and C export by erosion causes a severe depletion of the SOC pool on eroded compared with uneroded or slightly eroded soils. In addition, the SOC redistributed over the landscape or deposited in depressional sites may be prone to mineralization because of breakdown of aggregates leading to exposure of hitherto encapsulated C to microbial processes among other reasons. Depending on the delivery ratio or the fraction of the sediment delivered to the river system, gross erosion by water may be 75 billion Mg, of which 15-20 billion Mg are transported by the rivers into the aquatic ecosystems and eventually into the ocean. The amount of total C displaced by erosion on the earth, assuming a delivery ratio of 10% and SOC content of 2-3%, may be 4.0-6.0 Pg/year. With 20% emission due to mineralization of the displaced C, erosion-induced emission may be 0.8-1.2 Pg C/year on the earth. Thus, soil erosion has a strong impact on the global C cycle and this component must be considered while assessing the global C budget. Adoption of conservation-effective measures may reduce the risks of C emission and sequester C in soil and biota.     

扬子江城市群土地利用时空变化及其对陆地生态系统碳储量的影响

扬子江城市群是江苏省城市化进程最快,土地利用变化最明显的区域。研究该地区地利用变化及其对陆地生态系统有机碳储量的影响,对江苏省低碳土地利用研究具有重要意义。该文利用五期30 m土地利用栅格数据、土壤样点数据、林地植被清查数据、农作物数据以及经验数据,分析了1995～2015年扬子江城市群土地利用时空变化、核算了其对有机碳储量的影响。主要结果如下:(1) 1995～2015年间,扬子江城市群约有15. 90%的土地发生了转移,其中,耕地作为主要的转出者,建设用地作为主要的转入者,耕地转移为建设用地的面积约为4 161. 78 km~2,占扬子江城市群耕地转出面积的85. 86%,是主要的土地转移类型;(2) 1995～2015年间,由于土地利用类型转移变化,扬子江城市群有机碳储量总量减少了472. 63×10~4t,其中土壤有机碳储量总量增加110. 28×10~4t,植被碳储量总量减少582. 91×10~4t;(3)建设用地占用耕地是区域有机碳储量减少的主要原因,导致有机碳储量减少406. 40×10~4t,占整个区域有机碳储量减少总量的85. 99%;(4)未来扬子江城市群可通过增加生态用地、控制建设用地、优化土地利用结构,提高区域碳储量,减少对陆地生态系统碳平衡的扰动。     

Characteristics of Carbon Storage and Density in Different Layers of Forest Ecosystems

Characteristics of carbon storage and density in different layers of forest ecosystems should be studied comprehensively and in more detail. Using forest inventory data in combination with field survey data, we explored the characteristics of carbon storage and density in different layers of forest ecosystems in Liaoning Province of China. Results showed that total carbon storage was 813.034 Tg C. The carbon storage of soil layer accounted for 81.0% of the total storage with 658.783 Tg C, followed by those of arbor, litter and shrub layers with 128.403 Tg C (15.8%), 22.723 Tg C (2.8%) and 3.125 Tg C (0.4%), respectively. The average carbon density for the forest ecosystems were 183.571 Mg C ha^–1, with soil layer (148.744 Mg C ha^–1) being the highest one, followed by arbor layer (28.992 Mg C ha^–1), litter layer (5.131 Mg C ha^–1) and shrub-grass layer (0.706 Mg C ha^–1). Carbon storage in different forest ecosystems varied from 1.595 to 319.161 Tg C, while C density ranged from 165.067 to 235.947Mg C ha^–1, with the highest and lowest values being observed in soil layer and shrub-grass layers, respectively, implying that soil is the main body of forest carbon storage. Young-aged forests accounted for a greater proportion of forests in the Province than forests in other age classes; and proper management of forests could increase the carbon sequestration in the forest ecosystems. The comparison with previous estimations of carbon storage for forest ecosystem implied that methods and data used for forest carbon storage estimation affected the results of estimates obviously.     

滨海盐碱地改良对绿地碳汇效益影响的研究

以小叶栀子（Gardenia jasminoides‘prostrata’） 、中华常春藤（Hedera nepalensis 〖WTBZ〗var.〖WTBX〗sinensis）、紫鸭跖草(Setcreasea purpurea)、红花酢浆草（Oxalis corymbosa）4种植物为研究对象,探讨了土壤盐碱地改良对绿地碳汇功能的影响。结果表明：碎石铺设、有机肥和粉碎秸秆3种土壤盐碱地改良方法中,有机肥的施入对土壤有机碳含量和植物生长的影响最大,该措施有利于土壤和植物碳储量的增加;不同土壤处理的有机碳矿化规律表现出很好的一致性,前期碳释放量大,后期释放量少,当埋入4 cm厚的碎石隔离层,施入20 kg/m2有机肥和2 kg/m2粉碎秸秆,其CO2总的释放量最多;总体而言,土壤盐碱改良处理仅施入粉碎秸秆1 kg/m2后,绿地碳汇能力最低,处于碳亏损状态,通过施入有机肥20 kg/m2和粉碎秸秆3 kg/m2的改良措施,其外源碳汇最大,整体绿地碳汇效益也最好。〖     

Carbon accumulation in lowland bog soils of fallow lands in Murmansk oblast

The dynamics of organic carbon accumulation in lowland bog soils of Murmansk oblast were assessed by analyzing soil samples from fields formerly sown with perennial grasses but withdrawn from agricultural use three, six, and eight years ago. Within three years, the organic carbon content in the topsoil (0–20 cm) increased by 0.07%, compared to that in cultivated soil. In six-and eight-year-old fallows, the increase in the soil carbon content averaged 0.2 and 0.46%, respectively. Experimental data were used for verifying calculations of carbon turnover in lowland bog soils of fallows in Murmansk oblast by the RothC model.     

基于相对碳赤字的中国省际碳补偿时空格局研究

为研究揭示中国省际碳补偿时空格局变化特征,文章对基于绝对量碳赤字的碳补偿测算模型进行了改进,构建了相对量碳赤字的碳补偿测算模型。研究结果表明：（1）2007~2017年我国碳补偿总额呈现下降趋势,且呈现出显著的阶段性,主要是受到我国经济发展进入新常态,全国各地的GDP增速不断放缓的影响。（2）从我国各省（市）来看：碳补偿额度平均值排在前列的省(市）主要有上海、辽宁、江苏、天津、山东,浙江、山西、北京,而排名较后的省份主要有内蒙古、新疆、广东、黑龙江。（3）我国碳补偿额度热点区主要分布在东部沿海区域的江苏、浙江、上海;冷点区主要分布在西北区域的甘肃、青海、新疆以及东北区域的黑龙江、吉林。碳补偿额度整体呈现以东部沿海,京津,北部沿海区域为中心向外围递减的空间格局,表现为经济较发达地区向经济欠发达地区进行补偿,且2007~2017年我国碳补偿空间格局变化较小,即碳补偿空间格局具有“惯性”特点。