Al0-Gr-Fe0活化O2类Fenton氧化降解土霉素的研究

采用高能球磨-高温烧结-液相还原法制备了能活化O₂原位产生H₂O₂/^·OH的新型功能材料（Al⁰-Gr-Fe⁰）,通过XRD、SEM、EDS和VSM对Al⁰-Gr-Fe⁰进行了表征,探讨了水中土霉素（OTC）在Al⁰-Gr-Fe⁰/O₂体系中的降解效能和降解途径.结果表明,在初始pH值为6、Al⁰-Gr-Fe⁰投加量为2g/L的条件下反应60min后,OTC和TOC的去除率分别达到100.00%和92.93%.循环使用4次后,Al⁰-Gr-Fe⁰对OTC的去除率仍有79.27%.通过自由基猝灭试验和自由基捕获试验确定了Al⁰-Gr-Fe⁰/O₂体系降解OTC的主要活性物种是^·OH.Al⁰-Gr-Fe⁰/O₂体系对OTC的降解归因于：Al⁰-Gr-Fe⁰高选择性还原O₂为H₂O₂/^·OH;Al⁰-Gr-Fe⁰中的Al⁰还原能促进Fe的循环,从而提高了Fe的催化活性,促进了H₂O₂分解产生^·OH.     

γ-辐照对敌草隆的降解过程及毒性变化分析

采用γ-辐照技术降解水中敌草隆,考察了辐照降解敌草隆的过程以及通过Ames实验和发光细菌实验考察了敌草隆溶液降解前后的毒性变化.结果表明,·OH自由基、·H自由基和e-aq自由基对辐照降解水中敌草隆贡献大小依次为:·OH>e-aq>·H;·OH自由基、e-aq自由基和·H自由基在辐照降解敌草隆过程中量子效率的比例为:3∶1∶2.e-aq自由基、·H自由基和敌草隆及降解产物主要发生脱氯反应和加成反应.随辐照时间的增加,致突变性先增加然后减少;在考察的辐照时间里,敌草隆水溶液辐照前后没有表现出移码型致突变性;但是在辐照时间为22.2 min时,表现出碱基置换型致突变性.随着辐照时间的延长,敌草隆溶液对发光细菌的急性生物毒性先减小然后增加,敌草隆降解后生成了急性毒性更强的物质.     

模拟日光照射下土霉素的复合光化学转化动力学及环境归趋

环境水体中存在众多可解离的有机污染物,而不同的解离形态表现出相异的环境行为,如光化学反应活性和归趋.本文以土霉素(OTC)为例,研究了水中可解离化合物的表观光降解、光氧化等复合光化学转化动力学,并揭示了其相应的环境光化学归趋和贡献.模拟日光(λ290nm)照射下,OTC的光降解遵循准一级反应动力学,光解速率常数(k)对pH表现出明显的依赖性.这是由于随pH值升高,解离形态(i)从OTCH_2~0、OTCH~-到OTC~(2-)渐变,相应的k_i和量子产率(Φ_i)显著增大.竞争动力学实验进一步表明,·OH和~1O_2均可以氧化降解OTC,且降解速率随着pH的增大而加快.这与3种解离形态不同的去质子化程度和氧化反应活性有关.去质子化增加化合物的电子密度,利于活性氧物种的亲电攻击,从而促进光氧化反应.基于以上OTC解离形态的不同光化学转化活性,评估了环境表层水体(pH=6~9)中的复合光化学转化半减期(t_(1/2,E)).t_(1/2,E)值依赖于基质pH和季节,北纬45°晴天正午,t_(1/2,E)在0.131 h(仲夏,pH=9)到3.63 h(仲冬,pH=6)之间.多数情况下,OTC的表观光解是其最主要的光化学转化途径,~1O_2氧化次之,而·OH氧化的贡献非常小.以上结果证明了OTC不同解离形态具有不同的光化学转化动力学.因此,为了准确评价水环境中抗生素等可解离有机污染物的光化学归趋和风险,有必要综合考虑所有解离形态的复合光化学行为.     

三种土壤中土霉素浸提方法的比较研究

以棕壤、褐土和红壤为研究对象,比较了不同浸提方法,不同浸提剂对土壤中土霉素的浸提效率.结果表明,在所用的3种方法中,采用振荡浸提方法,以及Na2EDTA-McIlvaine缓冲液对土霉素具有稳定、高效的浸提回收率.土霉素形态初步分析连续浸提步骤为:以H2O、0.1mol/L CaCl2、和Na2EDTA-McIlvaine缓冲液为浸提剂依次浸提可分别得到水溶态、可交换态、吸附态和固定态土霉素.3种土壤中土霉素形态呈现吸附态>可交换态>水溶态的规律.     

Inuence of oxytetracycline on the structure and activity of microbial community in wheat rhizosphere soil

The microbial community composition in wheat rhizosphere was analyzed by detecting colony forming units (CFUs) in agar plates. The total CFUs in rhizosphere were 1.04 × 109/g soil with 9.0 × 108/g bacteria, 1.37 × 108/g actinomyces and 3.6 × 106/g fungi. The 10 dominant bacteria were isolated from wheat rhizosphere and were grouped into genus Bacillus according to their full length 16S rRNA gene sequences. Although belonging to the same genus, the isolated strains exhibited dierent sensitivities to oxytetra...     

水中萘普生的紫外光降解机制及其产物毒性研究

以120 W汞灯为紫外光光源,通过活性氧物种(ROS)的淬灭实验和溶解氧(DO)浓度实验和发光菌毒性实验,对水中萘普生(NPX)的降解机制、反应动力学及其产物毒性进行了研究.结果表明,NPX的紫外光降解过程包括了直接光解和ROS参与的自敏化光解两个过程,同时.OH、1O2、O.2-的自敏化光解贡献率分别为0.1%、80.2%、35.7%;溶解氧浓度实验表明,溶解氧对萘普生的降解具有抑制作用,而且浓度越大,抑制效果越明显;发光菌毒性实验表明,萘普生光降解生成了具有较萘普生更高风险的中间产物.本研究中萘普生的所有光解实验过程均符合准一级动力学方程.     

改性菱角壳生物炭吸附水中土霉素性能与机理

以菱角壳为原料,乙酸钾为活化剂,通过活化碳化一步法制备了改性生物炭（MBC）,对其表面形貌、孔径分布、官能团等表面性能进行了表征,并研究了其对水中盐酸土霉素（OTC）的吸附去除行为.相比于热解生物炭（BC）,MBC有更高的比表面积（1147.80m²/g）、更丰富的孔径结构,更多的含氧官能团和更强的亲水性.溶液pH值在3~8时,MBC对OTC保持较高的吸附量（165mg/g）.拟二级动力学模型和Langmuir模型可以很好地描述MBC对OTC的吸附行为.热力学分析显示MBC对OTC的吸附是一个自发吸热过程.除氢键作用、π-π键堆积作用和阳离子-π键作用以外,孔填充是MBC吸附去除OTC的主要作用机理.0.5mol/L氢氧化钠溶液可有效再生吸附饱和的MBC.因此,MBC作为一种吸附剂去除水和废水中的土霉素具有较好的潜能.     

土壤有机质对土霉素在土壤中吸附-解吸的影响

采用批量平衡方法,研究了土霉素在原土及去除有机质土壤中的吸附和解吸.结果表明,土霉素在原土和去除有机质土壤中的吸附和解吸等温线均不同程度地偏离线性模型,其中Freundlich模型可以对吸附和解吸数据进行良好的非线性拟合,在不同土壤以及不同土壤处理中的拟合相关系数(r)均达到极显著水平.去除有机质能够降低土霉素在土壤中的吸附容量(lgKf),但增加了吸附强度(1/n).土霉素在土壤上的解吸过程存在明显的滞后现象,在所设土霉素浓度范围内,土霉素在褐土和红壤中的平均滞后系数(HIa)分别为0.039和0.015;去除有机质后的褐土和红壤对土霉素的解吸滞后现象显著增强(P<0.01),其HIa分别增加到0.068和0.028.     

Photodegradation of nitroaromatic compounds in aqueous solutions in the UV/H2O2 process

Photodegradation of nitrobenzene and nitrophenols in aqueous solutions by means of UV/H2 O2 process was studied in the Rayox batch reactors. Three nitrophenol isomers were identified as main photoproducts in the irradiated NB aqueous solutions. The distribution of nitrophenol isomers follows the order p-〉 m-〉 o-nitrophenol. Other intermediates detected include nitrohydroquinone, nitrocatechol, catechol, benzoquinone, phenol, nitrate/nitrite ions, formic acid, glyoxylic acid, maleic acid, oxalic acid and some aliphatic ketones and aldehydes. The degradation of nitrobenzene and nitrophenols at initial stages follows the first-order kinetics and the decay rate constants for nitrobenzene（NB） are around l0^-3-10^-2 s^-1 and for nitrophenols are around 10^-2 s^-1. The decomposition of H2 O2 in the presence of NB and each nitrophenol isomers follows zero-order kinetics. The quantum yields at initial stages for NB decay were estimated around 0.30 to 0.36, and for NPs decay is around 0.31-0.54.     

高活性阳极制备及阿莫西林降解中的毒性效应

采用电流调控方式制备多催化位点的高效Ti/PbO2阳极,并对其形貌、晶型、电化学性能等进行表征,以常见抗生素阿莫西林(AMX)作为目标有机物,考察了阿莫西林在电催化降解中的毒性演变过程.结果表明,随沉积电流密度梯级升高,电极表层形貌由“四棱锥型”向“菜花状”转变,但晶相仍为β-PbO2,同时电极伏安电荷量提高,膜阻抗降...     

同步脱氮除硫工艺基质及产物对发光细菌的急性毒性

为了研究同步脱氮除硫工艺基质及产物对同步脱氮除硫过程的影响,采用发光细菌法测定了该工艺基质及产物的急性毒性.试验结果表明,硫化物、硫酸盐、亚硫酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐的15min-半抑制浓度(即IC50)分别为78.1、12077.8、254.5、3852.1、1066.3mg·L-1.按照等效浓度混合法测定,各基质及产物的联合毒性为:硫化物与硫酸盐、硫化物与硝酸盐、硫化物与亚硫酸盐均呈加成作用;硫化物与亚硝酸盐呈协同作用;硫化物、硫酸盐、亚硫酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐5元混合体系呈加成作用.     

诺氟沙星和土霉素对汞在鱼体内积累和转化的影响研究

为阐明诺氟沙星和土霉素对汞(Hg)在鱼体内积累和转化的影响机制,探究了Hg单一暴露、诺氟沙星-Hg和土霉素-Hg复合暴露条件下,鱼体内各器官和组织中总汞(THg)和甲基汞(MeHg)的积累特征.结果表明：Hg单一暴露条件下,鱼体肌肉THg含量随着暴露时间呈先增加后降低的趋势,鱼头和内脏组织的THg含量随暴露时间增加而逐渐增加,内脏组织积累量高于鱼头(p<0.01).鱼体内的MeHg含量随着暴露时间的增加而不断增加,其中肌肉和内脏组织增加显著(p<0.05),鱼头无明显差异(p>0.05).在诺氟沙星-Hg和土霉素-Hg复合暴露条件下,鱼体内的THg和MeHg含量与Hg单一暴露处理相比均产生显著变化,诺氟沙星和土霉素均能促进THg在鱼体内的积累及抑制MeHg的形成(p<0.01).然而,无论对THg积累的促进作用还是对MeHg形成的抑制作用,诺氟沙星比土霉素作用都更为显著.     

Fate and degradation of nonylphenolic compounds during wastewater treatment process

In order to explore the biodegradation behavior of nonylphenolic compounds during wastewater treatment processing, two full-scale wastewater treatment plants were investigated and batch biodegradation experiments were conducted. The biodegradation pathways under the various operational conditions were identified from batch experiments: shortening of ethoxy-chains dominated under the anaerobic condition, whereas oxidizing of the terminal alcoholic group prevailed over the other routes under the aerobic condition. Results showed that the anoxic condition could accelerate the biodegradation rates of nonylphenolic compounds, but had no influence on the biodegradation pathway. The biodegradation rates of nonylphenol (NP) and short-chain nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPnEOs, n: number of ethoxy units) increased from the anaerobic condition, then the anoxic, finally to the aerobic condition, while those of long-chain NPnEOs and nonylphenoxy carboxylates (NPECs) seemed similar under the various conditions. Under every operational condition, long-chain NPnEOs showed the highest biodegradation activity, followed by NPECs and short-chain NPnEOs, whereas NP showed relatively recalcitrant characteristics especially under the anaerobic condition. In addition, introducing sulfate and nitrate to the anaerobic condition could enhance the biodegradation of NP and short-chain NPnEOs by supplying more positive redox potentials.     

阿替洛尔在硝酸根溶液中的光降解研究

以氙灯为模拟太阳光光源,研究了β阻滞剂阿替洛尔(ATL)在硝酸根溶液中的光解,探讨了硝酸根离子浓度、溶液pH值、碳酸氢根离子浓度和腐殖质浓度对ATL光解的影响.结果表明,ATL在不同浓度硝酸根溶液中的光解反应符合准一级动力学规律,增大硝酸根离子浓度促进了ATL的光降解率,当硝酸根离子浓度由0增至5 mmol.L-1时其速率常数由0.002 26min-1增至0.009 4 min-1;酸性或碱性溶液有利于ATL在硝酸根溶液中的光解,碳酸氢根离子浓度对光解无明显影响,而加入Suwannee富里酸(SRFA)对光解产生抑制作用.采用异丙醇作为羟基自由基分子探针检测到.OH存在于ATL光解过程中.采用SPE-LC-MS方法鉴定了ATL在硝酸根溶液中的主要光解产物,并提出了可能的光解途径.     

Photolysis of chlortetracycline in aqueous solution: Kinetics, toxicity and products

The aqueous photodegradation of the widely used antibiotic chlortetracycline (CTC) was investigated under simulated sunlight. The quantum yield of photodegradation increased from 3.3 × 10^-4 to 8.5 × 10^-3 within the pH range of 6.0 to 9.0. The presence of Ca²⁺, Fe³⁺, and NO₃^- enhanced the photodegradation of CTC, whereas Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, and Zn²⁺ inhibited the degradation with the order Mn²⁺ > Zn²⁺ > Mg²⁺ at pH 7.3. The monovalent cations (Na⁺ and K⁺) had negligible effect on the photolysis of CTC. Fulvic acid (FA) decreased the photodegradation of CTC due to light screening effect. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was formed concurrently with direct photodegradation of CTC. The generation rate of H₂O₂ increased from 0.027 to 0.086 μupmol/(L.min) when the pH ranged from 6.0 to 9.0. The CTC solution was about three-fold more toxic to the Photobacterium phosphoreum bacteria after irradiation, suggesting that the photoproducts and H₂O₂ formed in the CTC solution exhibited high risk on the bacteria. By LC-ESI(+)-MS, the photoproducts of CTC were identified. The direct photodegradation of CTC was involved in hydroxylation and N-demethyl/dedismethyl processes. The main photoproducts included the iso-CTC analog containing hydroxyl groups (m/z 511.4 and 495.4), and the N-demethyl/dedismethyl products of the photoproduct m/z 495.4 (m/z 481.3 and 467.4). In addition, the photochemical dechlorination of CTC led to tetracycline (m/z 445.5).     

对二甲苯降解产物对海洋双壳类的急性毒性

为评价微藻降解海水中对二甲苯（PX）的生物安全性,测定了PX降解生成的3种中间产物（对甲基苯甲酸、对甲基苯甲醇和对甲酚）对2种海洋双壳类（菲律宾蛤仔、文蛤）的半致死浓度（LC₅₀）,并计算相应的安全浓度.根据国际海事组织（IMO）“海洋环境保护专家组（GESAMP）提出的化学品危害评估程序判断,对甲基苯甲醇（96h LC₅₀=305.67和560.34mg/L）和对甲基苯甲酸（96h LC₅₀>340mg/L）对2种双壳类的急性毒性等级均为“实际无毒”;对甲酚对菲律宾蛤仔、文蛤分别具有“低毒”和“无毒”（96h LC₅₀=77.95和1271.74mg/L）.对甲酚对菲律宾蛤仔的毒性高于文蛤,可能与其在蛤仔体内易于蓄积有关.总体上看,与母体化合物PX（96h LC₅₀>162mg/L）相比,这些中间产物对双壳类的毒性较低,而毒性稍高的对甲酚仅在PX生物降解开始后的短时间内（2~4d）存在,因此,利用微藻降解PX对海洋双壳类具有较好的安全性.对甲基苯甲醇、对甲酚对双壳类的安全浓度分别为70.42和12.10mg/L;但是,对甲基苯甲酸的安全浓度无需给出,因为海水中该化学品的浓度等于其溶解度时,96h内未见双壳类死亡.为全面评价基于微藻的PX污染海域修复技术的生物安全性,今后应加强中间产物对海洋鱼类、甲壳类的毒性研究.     

Direct photolysis of nitroaromatic compounds in aqueous solutions

The direct photolysis of nitrobenzene and nitrophenols in aqueous solutions irradiated by polychromatic light were investigated. Several aromatic intermediates were identified as three nitrophenol isomers, nitrohydroquinone, nitrosobenzene, nitrocatechol, catechol and phenol. Nitrite and nitrate ions were also detected in the irradiated solution indicating direct photolysis of nitrobenzene or nitrophenols. The degradation of nitrobenzene and nitrophenols and the formation of three nitrophenol isomers were observed to follow zero-order kinetics. The quantum yields for nitrobenzene and nitrophenols removal are about 10^-3 and 10^-3—10^-4 respectively. The mechanism for nitrobenzene degradation was suggested to follow mainly nitro-nitrite intramolecular arrangement.     

对二甲苯降解产物对海洋双壳类的急性毒性

为评价微藻降解海水中对二甲苯（PX）的生物安全性,测定了PX降解生成的3种中间产物（对甲基苯甲酸、对甲基苯甲醇和对甲酚）对2种海洋双壳类（菲律宾蛤仔、文蛤）的半致死浓度（LC₅₀）,并计算相应的安全浓度.根据国际海事组织（IMO）“海洋环境保护专家组（GESAMP）提出的化学品危害评估程序判断,对甲基苯甲醇（96h LC₅₀=305.67和560.34mg/L）和对甲基苯甲酸（96h LC₅₀>340mg/L）对2种双壳类的急性毒性等级均为“实际无毒”;对甲酚对菲律宾蛤仔、文蛤分别具有“低毒”和“无毒”（96h LC₅₀=77.95和1271.74mg/L）.对甲酚对菲律宾蛤仔的毒性高于文蛤,可能与其在蛤仔体内易于蓄积有关.总体上看,与母体化合物PX（96h LC₅₀>162mg/L）相比,这些中间产物对双壳类的毒性较低,而毒性稍高的对甲酚仅在PX生物降解开始后的短时间内（2~4d）存在,因此,利用微藻降解PX对海洋双壳类具有较好的安全性.对甲基苯甲醇、对甲酚对双壳类的安全浓度分别为70.42和12.10mg/L;但是,对甲基苯甲酸的安全浓度无需给出,因为海水中该化学品的浓度等于其溶解度时,96h内未见双壳类死亡.为全面评价基于微藻的PX污染海域修复技术的生物安全性,今后应加强中间产物对海洋鱼类、甲壳类的毒性研究.     

载银TiO2半导体催化剂降解染料水溶液的研究

以新型载银ＴｉＯ２为催化剂,采用高压汞灯为光源对染料水溶液进行光催化降解。实验结果表明：采用ＴｉＯ２催化剂使直接耐酸大红（３５ｍｇ／Ｌ）、直接耐晒翠蓝（５０ｍｇ／Ｌ）和直接黑（５０ｍｇ／Ｌ）染料溶液脱至无色的时间分别为３５ｍｉｎ、６０ｍｉｎ及６０ｍｉｎ,而采用载银ＴｉＯ２催化剂,上述染料溶液脱至无色的时间分别为２０ｍｉｎ、３０ｍｉｎ及２０ｍｉｎ。探讨了ｐＨ、光强、催化剂用量及灼烧温度等对催化降解的     

UV/Cl工艺对三氯生的去除与降解机理研究

对UV/Cl高级氧化工艺降解水中广谱抗菌剂三氯生（TCS）进行研究,对比单一UV、单一Cl和UV/Cl工艺对TCS的去除效果.考察UV光强、余氯初始浓度、溶液pH值和氨氮浓度等因素对反应的影响,探究TCS在UV/Cl工艺中的降解机理,评估其生态风险.结果表明,与单一UV、单一Cl相比,TCS在UV/Cl工艺中降解效果较好,反应符合准一级反应动力学,降解速率常数随UV光强、余氯初始浓度增大而增大,随NH₄⁺-N浓度的增加而减小.基于HRMS Q-TOF解析出17种中间产物,提出了降解反应路径.发光细菌毒性分析和ECOSAR预测均表明,TCS在UV/Cl工艺中产生毒性较高的中间产物,随着反应的进行,产生了毒性较低的中间产物,生态环境风险得以减少.