包头市南海湿地土壤重金属污染评价及来源解析

包头市南海湿地位于中国西北地区的高纬度寒旱区,具有独特的河流湿地生态系统。以南海湿地土壤为研究对象,对湿地28个点位表层土壤(0~20 cm)中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Mn、Pb、Zn 8种重金属进行检测分析,采用环境质量指数与Hakanson环境生态潜在风险指数相结合的方法,探讨土壤中8种重金属的累积污染现状及潜在生态风险,利用相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析区分了南海湿地重金属的来源,以期为南海湿地土壤环境保护提供理论依据。结果表明,As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Mn、Pb和Zn重金属平均值分别为75.18、1.27、56.98、111.18、87.67、622.71、54.10和209.33 mg·kg~(-1)。以包头市南海公园树木林土壤重金属含量为评价基准,南海湿地土壤重金属普遍超标,研究区域所有样方中As、Cd、Cu、Mn和Pb均超标,Cr有64.29%的样点超标,Ni有96.43%的样点超标,Zn有89.29%的样点超标。单因子污染指数表明,Cd处于中度污染;As、Cu、Pb和Zn处于轻度污染;Cr、Ni和Mn处于轻微污染。农田区和景观大道两侧处于重污染水平,鱼塘区和湿地植物区处于中污染水平。潜在生态风险指数表明,Cd处于强风险等级;As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Mn、Pb、Zn处于低风险等级。;研究区整体上都属于中等风险等级。来源解析表明:As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Mn的来源受到周边工业活动和农业活动的影响;Pb和Zn的来源与道路交通有关,Pb还受到工业活动的影响;Cr来源与土壤母质和农业活动有关。     

广西桂东北地区农业土壤环境若干重金属元素背景值的调查

应用分层抽样统计方法,调查研究广西桂东北地区农业土壤环境Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、As、Cr、Hg等8种重金属元素背景值,并分别求算出各元素背景值95％的置信区间。经方差分析,各成土母质间几种元素背景值都有不同程度差异。探讨了该区域农业土壤元素背景值与世界土壤、地壳丰度和国内土壤元素背景值的差异,为开展农业环境科学研究提供依据。     

密云水库上游金矿区土壤重金属空间分布、来源及污染评价

对北京市密云水库上游金矿区周边土壤重金属(Hg、Pb、Cu、Cd、Ni、Zn和Co)的空间分布、来源及污染现状进行研究与评价.结果表明,土壤中除了Zn和Co外,重金属(Hg、Pb、Cu、Cd、Ni)的平均含量均超过北京市土壤背景值,其中Hg和Cd超标倍数较大.空间分布图显示,重金属含量整个分布趋势为从东北向西南递减,主要富集在金矿区尾矿库.多元统计分析(相关性分析、主成分)表明,Hg和Pb为人为源,可能来源于选矿方法及矿石运输过程;Cu、Cd和Zn来自混合源,来源于矿山开采和岩石矿物的自然风化;Co和Ni为自然源,主要来源于地球化学活动或土壤母质.单因子指数和内梅罗综合指数法及潜在生态危害指数法评价结果表明,Hg和Cd的污染比较严重,特别是Hg;Pb的污染程度也应当引起充分关注,Cu、Ni、Zn处于相对安全水平.     

浙北地区农用地和建设用地土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

为了研究浙北地区农用地和建设用地2种不同土地利用方式下土壤重金属污染情况,采集并分析了159个表层(0～20 cm)土壤样品中的Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni 8种重金属含量,采用主成分分析法(PCA)进行来源解析,并运用单因子污染指数法、污染负荷指数法、潜在生态风险及预警指数法进行综合评价。结果显示,农用地和建设用地8种重金属元素的平均质量分数均未超过相关评价标准筛选值,但均超过浙江省土壤环境背景值,其中农用地中Cd和Hg污染,建设用地Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn污染明显。研究区农用地和建设用地土壤重金属综合污染负荷指数(PLI)均为轻度污染状态,且对土壤污染贡献率最大的重金属元素均为Cd,可为研究区土壤重金属的污染防治、风险管控提供依据。研究区农用地除Cd为中度污染外,其他7种重金属均为轻微污染;建设用地Cd为重度污染,Cu、Zn、Pb为轻度污染,Cr、Hg、As、Ni为轻微污染。研究区农用地土壤Ni、Zn、Cu、Cr主要受土母质影响,Cd和Pb主要来源可能为交通运输,Hg和As主要受人类活动影响;建设用地Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni可能具有不同程度的相同来源...     

三峡库区地质高背景区土壤-油菜重金属迁移特征

三峡库区广泛分布的黑色岩系富含镉（Cd）、铬（Cr）、镍（Ni）、锌（Zn）等重金属元素,导致土壤重金属元素含量显著高于我国土壤背景值,成为典型的地质高背景区。本文选择三峡库区地质高背景区油菜种植地为研究对象,分析了土壤-油菜系统中砷（As）、Cd、Zn、铜（Cu)、铅（Pb）、Cr、Ni、汞（Hg）等重金属元素含量分布特征、富集迁移规律以及影响因素。研究结果表明,研究区油菜种植地土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni等重金属含量显著高于我国土壤背景值,单因子污染指数评价显示土壤As、Zn、Hg、Pb等重金属均属于无污染等级,Cu、Ni污染程度受到pH影响,Cd为重度污染和极高生态风险。不同重金属元素在油菜各部位含量差异明显,Pb、Cd、As等生物非必需元素更倾向进入茎、果荚,营养元素Cu和Zn则在油菜籽中含量较高,而Cr易在果荚中富集。研究区土壤中重金属元素含量、土壤p H、重金属元素间的拮抗作用以及油菜解毒机制可能是影响重金属元素在土壤-油菜各部位富集迁移的重要因素。     

闽东定海-黄岐湾表层沉积物重金属污染特征及来源解析

定量解析沉积物重金属来源并绘制空间分布图可为海洋生态环境治理修复提供科学依据.本文以定海-黄岐湾为研究区,分析其表层沉积物的重金属含量,通过内梅罗指数和地统计法探究其重金属空间分布规律,并基于正定矩阵因子分析模型(PMF)定量描述其重金属元素的污染来源.研究结果表明定海-黄岐湾表层沉积物的V、 Cr、 Co、 Ni、 Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Pb均值分别为86.55、 61.50、 13.50、30.42、30.60、116.58、0.11、39.94 mg·kg^-1均超出福建省近岸浅海沉积物的背景值1倍以上;地统计和内梅罗指数表明V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb含量的空间分布和污染特征具有差异性.其中,V为轻度污染,Cr、Co、Ni、Pb均为中度污染而Cu、Zn、Cd为重污染,但是其高值区和污染严重区域均出现在人类活动密集区,呈现受人类活动影响的共性特征;PMF分析则阐释沉积物中的V来自于区域岩石风化的自然源,Zn和Cd元素来自于生活污水的排放,Ni、Cr、Co和Cu来自于船只表面金属涂层剥落,Pb来自于船只海上交通泄露的油料.自然源、生活排污源、工...     

黄河三角洲油田区土壤重金属的垂直分布规律及其影响因素

在黄河三角洲地区,由于胜利油田油气长期开采造成了采油区土壤环境质量的不断恶化.通过对胜利油田石油污染区土壤进行采样和分析,重点研究石油污染影响下10种重金属元素(Pb、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn和Cd)的含量、土壤粒径和总有机碳比重(TOC)分布规律.结果表明,19个土壤剖面的土壤颗粒d_(0.5)的范围为18—44μm,大部分属于细砂粒;但油田污染区土壤剖面重金属的垂直分布相较于对照组非污染区,二者存在明显差异:受石油烃及其降解产物的影响,油田区8种主要重金属(Pb、V、Mn、Fe、Co、Cu、Zn和Cd)在0—10 cm或10—20 cm层重金属含量最高,最大值分别为32.51、88.04、336.9、2.530×10~4、9.76、23.46、87.15、0.38 mg·kg~(-1);对照组受成土过程的影响,重金属在土壤深层(30—50 cm)出现两种不同的变化规律.通过聚类和相关性分析,油田区8种主要重金属(Pb、V、Mn、Fe、Co、Cu、Zn和Cd)浅层受泄漏石油影响为主,深层受土壤本底值影响为主,含量与土壤TOC(除去表层)的相关性较高;Cr、Ni则是受成土过程的影响.而非油区中8种重金属受大气沉降和成土过程的共同影响,含量与黏、粉粒之间普遍存在负相关关系,与TOC没有明显的相关性.分析结果表明,油区土壤中重金属的含量、迁移及其分布都受到了石油污染和油田开发的影响.该研究将对黄河三角洲湿地重金属-石油烃复合污染物污染的预防和治理提供一定的科学理论依据.     

南京城市土壤重金属含量及空间分布特征

研究了南京城市土壤重金属含量、来源及空间分布特征。结果表明,南京城市土壤中V、Mn、Co、Ni、Cr污染不明显,但受到了不同程度的Cu、Pb、Zn、Sb、Hg、Cd污染,其中Hg污染比较严重。V、Mn、Co、Ni、Cr含量之间均呈极显著正相父;Cu、Pb、Zn、Sb、Hg、Cd含量之间也均呈极显著正相关。南京城市土壤V、Mn、Co、Ni、Cr主要继承了原土物质;Hg、Cd、Pb主要来源于城市燃煤、机动车尾气及工厂排放粉尘;Sb主要来源于机动车尾气和工厂排放粉尘。南京城市土壤Hg、Cd、Pb、Sb含量空间分布规律非常相似,均表现为外围向市中心有逐渐增加的趋势,并且在新街口—鼓楼、梅山硫铁矿形成异常高值的岛状、环状区域。     

上海市不同工业类型土壤重金属含量差异性分析

为揭示不同工业类型土壤重金属含量的差异性,研究以上海市为例,选取机械制造、化工、印染三种污染较为严重的工业类型,进行实地采样分析.结果表明,上海工业土壤重金属元素As、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn没有超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准,但Ni的平均值达到75.23 mg·kg~(-1),是国家土壤环境质量二级标准的1.5倍;以上海市土壤背景值为评价标准,除As外,各元素单因子污染指数均大于1,由高到低依次为:Ni,Zn、Pb,Cu,Cr,As;印染企业、机械制造、化工企业综合污染指数均大于2,属于中度污染,污染程度由高到低依次为:印染企业,化工企业,机械制造,表现出明显的累积趋势.相关分析和因子分析表明,元素Pb、Cu和Zn有相似来源,Cr和Ni有相似来源,As为另一来源;前两类元素含量远高于对应元素背景值,超标率均在90%以上,来源主要受人为活动影响;As元素含量与背景值相当,来源主要与成土母质有关.通过对比分析发现,Cr、Ni来源主要与机械制造和化工等企业污染排放有关;印染企业生产过程中污染物的排放可能是Pb、Cu、Zn的主要来源;各类型企业土壤均存在多个元素累积,呈现出复合污染的趋势.     

基于文献计量的关中地区农田土壤重金属污染特征及源解析

掌握关中地区农田土壤重金属污染特征和来源,对推进区域土壤环境风险管控、提升土壤环境管理水平具有重要意义。利用大量的文献检索数据,借助地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和PMF源解析模型探究了关中地区农田土壤重金属的分布特征、污染程度、生态风险和可能来源。结果表明,关中地区农田土壤中8种重金属元素超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值的比率,从高到低依次为Cd(43.3%)、Zn(13.7%)、Cu(10.9%)、Ni(8.1%)、Pb(7.2%)、As(6.1%)、Hg(5.4%)、Cr(4.0%)。Cd污染最重,部分地区达到重污染程度,Pb、Cu、Zn的污染程度次之,同时,Cd、Hg的生态风险最大,中风险以上的点位中Cd占76.51%,Hg占90.18%。PMF源解析模型计算结果表明,土壤中Cd污染主要来源于工业排放及农业活动,Hg污染主要来源于采金提炼和化石燃料燃烧,矿产资源开采和冶炼对土壤中Pb、Zn的富集影响较大,As、Cr在土壤中的累积与污水灌溉、化肥农药使用等农业活动有关,土壤中的Ni来源于成土母质。     

宝鸡城市街尘、土壤及河流沉积物重金属形态迁移特征

在宝鸡城市街尘、土壤及河流沉积物基本理化性质和重金属元素含量分析的基础上,重点研究了重金属元素在街尘、土壤及河流沉积物中的赋存形态和迁移特征.结果表明:在街尘中Cu主要以可氧化态和残余态形式存在,Pb主要以可还原态和可氧化态形式存在,Zn和Cd主要以乙酸可提取态形式存在,Mn、Fe、Co、Ni和Cr主要以残余态形式存在...     

Metal contamination of surface soils of industrial city Sialkot,Pakistan: a multivariate and GIS approach

In this study concentrations of selected metals viz., Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn in surface soils of Sialkot city known worldwide for tanneries and pharmaceutical industries were measured to assess the status of urban soil pollution and to identify sources of contamination. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HACA) indicated concentrations of Mg and Ca related to parent rock material, Cd, Co, and Pb with traffic related activities, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn either associated with automobiles activities or industrial pollution and Fe, K and Na related with anthropogenic activities or lithogenous materials. Correlation analyses and principal component analysis based on factor analysis confirmed the results of HACA. Spatial distribution maps exhibited relatively higher concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cr and Zn along traffic routes in the city and streams. The results highlighted concentration of Cd, Ni, Cr, Zn, and Pb measured in urban soil exceeded the permissible limit of surface soils and advocated an imperative need for detailed baseline investigations of spatial distribution of heavy metals and other contaminants for the formulation of geochemical database that should be made available to stakeholder involved in monitoring, assessment and conservation of soil contamination for future planning and management of the Sialkot city.     

中国大气颗粒物中金属元素环境地球化学行为研究

大气颗粒物金属污染已成为目前大气污染的研究热点之一。文章梳理、分析归纳了中国近年来大气颗粒中金属元素的环境地球化学方面的研究。目前研究较多的是Fe、Ca、Mg、Si等地壳元素和Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Hg等污染元素;大气颗粒物中对人体有害的Cu、Pb、Cd、As、Zn等污染较严重,而Cr、Mn、Co、Ni等污染较轻。大气颗粒物中金属含量随时间分布变化显著,总体上呈现冬季〉秋季〉春季〉夏季的特点,空间分布上一般北方燃煤城市大于南方一般城市;城市内部一般工业区〉交通区〉居民区〉郊区;金属元素在细粒径颗粒（〈2μm）中高,粗颗粒（〉2μm）中低,尤其以污染元素明显。污染元素与地壳元素的垂直分布规律差异较大。大气颗粒物中金属元素的富集程度与元素种类、区域类型、季节变化、粒径大小等有关。最后,提出应加强大气颗粒物中金属元素空间分布差异、时间分布的尺度及差异性研究;同时加强超细颗粒物的研究,以便建立大气颗粒物金属元素与人类健康关系的风险模型。     

淮南市城区地表灰尘重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

城市地表灰尘中重金属会对人体健康和生态环境产生危害,为研究城市中不同功能区地表灰尘重金属的含量和潜在生态危害水平,以典型煤炭资源型城市淮南市的地表灰尘为研究对象,采集工业区、商业区、交通区、文教区、居住区和公园绿地等6种功能用地共40个点位的地表灰尘。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱（ICP-OES）和DMA-80直接测汞仪测定Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni、Co、V、Hg的含量,分析其在不同功能区地表灰尘中的分布特征、相关性及可能的来源;并应用潜在生态危害指数法对重金属在不同功能区的潜在生态危害进行评价。结果表明：1）淮南市地表灰尘中 Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni、Co、V、Hg的平均质量分数分别是202.59、74.63、62.74、110.69、0.57、35.82、12.18、50.95和0.105 mg·kg-1,其中Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni、Hg的平均含量分别是淮南市土壤背景值的3.47、3.17、2.04、1.21、9.50、1.12、2.56倍,是中国土壤背景值的2.73、2.87、2.78、1.81、5.88、1.33、1.62倍。2）9种重金属中,Zn和V的含量在不同功能区分布相对均匀,其他重金属在不同功能区含量均表现出较明显的空间异质性。3）不同功能区中,Zn、Pb、Cu、Ni、Co、V、Hg的平均含量在工业区最高,Cr 和 Cd 的平均含量在交通区最高。4）不同重金属的相关性表明,Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd、Ni 等5种元素有同一来源,Co 和 V 有同一来源。5）单项潜在生态危害系数大小为 Cd〉Hg〉〉Pb〉Cu〉Ni〉Co〉Zn〉Cr〉V。不同功能区9种重金属复合生态危害均处于强生态危害水平（300≤RI〈600）,其中工业区和交通区潜在生态危害水平最高。     

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Octopus vulgaris from coastal waters of Alexandria (Eastern Mediterranean)

Heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined in various tissues (hepatopancreas, branchial hearts, salivary gland, gills, genital tract, mantle, arms and skin) of Octopus vulgaris collected from three different contaminated sites in front of Alexandria (Egypt) during 2000. All collected tissues displayed high enrichment factors when compared to ambient levels. Heavy metal concentrations in most tissues displayed significant differences among sites, sizes and sex. This study suggests that hepatopancreas, and to a lesser extent branchial hearts, are better indicators of chronic Cu, Fe, Zn and Cd contamination than edible tissues. The enrichment factor (EF) for heavy metals in the hepatopancreas and in edible tissues allowed discriminating our samples into three main groups; (1) EF?>?55 (Cu), (2) EF ranging from 15 to 7.5 (Fe, Cd and Zn) and (3) EF?相似文献   

Scalp hair metal analysis in the assessment of the occupational exposure of arc welders

Eleven metals (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb) were estimated in hair samples of metal arc welders and a control group with the same socioeconomic background. Nitric acid–perchloric acid wet digestion procedure was adopted for the estimation of endogenous metal contents by ICP-AE technique. The study exhibited the following increasing order of the metal concentrations: Cd??1, dry weight, respectively. On average, the levels of Mn, Ni, Pb and Fe were found to be 1.5–2.4 times higher in the hair of welders compared with controls. Besides age and exposure which were strongly correlated, Cu–Mg, Mn–Mg, Ca–Co and Cd–Zn also showed significantly positive correlations. The identification of metal sources, done by cluster and principal component analyses, revealed four factors: age and exposure; Cu, Mg, Mn and Fe; Ca and Co; Cd, Zn, Ni and Pb. High levels of Fe were found to have a depleting impact on Co levels. The arc welders were feared to accumulate heavy metals in their bodies due to long-term endogenous exposure.     

Accumulation and translocation of heavy metals in soil and plants from fly ash contaminated area

The present investigation deals with the accumulation of heavy metals in fields contaminated with fly ash from a thermal power plant and subsequent uptake in different parts of naturally grown plants. Results revealed that in the contaminated site, the mean level of all the metals (Cd, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, Mn and Fe) in soil and different parts (root and shoots) of plant species were found to be significantly (p<0.01) higher than the uncontaminated site. The enrichment factor (EF) of these metals in contaminated soil was found to be in the sequence of Cd (2.33) > Fe (1.88) > Ni (1.58) > Pb (1.42) > Zn (1.31) > Mn (1.27) > Cr (1.11) > Cu (1.10). Whereas, enrichment factor of metals in root and shoot parts, were found to be in the order of Cd (7.56) > Fe (4.75) > Zn (2.79) > Ni (2.22) > Cu (1.69) > Mn (1.53) > Pb (1.31) > Cr (1.02) and Cd (6.06) approximately equal Fe (6.06) > Zn (2.65) > Ni (2.57) > Mn (2.19) > Cu (1.58) > Pb (1.37) > Cr (1.01) respectively. In contaminated site, translocation factor (TF) of metals from root to shoot was found to be in the order of Mn (1.38) > Fe (1.27) > Pb (1.03) > Ni (0.94) > Zn (0.85) > Cd (0.82) > Cr (0.73) and that of the metals Cd with Cr, Cu, Mn, Fe; Cr with Pb, Mn, Fe and Pb with Fe were found to be significantly correlated. The present findings provide us a clue for the selection of plant species, which show natural resistance against toxic metals and are efficient metal accumulators.     

Distribution and availability of potentially toxic metals in soil in central area of Belgrade,Serbia

Belgrade, capital city of Serbia, has over 1,600,000 inhabitants and over 400,000 vehicles trafficking every day on its streets. The investigation of soil pollution was performed by sequential extraction analysis to investigate the availability of potentially toxic metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, Co, Ni, Cu, Cr and Mn) under different oxidation and pH conditions. All investigated metals were mainly extracted from soils with neutral or acidic extractants. Serious pollution was observed along roads and streets with high traffic frequency, but Pb and Ni pollution was the highest since their concentrations exceed both soil Serbian standard and Canadian guidance values and is characteristic for all investigated sites. Cd, Cu, Cr and Zn concentrations are moderately high since they are between Canadian guideline and Serbian standard.     

Levels and distribution of trace metals in surface sediments from Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Norwegian Arctic

Trace metal contents (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) have been measured in 27 surface sediment samples collected from Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Norwegian Arctic. The analyses yielded concentration values (in mg kg^?1) of 0.13–0.63 for Cd, 11.89–21.90 for Co, 48.65–81.84 for Cr, 21.26–36.60 for Cu, 299.59–683.48 for Mn, 22.43–35.39 for Ni, 10.68–36.59 for Pb, 50.28–199.07 for Zn and 8.09–65.34 for Hg (in ng g^?1), respectively. Relative cumulative frequency method has been used to define the baseline values of these metals, which (in mg kg^?1) were 0.14 for Cd, 13.56 for Co, 57.86 for Cr, 25.14 for Cu, 364.08 for Mn, 26.22 for Ni, 17.46 for Pb, 70.49 for Zn and 9.76 for Hg (in ng g^?1), respectively. The enrichment factor analysis indicated that Hg showed some extent of anthropogenic pollution, while Pb, Zn and Cd showed limited anthropogenic contamination in the study areas.     

Assessing heavy-metal contamination and sources by GIS-based approach and multivariate analysis of urban–rural topsoils in Wuhan,central China

Nine potentially harmful heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, Ni, and Zn) were measured in 477 topsoil samples collected from urban–rural areas in the city of Wuhan in order to identify their concentrations and possible sources, and characterize their spatial variability for risk assessment. Results showed that in most rural areas heavy-metal concentrations in soil were similar to their natural background values, but Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn concentrations were relatively higher in densely populated districts and around industrial facilities. Multivariate analyses (correlation matrix, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis) indicated that Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn were mainly derived from anthropogenic inputs, and Co, Cr, and Mn were controlled by natural source, whereas Ni appeared to be affected by both anthropogenic and natural sources. The result of risk assessment indicated that nearly 48% of the study area suffered from moderate to severe contamination.