液化石油气贮罐的危险性评价及安全对策

根据道化学公司火灾爆炸危险度评价原理,通过对某公司200m^3和100m^3液化石油气贮存系统的危险性因素分析,进行了液化石油气贮存系统火灾、爆炸危险性的评价,针对液化石油气的火灾爆炸事故隐患提出了事故防范的安全对策。     

易燃易爆氢氧车间生产、贮气柜系统危险性评价

通过某动力公司氢氧车间生产、贮存系统危险性因素分析 ,对氢氧车间氢气生产、贮存各工艺环节进行了火灾爆炸危险性评价 ,并针对氢氧车间生产工艺系统和湿式贮气柜的火灾爆炸事故隐患 ,提出了事故防范的安全对策。     

PTA生产火灾爆炸危险性分析与评价

采用道化学公司的火灾、爆炸危险指数法对PTA生产工艺进行了分析与评价。首先分析了PTA具体的生产工艺流程,其次对其生产原料、生产流程中的高温氧化反应、加氢反应阶段的火灾危险性以及PTA装置的包装工段的火灾危险性进行了具体的分析。接着运用道化学公司的火灾、爆炸危险指数法,系统地对PTA生产装置的火灾爆炸危险性进行了评估。文章选取该装置中火灾爆炸危险性较大的高温氧化单元以及加氢精制单元为评价单元。并依照火灾爆炸指数法的评价程序进行评价,确定物质系数、单元危险系数、火灾爆炸指数、安全措施补偿系数、危害系数等一系列参数。最后就评价结果及各单元补偿前后危险程度进行详细的分析并提出了防止PTA生产装置燃烧爆炸的安全对策措施,文章为后期系统深入地研究PTA安全生产提供了一定的参考。     

V2O5车间炉窑煤气燃烧爆炸危险性评价

应用火灾爆炸危险指数法对V2O5车间炉窑煤气燃烧爆炸进行了危险性评价，从而提出相应的预防对策和措施，     

蒙德法与道化法的选取

运用蒙德法和道化法 ,对煤气发生系统评价单元进行安全评价 ,指出两者在进行火灾、爆炸的危险评价时 ,其结论基本上是接近的 ,但仍保持着各自的特点。在此基础上 ,笔者提出 :当评价单元要求在火灾、爆炸、毒性危险因素有更全面的反映时 ,宜采用蒙德法 ;对影响范围、损失情况有具体反映和进行项目预评价时 ,可采用道化法的建议。     

火灾爆炸危险指数评价法在催化裂化装置中的运用

本文以大庆石化总厂140万吨/年重油催化裂化装置为例,运用美国道化学公司火灾、爆炸危险指数评价法对该装置进行安全性评价,分析装置各单元固有的火灾爆炸危险性.根据火灾爆炸危险指数大小给工艺单元划分危险等级,评价其潜在的火灾爆炸危险,确定安全补偿系数.通过量化其危险性因素,从生产设备、工艺操作、安全管理等方面综合分析该装置的危险性、生产过程存在的火灾爆炸危险性和发生事故的可能性,评价发生事故的严重程度,找出主要危险因素力求从技术、工艺、设备、原材料、安全管理等方面采取措施,以减少火灾爆炸事故的发生或降低事故损失.本文为石化企业采取有针对性的火灾爆炸预防措施,从而降低事故的发生概率,提高装置运行的稳定性和可靠性,减少损失,保证生产安全进行提供了科学依据.     

某聚丙烯车间生产系统危险性评价

在分析某聚丙烯车间生产系统危险因素的基础上,应用道化学公司的火灾爆炸危险指数评价法(第7版)对某车问聚合闪蒸、原料精制、尾气回收及丙烯北罐区等主要危险工艺单元进行了火灾爆炸危险性评价,并提出了事故防范的安全对策。     

DOW火灾爆炸指数评价法在天然气配气站安全评价中的应用

本文基于造成火灾爆炸的原因进行了分析,运用DOW火灾爆炸指数评价法对某配气站进行了安全评价,得到该配气站的危险性等级以及伤害范围,提出建议措施。     

顺酐生产火灾爆炸危险性分析与评价

在分析顺酐生产过程中火灾爆炸危险因素的基础上,运用美国道化学公司的火灾、爆炸危险指数评价方法对顺酐生产装置进行安全性评价。针对其实际运转情况,对其中氧化反应器单元从一般工艺危险性、特殊工艺危险性和安全补偿措施等方面进行了系统分析,并提出了预防事故的安全对策措施,为苯酐的安全生产和管理提供了切实可行的参考。     

火灾爆炸指数法在页岩油储罐区安全评价中的应用

本文针对辽宁抚顺某页岩炼油厂的页岩油储罐区基本情况,运用美国道化学公司的火灾爆炸指数评价法,定量地对该页岩油储罐区潜在火灾爆炸危险性进行了分析,得出了其安全措施补偿前后的火灾爆炸指数、危险等级、暴露半径、暴露面积、体积及最大可能财产损失、停产损失等数据,量化了火灾爆炸造成的危害,为炼油厂事故风险预防和管理提供了科学的依据。     

基于动态数据驱动的煤矿瓦斯异常涌出风险预警系统设计*

为解决煤矿瓦斯异常涌出风险预警过程中过度依赖系统模型,不能动态实时修正预测模型,预测、预报精准度和可靠度不高的难题,基于动态数据驱动技术,搭建瓦斯异常涌出风险预警系统架构,探讨动态数据驱动的瓦斯涌出监测曲线拟合、动态预警模型选择和修正、预警系统研发等关键性技术,开发基于动态数据驱动的瓦斯异常涌出风险预警系统软件。结果表明:动态数据驱动技术在煤矿瓦斯异常涌出风险预警方面具有强大的信息处理和问题求解能力,可实现仿真系统与实际系统间的动态响应和控制功能,并实时反馈修正,使预测结果更加精确、可靠,设计研发的预警系统可在矿井受瓦斯异常涌出威胁时发出可靠的预警信号。     

基于FDS的加油站便利店火灾模拟

为了研究加油站便利店火灾的发展规律,选择合理的疏散路线,使用 FDS软件对某加油站便利店进行火灾数值模拟。通过观察烟气扩散和动态升温过程,分析便利店的烟气扩散和升温规律,对比分析不同疏散路线上温度、烟气层高度和能见度的数据变化规律,分析选择不同疏散路线对人员安全疏散的影响。结果表明:在无火灾报警设备的情况下,卫生间等有隔断的设施会延迟设施内人员获得火灾信息的时间,不利于安全疏散;同等高度下靠墙区域受高温烟气影响较中央开阔区域更大;疏散时选择合理的疏散路线可以显著延长安全疏散时间。     

Developing a CFD heat transfer model for applying high expansion foam in an LNG spill

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is widely used to cost-effectively store and transport natural gas. However, a spill of LNG can create a vapor cloud, which can potentially cause fire and explosion. High expansion (HEX) foam is recommended by the NFPA 11 to mitigate the vapor hazard and control LNG pool fire. In this study, the parameters that affect HEX foam performance were examined using lab-scale testing of foam temperature profile and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of heat transfer in vapor channels. A heat transfer model using ANSYS Fluent® was developed to estimate the minimum HEX foam height that allows the vapors from LNG spillage to disperse rapidly. We also performed a sensitivity analysis on the effect of the vaporization rate, the diameter of the vapor channel, and the heat transfer coefficient on the required minimum height of the HEX foam. It can be observed that at least 1.2 m of HEX foam in height are needed to achieve risk mitigation in a typical situation. The simulation results can be used not only for understanding the heat transfer mechanisms when applying HEX foam but also for suggesting to the LNG facility operator how much HEX foam they need for effective risk mitigation under different conditions.     

Dynamic risk analysis of offloading process in floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) platform using Bayesian Network

The growing demand for natural gas has pushed oil and gas exploration to more isolated and previously untapped regions around the world where construction of LNG processing plants is not always a viable option. The development of FLNG will allow floating plants to be positioned in remote offshore areas and subsequently produce, liquefy, store and offload LNG in the one position. The offloading process from an FLNG platform to a gas tanker can be a high risk operation. It consists of LNG being transferred, in hostile environments, through loading arms or flexible cryogenic hoses into a carrier which then transports the LNG to onshore facilities. During the carrier's offloading process at onshore terminals, it again involves risk that may result in an accident such as collision, leakage and/or grounding. It is therefore critical to assess and monitor all risks associated with the offloading operation. This study is aimed at developing a novel methodology using Bayesian Network (BN) to conduct the dynamic safety analysis for the offloading process of an LNG carrier. It investigates different risk factors associated with LNG offloading procedures in order to predict the probability of undesirable accidents. Dynamic failure assessment using Bayesian theory can estimate the likelihood of the occurrence of an event. It can also estimate the failure probability of the safety system and thereby develop a dynamic failure assessment tool for the offloading process at a particular FLNG plant. The main objectives of this paper are: to understand the LNG offloading process, to identify hazardous events during offloading operation, and to perform failure analysis (modelling) of critical accidents and/or events. Most importantly, it is to evaluate and compare risks. A sensitivity analysis has been performed to validate the risk models and to study the behaviour of the most influential factors. The results have indicated that collision is the most probable accident to occur during the offloading process of an LNG carrier at berth, which may have catastrophic consequences.     

因果图和模糊综合风险评价在城市燃气输配系统的应用

针对复杂的城市燃气输配系统,利用因果图和模糊综合评价相结合的方法对其进行风险分析.因果图能找出影响城市燃气输配系统失效的因素,模糊综合评价则可在其基础上对风险量化.以某市的燃气输配系统为例描述了该方法的步骤.结果表明,因果图和模糊综合评价相结合的方法合理且易于工程应用.     

基于AHP-熵权法的城市燃气管道风险评价*

为全面、客观地评价城市燃气管道风险,提出1种基于AHP-熵权法的城市燃气管道风险评价模型。该模型基于风险评价理论,结合管道失效可能性与后果严重性,构建包含105个评价底因素的城市燃气管道风险评价指标体系。针对城市燃气管道风险因素的复杂性和模糊性,引入模糊数学思想和方法,结合AHP和熵权法确定评价指标的综合权重,再运用模糊综合评价法和风险分析矩阵评估燃气管道风险等级。结果表明:该评价模型风险评价结果与实际情况相符,可为城市燃气管道风险预警与管理提供依据。     

The hazards and risks of hydrogen

An analysis was completed of the hazards and risks of hydrogen, compared to the traditional fuel sources of gasoline and natural gas (methane). The study was based entirely on the physical properties of these fuels, and not on any process used to store and extract the energy. The study was motivated by the increased interest in hydrogen as a fuel source for automobiles.The results show that, for flammability hazards, hydrogen has an increased flammability range, a lower ignition energy and a higher deflagration index. For both gasoline and natural gas (methane) the heat of combustion is higher (on a mole basis). Thus, hydrogen has a somewhat higher flammability hazard.The risk is based on probability and consequence. The probability of a fire or explosion is based on the flammability range, the auto-ignition temperature and the minimum ignition energy. In this case, hydrogen has a larger flammability zone and a lower minimum ignition energy—thus the probability of a fire or explosion is higher. The consequence of a fire or explosion is based on the heat of combustion, the maximum pressure during combustion, and the deflagration index. Hydrogen has an increased consequence due to the large value of the deflagration index while gasoline and natural gas (methane) have a higher heat of combustion. Thus, based on physical properties alone, hydrogen poses an increase risk, primarily due to the increased probability of ignition.This study was unable to assess the effects of the increased buoyancy of hydrogen—which might change the probability depending on the actual physical situation.A complete hazard and risk analysis must be completed once the actual equipment for hydrogen storage and energy extraction is specified. This paper discusses the required procedure.     

北京市燃气事故风险评估与控制对策

对北京市近年来的燃气状况进行了分析,从燃气系统存在的风险源出发,找出了北京市燃气系统存在的风险以及衍生和次生灾害;运用系统安全分析的＂人-机-环-管＂理论,考虑了燃气设施及管理的风险承受力和控制力,找出了影响燃气突发事件风险发生的可能性因素和后果严重性因素,从而建立了风险可能性和后果严重性的指标体系;利用风险矩阵从多角度对城八区天然气管网系统进行风险评估,确定风险等级,提出了防止燃气事故发生的安全防范措施,以增强北京燃气设施的安全稳定运行。     

基于变权综合理论的天然气管道动态风险评价

为对天然气管道进行有效的风险评估,提出基于变权综合理论的天然气管道动态风险评价法。利用故障树分析法(FTA)确定天然气管道不同时间空间下的主要风险因素,实时更新风险指标体系;同时引入变权综合原理,建立权重跟随指标值动态变化的变权赋值模型;然后对天然气管道进行综合评定,确定管道当前状态的风险程度。以陕京3线中某管段为例进行分析,得出该管段当前风险等级为中等,在后期运行中应被重点监控。变权赋值与动态指标体系的结合使该方法能实时反映管道风险状况,并适用于天然气管线各段。