液冷电子吊舱温度环境测试研究

目的 为液冷电子吊舱热管理系统设计、可靠性预计提供实测数据支撑.方法 在液冷电子吊舱搭载航空平台,通过采集不同季节、不同飞行工况下电子吊舱内部的温度数据,获取舱内温度环境参数.结果 在统计工况范围内,引气温度的波动范围为?30～54℃,出现在0～30℃的概率为80.8％,而供液温度的波动范围为?5～46℃,出现在10～...     

车载平台舱室温度及其影响因素分析

目的了解车载平台舱室温度变化特征及其影响因素,为车载平台整体的人机环境分析提供有益参考。方法在福建热区开展实车测试,给出平台舱室受各种因素的温度变化情况。结果车辆静止状态,载员舱内的温度主要由环境温度和太阳辐射强度决定;车辆发动时,载员舱内的温度变化主要由环境温度、太阳辐射及空调制冷功率决定;载员舱内空调开启/关闭状态对舱室温度影响较大,在热区实车测试时两类情况载员舱温度相差10℃左右;风速对载员舱内温度影响不显著。结论环境温度、太阳辐射、空调状态对载员舱室温度变化影响较大。     

温度对FBAR反应器的运行特性及古菌微生物群落影响

为探讨固定床厌氧反应器（FBAR）在不同温度下的运行特性及微生物群落变化,比较了高温（50℃）、中温（35℃）、低温（4℃）3个温度阶段反应器产甲烷特性及古菌群落变化.结果表明;绝对产气量由大至小依次为高（50℃）、中（35℃）、低温（4℃）,单位负荷产气量依次为中温（2.84L/OLR）,低温（2.5L/OLR）,高温（1.8L/OLR）;甲烷含量依次为低温（74.5%）、中温（63.5%）,高温（57.3%）,不同温度阶段对挥发性有机酸含量变化有一定的影响.克隆文库分析表明：不同温度条件下固定床厌氧反应器内部微生物群落的丰富性存在很大的差异.定量PCR分析表明：甲烷鬃毛菌是中温和高温反应器内的优势菌,低温4℃炭纤维载体和污泥中的优势菌都是甲烷微菌.从能耗、经济效益角度分析低温条件更适合沼气发酵,而主要是以嗜氢产甲烷菌代谢途径为主.     

初始环境温度对餐厨垃圾好氧堆肥过程的影响

为了探索不同初始环境温度对餐厨垃圾堆肥过程和堆肥效率的影响,利用3组卧式可控温堆肥反应器进行了小规模模拟试验.通过测定堆料中水溶性碳氮比、pH值、温度和总有机碳下降率来推断反应进行的程度.试验表明,在堆料初始含水率约55%,水溶性C/N约38∶1,粗灰分质量分数为4%的反应条件下,初始环境温度控制在30℃时,堆料高温期持续时间较短,不能满足堆肥无害化要求;初试环境温度控制在40℃时,能最有效地加快堆料分解时间,缩短堆腐时间,并满足堆肥产品无害化要求;初始环境温度超过50℃,将导致堆肥pH值过低不利于好氧堆肥反应的进行.     

低温复合条件下救灾帐篷环境适应性试验与评价

目的研究救灾帐篷性能受恶劣环境的影响。方法建立多灾复合环境试验平台,利用其平台开展救灾帐篷不同工况下的试验研究,探究不同环境下救灾帐篷内部热环境分布和保温性能的变化。结果帐篷内部热环境分层现象只发生在温度上升阶段,而在附加风载后,分层现象减弱,在下降阶段,各内表面温度变化情况表现基本一致,当附加雪载环境温度低于–10℃时,救灾帐篷的保温性变差。利用价值函数法建立了救灾帐篷耦合环境适应性评价指标体系,提出了风&低温、雨雪复合环境下救灾帐篷适应性评价方法,得出评价得分,并与试验结果相印证。结论低温复合环境下,帐篷内环境受外界影响较大,保温性能不佳,易出现“冷室效应”,应积极寻找新型材料改善帐篷在恶劣环境下的环境适应性。     

室内环境对人造板甲醛释放规律影响分析研究

为了研究不同温湿度条件下人造板甲醛的释放规律,利用环境舱模拟人造板在室内特征温湿度下甲醛的散发过程,测量甲醛的逐时散发浓度。结果表明,温度升高,木板中甲醛的释放浓度增大,环境舱内木板甲醛释放达到稳定的时间越长;相对湿度增加,木板中甲醛释放浓度随之增加。改变温湿度对环境舱内板材甲醛的释放趋势影响小。夏季工况的温湿度均高于冬季和过渡季,所以甲醛释放浓度为夏季＞过渡季＞冬季,其峰值浓度高于其他两季约3～5倍。     

无汞污染的水柱型大气压强计

提出一种小尺寸（１．２ｍ）的水柱型大气压强计,解决了生产和使用水银柱大气压强计时产生的汞污染环境问题,讨论水柱大气压强计的工作原理和使用方法,分析测量误差,简述应用中的若干问题,文中给出的压强计在海拔的０－３ｋｍ,环境温度为６－４０℃范围使,测量结果的标准误差小于±０．９ｍｍＨｇ,能分辨±０．１ｍｍＨｇ的大气压强变化,适用于环境温度变化不大的室内大气压强测定。由于水的饱和蒸气压随环境温度的较大变化     

航空发动机复材外涵机匣静热强度试验方法研究

目的 提出一种飞机发动机外涵机匣静热强度考核试验方法,实现对高温环境下机械载荷与气流压力载荷同时作用时外涵机匣的强度考核.方法 以典型外涵机匣模拟件为试验件,利用所设计的试验装置与外涵机匣模拟件合围成一套能够施加温度载荷、机械载荷以及内腔气压载荷的被试结构,在通过温度加载系统、静力加载系统和气压加载系统同时对被试结构模拟飞行过程中的真实工况环境.结果 通过设计的试验能同时施加飞行过程中外涵机匣所承受的主要温度、机械及气流压力载荷.结论 提出的静热强度试验方法,能够充分对航空发动机外涵机匣飞行过程中的综合环境进行地面模拟考核,取代以往金属外涵机匣考核的温度载荷等效方式,可实现对复材外涵机匣工艺件进行考核,为外涵机匣减重设计提供依据.     

航空发动机燃油系统附件低温试验方法

目的 探索一种航空发动机燃油系统附件低温试验方法.方法 梳理对比国内外航空发动机燃油系统附件低温试验方法的差异,分析国内外标准规定的试验温度差异的来源,检测3号喷气燃料的实际低温特性,验证?51℃的试验温度对3号喷气燃料的不适用性.分析航空发动机系统附件低温工作时会升温的特点,提出尽量模拟起动过程的低温试验方法.结果 利用提出的试验方法,在环境温度为?55℃、燃油温度为?40℃下,进行了135 h低温试验,额外单独进行1000次模拟发动机低温起动过程.试验过程中,某型主燃油泵调节器工作正常,并随某航空发动机通过了某飞机在我国北方某机场的高寒试飞试验.结论 GJB 241A规定的燃油温度?51℃或黏度12 mm2/s对应的温度(?56℃)不适用于3号喷气燃料,环境温度为?55℃,燃油温度为?40℃,并尽量模拟发动机低温起动过程的低温试验方法能够有效验证航空发动机燃油系统附件的低温工作能力.     

常用金属材料表面积冰仿真分析及试验验证

目的 通过实验室模拟不同环境条件的降雨试验,研究金属材料表面的积冰行为。方法 基于数值仿真分析,选择适合积冰的放置方法,针对金属材料开展降雨环境模拟试验。以水温、环境温度、试件温度、喷淋高度、试件厚度为基本参数,分析实验室模拟降雨环境下不同金属材料表面的积冰程度。结果 仿真分析可以得到理想状态的理论分析结果。当水温为5℃,环境温度为–1.5、–3℃时,在高度3、4 m喷淋30 min后,除10 mm厚度7075铝合金外,被试材料积冰均难以达到6 mm。当水温不变,环境温度为–6℃时,在高度3、4 m喷淋30 min后,部分被试材料达到6 mm积冰。当试验环境温度不变而水温降低时,水温与积冰呈较明显的递增趋势。在其他试验条件相同的情况下,环境温度为–9℃时,所有被试材料积冰均达到6 mm以上。结论 调整各项试验环境参数可控制金属材料表面的积冰程度。在相同水温、喷淋高度和材料厚度的条件下,随着环境温度的降低,积冰增加,4 m喷淋高度的积冰优于3 m喷淋高度。可将试验数据与理论分析数据相融合,使用理论分析结果进行方向预测,利用环境模拟试验数据对其进行修正。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.