室内与实海环境中B10铜镍合金海水全浸腐蚀研究

目的研究B10铜镍合金在青岛港口海水全浸区的腐蚀规律。方法进行室内模拟海水全浸试验以及港口海域实海全浸试验,利用三维视频拍照、电化学测试和失重分析等手段,对比分析了B10铜镍合金在海水全浸环境中的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀速率以及点蚀深度。结果室内模拟环境中,随着浸泡周期增长,B10铜镍合金点蚀深度有增大趋势;实海环境中B10铜镍合金180 d腐蚀速率和点蚀深度均小于室内模拟环境;室内模拟环境中,B10铜镍合金的主要腐蚀产物为Cu_2O和Cu_2(OH)_3Cl和Cu(OH)_2组成。较高含量的Cu_2O对海生物污损起到抑制作用。结论由于海水环境不同,B10铜镍合金在室内模拟试验与实海试验中腐蚀形貌、腐蚀速率和点蚀深度均存在明显差异。     

两种不锈钢在港口海水环境中的腐蚀行为和规律研究

目的研究304和316L不锈钢在我国不同港口海水全浸区浸泡不同周期后的腐蚀规律。方法进行港口海域实海全浸试验,利用三维视频拍摄、质量损失分析及图像处理等手段,对比分析不锈钢在青岛、舟山、三亚港口海水全浸区的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀速率、腐蚀深度和海生物附着面积。结果两种不锈钢表面以点蚀和缝隙腐蚀为主,304不锈钢表面还产生严重的隧道腐蚀。不同港口海水中,304和316L不锈钢的腐蚀速率均较低,316L不锈钢的耐蚀性优于304不锈钢。三港口海域不锈钢表面形貌的差异明显,三亚试样表面海生物附着最多,舟山试样表面附着大量泥沙,三亚港口海域不锈钢的腐蚀速率小于舟山港口海域。结论不同港口海水环境对不锈钢表面海生物种类及附着面积的影响显著,而不锈钢表面状态直接影响其腐蚀形貌。     

不同港口海域铝合金腐蚀行为研究

目的获得1060铝合金和5083铝合金在不同港口海域的腐蚀规律。方法采用实海试验方法获得材料表面的腐蚀形貌及腐蚀速率,并利用腐蚀图像处理技术分析海生物覆盖状态。结果不同海域铝合金试样表面附着海生物种类不同,青岛海域试样表面主要附着牡蛎,舟山海域试样主要附着藤壶和海藻,三亚海域主要附着藤壶和牡蛎。1060铝合金和5083铝合金在不同海域海水中以点蚀和缝隙腐蚀为主,海生物附着对铝合金腐蚀有明显影响,较严重的腐蚀点出现在牡蛎或藤壶下面及边缘。三海域中两种铝合金在舟山海域的腐蚀速率最大,三亚海域次之,青岛海域最小。不同海域铝合金试样表面海生物覆盖面积不同,三亚海域试样表面海生物覆盖面积百分比最大,青岛海域次之,舟山海域最小。结论由于海水环境不同,青岛、舟山及三亚海域铝合金试样表面海生物种类以及海生物覆盖面积明显不同,海生物的附着在一定程度上减缓了铝合金的腐蚀,另外也使得铝合金更易产生缝隙腐蚀和点蚀。     

10CrNi3MoV船用钢港口环境腐蚀行为对比研究

目的对比研究10CrNi3MoV船用钢在我国黄海、东海和南海海域具有代表性的港口海水环境中的腐蚀行为。方法在青岛、舟山和三亚港口进行10CrNi3MoV船用钢的实海暴露实验,通过腐蚀形貌观察、腐蚀速率和点蚀深度测量,结合各海域环境因素的监测和腐蚀产物成分的XRD分析,研究材料暴露0.5a的腐蚀规律和腐蚀机制。结果 10CrNi3MoV钢在青岛港口主要发生均匀腐蚀,在舟山和三亚港口以点蚀为主要腐蚀形式。10CrNi3MoV钢腐蚀速率受温度、盐度、溶氧量和泥沙冲刷综合作用的影响,随港口纬度的降低,材料腐蚀速率增大。附着海生物是影响10CrNi3MoV钢点蚀的重要因素,材料在附着率高的三亚和舟山港口具有更高的点蚀深度。结论附着区与非附着区形成的电偶效应使阴阳极反应界面分离,具有保护性的α-FeOOH的阴极去极化加快了附着海生物闭塞区的阳极溶解。     

我国沿海港口的微观生物初期污损调查

目的对我国渤海、黄海、东海和南海海域的港口进行微观生物污损调查。方法在天津、青岛、宁波、湛江和三亚的港口进行实海挂样试验,通过染色、封装、显微观察、计数等方法,对我国沿海从北到南五个港口微观生物的初期污损进行调查。结果通过玻片实海浸挂和荧光显微观察法,建立了一种生物污损初期附着状况的试验调查方法。微观生物污损主要以细菌和硅藻为主,在样片浸入海水后的数小时内,表面即附着微观生物。不同港口的挂片表面所附着的生物量存在差异,实海挂片24h后,样片表面附着的细菌数量约为100～300cells/mm~2,微藻数量约为10～60cells/mm~2。在相同试验周期内,水温较高海域收集到的样片表面的生物量较大。随港口纬度的升高,样片表面的生物量减少。结论我国沿海海港的微观污损生物均以细菌和硅藻为主,初期生物附着量受港口所处纬度影响,五个港口一天内的微观生物附着量均大于10 cells/mm~2。     

不同海域40Cr低合金钢腐蚀行为研究

目的 研究40Cr在海水环境中的自然腐蚀行为.方法 采用形貌分析、腐蚀质量损失分析、XRD分析等方法对40Cr在青岛、舟山、三亚海水全浸区的腐蚀行为进行研究.结果 40Cr在不同海域中的腐蚀均较为严重,青岛及三亚海域的试样表面被大量海生物附着,舟山海域的试样表面则以泥沙沉积为主.去掉腐蚀产物后试样的腐蚀形貌以坑蚀为主.在试验周期内,随着时间的延长,试样的腐蚀速率逐渐减小,在不同周期内均以三亚海域的为最高.在相同条件下与普通碳钢(Q235)相比,40Cr的腐蚀速率偏高.随着时间的延长,青岛、舟山试样点蚀深度逐渐增加,而三亚试样点蚀深度则先增加后减小,同周期下青岛海域试样的点蚀深度最小.不同海域及周期下40Cr的腐蚀产物以稳态α-FeOOH及Fe2O3为主.结论 40Cr在三个海域的腐蚀形貌均以坑蚀为主,试验周期内试样在三个海域的腐蚀速率随时间延长逐渐减小,同周期下三亚海域试样的腐蚀最为严重;40Cr中C含量较高,在相同条件下其腐蚀速率要高于普通碳钢;40Cr的腐蚀产物以稳态成分为主,是由于Cr元素含量较普通碳钢增加,加速了钢的腐蚀产物到热力学稳定状态的转化.     

海水环境生物腐蚀污损与防护

以海水环境生物腐蚀污损与防护为中心,就国内外与其相关的报道进行综述分析,并提出建议。首先,分析污损生物的分布与特征,得出污损生物群落的组成和结构对海域、季节、水深、工程结构类型等的依赖性,突出海水环境生物腐蚀污损的复杂性。然后,解析生物附着污损对海水环境腐蚀速率的影响,突出附着生物是导致金属材料腐蚀速率增大的重要因子。再次,介绍海水环境生物腐蚀污损防护技术的现状,分析主要防护技术的优缺点,并展示其在不同行业的联用。最后,提出对海水环境生物腐蚀污损研究工作的建议,包括建立各海域的生物腐蚀污损数据库、大力研制发展绿色生物腐蚀污损控制技术、加强对海洋生物腐蚀污损基础性研究工作的投入、尽快建立海洋生物腐蚀评价标准和规范等。     

硫酸盐还原菌对舰船管路系统腐蚀的影响

从浸泡在海水中的铜镍合金表面分离纯化出了硫酸盐还原菌,并深入研究了其对B10及B30合金在海水中腐蚀行为的影响.实验结果表明:铜镍合金不能抑制硫酸盐还原茵在其上附着成膜,并且硫酸盐还原菌的存在会造成B10、B30腐蚀电位明显负移,使其发生严重的脱镍腐蚀.     

铜及铜合金在淡海水交替自然环境条件下的腐蚀行为研究

目的研究铜及铜合金在淡海水交替条件下的腐蚀行为。方法通过开展TUP纯铜、B10与B30铜合金3种典型的铜及铜合金在淡海水交替、海水及淡水自然环境下2年的暴露试验,将三种环境下材料的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀速率进行对比,总结3种材料在不同水环境下的腐蚀规律,对其腐蚀机理进行简要的探讨,并对其长周期的腐蚀行为进行预测。结果对TUP纯铜来说,淡海水环境对TUP纯铜的影响是海水环境的1.66倍,对B30铜合金来说,淡海水环境对其影响是海水环境的2.07倍,而对于B10铜合金,淡海水环境是海水环境的2.17倍。结论从耐蚀性上来看,铜及合金在淡海水交替自然环境下耐蚀性能最差,海水自然环境下次之,在淡水环境下的耐蚀性能最好,自然环境中水的流速越快,会加重铜及合金的腐蚀。     

热带海域不同海区环境因素差异及腐蚀性对比研究

目的研究三亚海域不同海区环境因素和腐蚀性差异。方法对三亚海域亚龙湾和红塘湾两海区的自然环境因素数据和海生物种类及生长速度进行比较分析,并对钢、不锈钢、铝合金和铜合金等4种典型金属材料在两海区的腐蚀性能进行对比研究。结果两海区的海水环境因素除盐度外差别不大,随月份的变化规律一致。由于钛合金在海水中具有良好的耐蚀性,因此选用PVC和钛合金分别代表非金属材料和金属材料研究两海区海生物附着规律,结果发现两海区附着海生物的数量和种类差别较大,钛合金板的海生物附着量明显多于PVC板。四种典型金属材料在红塘湾和亚龙湾相同区带条件下的腐蚀速率相差很小。结论两海区环境因素及腐蚀性差异不大,具有较好相关性。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.