高原高寒地域中重型车辆发动机预热起动辅助装置研究

目的提高中重型车辆装备在高原高寒环境下的低温起动性能。方法研制一种适应高原高寒地域低温低气压环境的冷却液加热器,加热器将燃油燃烧产生的热量传递给冷却液,通过冷却液的循环对发动机机体进行预热。结果在低温试验室内-41℃常压环境下,使用冷却液加热器预热25 min后起动发动机,一次起动成功。在高原进行环境适应性试验,预热时间在25 min内,发动机一次起动成功。结论发动机预热可有效提高-30^-41℃温度地域的发动机低温起动性能。     

航空发动机成附件橡胶件的“积木式”试验设计

在飞机结构"积木式"试验的基础上,提出了针对航空发动机成附件橡胶件元件级、模拟件级、工装级和系统级试样的四级"积木式"试验.明确了各级试验的试验对象、主要任务、试验目的和基本试验思路.提出了在系统级试验的开展中,保证橡胶件的结构状态、安装状态与实际工作情况一致的方法,以及"工况谱"编制的主要内容.将"积木式"试验流程应用到橡胶材料中,为新型航空发动机成附件橡胶件的设计研制提供帮助.     

醇类汽油车醇醛酮、芳香烃和烯烃类排放的试验研究

在两辆试验车上分别燃用纯汽油、M15、M30燃料以及纯汽油、E10、E20燃料,进行了常温25℃Ⅰ型、低温-7℃Ⅵ型和Ⅳ型蒸发排放试验.通过FTIR、HPLC、GC-MS等多种方法联合测量了醇类汽油车的醇醛酮、芳香烃和烯烃类排放.结果表明,不论是在常温还是在低温下,随着燃料中醇类比例的增加,未燃甲醇、甲醛、乙醛排放成比例地增加,苯、甲苯、乙烯、丙烯、1,3-丁二烯和异丁烯排放略有降低.在低温环境温度下,各种非常规污染物的排放明显高于在常温环境温度下.E10、汽油、M15这3种燃料在整个蒸发排放试验过程中的HC排放量相差不大.3种燃料在昼间呼吸试验中的各种非常规污染物蒸发排放差异值较小.     

高原高寒地域中重型车辆蓄电池加热起动辅助装置研究

目的解决中重型车辆装备在高原高寒环境下蓄电池充放电性能降低,起动电量供应不足的问题。方法采用燃油空气加热器对车用铅酸蓄电池进行加热,同时运用专用保温箱进行保温,保持蓄电池内部温度在正常工作范围,确保其在低温环境下的充放电性能。结果使用蓄电池加热和保温装置,可将蓄电池电解液温度升至常温。在-25℃环境条件下,可以提高蓄电池放电量65%左右;在-41℃环境条件下,可以提高蓄电池放电量110%左右。结论蓄电池加热和保温装置可以有效提高其低温环境下充放电性能,使车用蓄电池在低温环境中可以有效提供发动机起动及各种起动辅助装置用电,为高原高寒地域中重型车辆的起动与运行提供有效保障。     

3号喷气燃料加速老化实验中性能指标变化趋势研究

目的研究作为导弹用涡轮发动机贮存寿命薄弱环节之一的油封燃料的贮存稳定性。方法借鉴国外燃料加速老化试验方法,开展不同状态燃料的加速老化实验。结果掌握了3号喷气燃料加速老化实验中性能指标变化趋势,评价了不同状态的3号喷气燃料的贮存稳定性。结论脱水脱氧喷气燃料的贮存稳定性优于普通喷气燃料,贮存16年后变质仍程度较低。     

车辆冷却系统高原热平衡性能研究

目的 分析海拔高度(大气压力)、环境温度、冷却液温度以及冷却风量等对车辆冷却系统高原散热性能的影响.方法 采用模拟试验与仿真相结合的方法 .结果 海拔升高1000 m,发动机水套散热量平均增加约5.3％;冷却液温度升高10℃,发动机水套散热量平均降低约14.5％;海拔升高1000 m,若保持发动机热平衡状态不变(出口冷...     

航空发动机复材外涵机匣静热强度试验方法研究

目的 提出一种飞机发动机外涵机匣静热强度考核试验方法,实现对高温环境下机械载荷与气流压力载荷同时作用时外涵机匣的强度考核.方法 以典型外涵机匣模拟件为试验件,利用所设计的试验装置与外涵机匣模拟件合围成一套能够施加温度载荷、机械载荷以及内腔气压载荷的被试结构,在通过温度加载系统、静力加载系统和气压加载系统同时对被试结构模拟飞行过程中的真实工况环境.结果 通过设计的试验能同时施加飞行过程中外涵机匣所承受的主要温度、机械及气流压力载荷.结论 提出的静热强度试验方法,能够充分对航空发动机外涵机匣飞行过程中的综合环境进行地面模拟考核,取代以往金属外涵机匣考核的温度载荷等效方式,可实现对复材外涵机匣工艺件进行考核,为外涵机匣减重设计提供依据.     

通信指挥方舱取暖试验方法优化研究

目的 提高通指车辆低温环境试验效率、缩短试验周期和节约试验成本.方法 采取经验梳理、理论分析、试验验证和数据分析相结合方法,分别绘画出同一通指车辆方舱在?30、?40℃两个环境中相同时间内的升温曲线.结果 在相同的加热时间内,同一通指车辆方舱在?30、?40℃两个环境中的升温曲线基本吻合.结论 在对暖风机升温性能测试时,可以将GJB 219B—2005《军用通信车通用规范》中规定的方舱取暖测试用环境温度值由?30℃改为?40℃或其他方便测试的温度.     

初始环境温度对餐厨垃圾好氧堆肥过程的影响

为了探索不同初始环境温度对餐厨垃圾堆肥过程和堆肥效率的影响,利用3组卧式可控温堆肥反应器进行了小规模模拟试验.通过测定堆料中水溶性碳氮比、pH值、温度和总有机碳下降率来推断反应进行的程度.试验表明,在堆料初始含水率约55%,水溶性C/N约38∶1,粗灰分质量分数为4%的反应条件下,初始环境温度控制在30℃时,堆料高温期持续时间较短,不能满足堆肥无害化要求;初试环境温度控制在40℃时,能最有效地加快堆料分解时间,缩短堆腐时间,并满足堆肥产品无害化要求;初始环境温度超过50℃,将导致堆肥pH值过低不利于好氧堆肥反应的进行.     

某温湿高度试验箱低温-高度试验温度漂移原因分析与对策

目的针对某国产温湿高度试验箱,给出在低温-高度试验时,温度漂移的解决方法。方法在低温-高度试验时,对温度漂移原因进行研究分析,找出温度漂移的原因,给出了利用箱体微电脑触摸屏编程控制方法与设备控制参数设置的参考数据,找出了解决问题的简单方法。结果在低温(如-55℃)、低气压(如11.9 kPa)阶段,温度波动小于±3℃。结论通过设备控制参数重置,特别是通过一种拟合编程摸底试验,成功地解决了低温-高度试验时温度漂移问题。试验结果满足试验技术条件要求,并且节约了人力物力,为产品的交付使用赢得了时间。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.