察汗乌苏河水体中铅本底偏高探讨

本文在对不同时段察汗乌苏河水质监测结果的分析中,确认该河流存在水质中Pb含量偏高问题。通过对该流域自然影响因素的分析,提出了Pb含量偏高主要受自然因素影响,但流域内矿产资源的开发、污染物排放加重了影响程度。为保证察汗乌苏河水质按功能达标,提出了对察汗乌苏河流域都兰段Pb含量偏高现象进行进一步调查,并加强县城饮用水源地水质监测的建议。     

构建流域水质综合监测体系的初探

流域水质监测是流域水环境改善与污染防治的重要前提,为流域水环境管理提供了必要的技术支撑。目前环保、水利、流域管理等众多部门均承担了一定范围内的流域水质监测工作,但由于监测方法、取样断面等方面的差异,各监测机构的数据往往存在较大差异,不利于流域水质现状评价、预警预报和水环境的综合管理。本文以长江流域的跨省界断面为研究对象,对构建流域水质综合监测体系进行初探研究,对于确保流域水质安全具有重要意义。     

郪江流域遂宁段水环境质量调查和评价

为研究郪江流域遂宁段水环境质量，对郪江干流和8条支流开展了现场调查和定期监测。采用内梅罗综合污染指数、断面类别比例法和水环境质量指数对流域水质进行了综合分析。利用综合营养状态指数对水源地水体富营养化进行了评价。结果表明：郪江流域遂宁段水质不能够达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅲ类标准要求，水质为轻度污染，枯、平水期水质优于丰水期。支流水质较差，加重了干流水体负荷。流域部分饮用水源地为Ⅳ类水质，同时表现为轻度富营养化。研究成果为水质改善提供理论依据和水生态环境质量稳定达标提供技术支撑。     

沱江流域石亭江支流广汉段水质调查与分析

依据广汉市2014年对沱江流域主要二级支流石亭江广汉段水环境枯水期、平水期、丰水期调查监测统计资料,采用单因子评价法分析与评价石亭江流域广汉段水质污染特征和现状。结果表明,沱江流域石亭江支流广汉段及其三级支流白鱼河所布设的背景断面、控制断面、削减断面中,所有断面总磷项目均存在严重超标现象,水质在Ⅳ~劣Ⅴ类范围,属于重度污染。该评价结果能为石亭江广汉段的水环境保护和科学治理提供依据。     

四川省岷江沱江流域跨界断面水质超标资金扣缴监测浅析

本文通过对2011～2012年间四川省岷、沱江流域实施生态补偿跨界断面水质超标资金扣缴以及水质变化情况进行简要分析,提出了为保护长江水质资源、恢复长江的生态功能而完善流域跨界断面水质监测的建议。     

浅谈沱江泸州大磨子水质自动监测系统的改进

本文对沱江流域泸州大磨子水质自动监测系统运行初期的部分改进进行了分析与陈述，并根据对长江流域泸州沱江二桥水质自动监测站和泸州大磨子水质自动监测站的经验，总结出该系统部分改进前后的利与弊，希望能给岷、沱江流域各水质自动监测站的管理人员和仪器设备商提供借鉴。     

尼洋河流域水环境质量现状评价研究——基于模糊综合评价法

尼洋河流域水资源十分丰富,水能蕴藏量巨大,生态环境良好。随着西藏经济的发展,必将出现大规模开发利用水资源的趋势,探讨流域水资源和环境的现状及可持续发展具有十分重要的现实意义。本文对尼洋河流域基础资料的收集与整理,分析尼洋河流域的特点与现存的问题,根据收集的水质监测资料,分析了流域污染源概况和构成,以未进行水环境功能区划为前提,选择模糊综合评价法对尼洋河流域水环境质量进行现状评价,并对超标断面进行了原因分析,通过对2012年尼洋河流域14个监测断面监测成果的评价,得出尼洋河流域水质现状良好的结论,为以后的水功能区划分、水质目标的确定以及水环境功能区划分提供依据。     

河流水质模型在双流县流域治理中的应用

研究利用现有的河流水质模型,构建了一个可实时模拟河流水环境质量变化状况的动态模型。模型采用一维稳态单组分水质模型对河流的CODCr、NH3-N的降解进行计算,采用多宾斯-坎普稳态模型对河流的BOD、DO变化情况进行计算。模型引入水文数据、水质监测数据、环境统计数据、社会统计公报数据,以Excel作为数据平台,可以反演出河流不同月份、不同区段的污染物降解系数。研究将该模型应用于双流县的流域治理,以在锦江双流段的应用为例进行了具体说明。根据2008年双流县河流的相关数据,研究使用该模型反演出了锦江双流段的污染物降解系数,并对其反映的流域污染状况进行了分析。随后,研究使用该模型已计算出的岷江中段河流的降解系数,模拟计算了4种情景下锦江双流段出境断面的可能水质变化,以验证拟定的双流县流域治理方案的预期效果。模型具有实用性和进一步扩展的功能。     

湟水流域水质自动监测存在的问题及建议

文章从青海环境监测管理角度出发,结合青海湟水流域水质自动监测发展现状,对流域内水质自动监测站存在的自动监测、数据传输、管理服务等方面的问题进行了总结分析,提出了适合湟水流域水质自动监测的针对性建议。     

宁波市主要流域农用水质量调查与评价

通过对宁波市两大主要流域姚江、奉化江农用水质环境质量的监测和综合分析评价,结果表明：两流域上游水质较好,没有监测指标超标,达到1级水质标准;中下游水质较差,有多项指标超标,水质以3级为主,部分地段水质达到2级,其主要超标物为粪大肠菌群数、悬浮物、石油类、六价铬和化学需氧量等,其中粪大肠菌群数、悬浮物是影响两流域水体质量的主要污染因子。姚江流域水质要明显好于奉化江流域。在水质的具体农业应用上应先考虑粮油作物和其他旱作作物的灌溉,若使用在对水质要求较严的蔬菜灌溉或渔业养殖上,建议对水质进行治理后再应用,以防影响农产品的产量和品质。     

德阳市再生水利用可行性与利用前景分析

德阳市面临着资源型和水质型双重缺水。＂5.12＂汶川大地震不仅严重影响了德阳市经济的持续高速发展,同时也使德阳市节水型社会建设试点工作遇到了前所未有的困难。震后德阳市经济社会恢复重建将进一步加大对水资源和水环境的压力。因此,开展再生水的利用是震后德阳市实现经济社会可持续发展亟待解决的现实问题。本文在介绍德阳市的水资源和水环境质量状况的基础上,分析了德阳市开展再生水利用的可行性,并对再生水的利用前景进行了预测,提出了安全、稳步推进德阳市再生水回用的建议。     

Sources of water pollution and evolution of water quality in the Wuwei basin of Shiyang river, Northwest China

Based on surveys and chemical analyses, we performed a case study of the surface water and groundwater quality in the Wuwei basin, in order to understand the sources of water pollution and the evolution of water quality in Shiyang river. Concentrations of major chemical elements in the surface water were related to the distance downstream from the source of the river, with surface water in the upstream reaches of good quality, but the river from Wuwei city to the Hongya reservoir was seriously polluted, with a synthetic pollution index of 25. Groundwater quality was generally good in the piedmont with dominant bicarbonate and calcium ions, but salinity was high and nitrate pollution occurs in the northern part of the basin. Mineralization of the groundwater has changed rapidly during the past 20 years. There are 23 wastewater outlets that discharge a total of 22.4 x 10(6)m(3)y(-1) into the river from Wuwei city, which, combined with a reduction of inflow water, were found to be the major causes of water pollution. Development of fisheries in the Hongya reservoir since 2000 has also contributed to the pollution. The consumption of water must be decreased until it reaches the sustainable level permitted by the available resources in the whole basin, and discharge of wastes must also be drastically reduced.     

Sustainable Water Quality Management Framework and a Strategy Planning System for a River Basin

In Taiwan, the authorities have spent years working on remedying polluted rivers. Generally, the remediation planning works are divided into two phases. During the first phase, the allowed pollution discharge quantity and abatement quantity of each drainage zone, including the assimilative capacity, are generated based on the total river basin. In the second phase, the abatement action plans for each pollution source in each drainage zone are respectively devised by the related organizations based on the strategies generated during the first phase. However, the effectiveness of linking the two phases is usually poor. Highly integrated performances are not always achieved because the separate two-phase method does not take system and management thinking into consideration in the planning stage. This study pioneers the use of the Managing for Results (MFR) method in planning strategies and action plans for river water quality management. A sustainable management framework is proposed based on the concept and method of MFR, Management Thinking, and System Analysis. The framework, consisting of planning, implementation, and controlling stages, systematically considers the relationships and interactions among four factors: environment, society, economy, and institution, based on the principles of sustainable development. Based on the framework, the Modified Bounded Implicit Enumeration algorithm, which is used as a solving method, is combined with Visual Basic software and MS Excel to develop a computer system for strategy planning. The Shetzu River, located in northern Taiwan, is applied as a case study. According to the theoretical, practical, and regulatory considerations, the result-oriented objectives are defined to first improve the pollution length of the Shetzu River in specific remediation periods to finally meet regulated water quality standards. The objectives are then addressed as some of the constraints for the strategy planning model. The model objective is to pursue the maximum assimilative capacity (environmental phase) subjected to the constraints of water quality standards (institutional phase), social equity (social phase), and proper available technology (economic phase). The pollution quantity abatement and allocation, which are named the top strategies, of each drainage zone for different scenarios can be obtained based on each water quality standard. The middle as well as lower strategies and action plans, which consist of pollution quantity abatement and allocation of each class (domestic, industrial, livestock, and non-point pollution sources) and their individual pollution sources in each drainage zone, are then generated based on the top strategies. The performance indicators and measure plans are proposed based on the action plans to promote the comprehensive effectiveness of river water quality management. The authorities have begun to develop a budget based on the strategies and action plans developed in this study. The analytical results indicate that the objectives, strategies, and action plans developed based on the sustainable management framework and strategy planning system can effectively help the related authorities to fulfill the tasks of water quality management for a river basin.     

Integrating water-quality management and land-use planning in a watershed context

The spatial relationships between land uses and river-water quality measured with biological, water chemistry, and habitat indicators were analyzed in the Little Miami River watershed, OH, USA. Data obtained from various federal and state agencies were integrated with Geographic Information System spatial analysis functions. After statistically analyzing the spatial patterns of the water quality in receiving rivers and land uses and other point pollution sources in the watershed, the results showed that the water biotic quality did not degrade significantly below wastewater treatment plants. However, significantly lower water quality was found in areas downstream from high human impact areas where urban land was dominated or near point pollution sources. The study exhibits the importance of integrating water-quality management and land-use planning. Planners and policy-makers at different levels should bring stakeholders together, based on the understanding of land-water relationship in a watershed, to prevent pollution from happening and to plan for a sustainable future.     

昌黎县持续改善生态环境质量的举措研究

"十一五"以来,昌黎县认真贯彻落实科学发展观,遵循生态和经济发展规律,实施可持续发展战略,把环境综合整治、污染减排、资源合理开发利用和产业发展有机结合起来,把住"保障"、"减排"、"治理"、"执法"4个关口,使主要污染物得以控制,环境污染恶化趋势得以遏制,环境质量持续改善。昌黎县城区环境空气质量二级以上天数逐年增加,2011年达到351 d,城市大气质量达标率100%;地表水出境断面水质一直好于入境断面,境内河流水质逐年好转。     

从长江流域水污染规律看四川省水环境保护战略

用流域系统联系的观点，从长江流域水污染特点规律及其发展趋势出发，分析了四川省水环境保护在长江流域的地位作用，及其面临的挑战，最后简要讨论四川水环境保护应采取的宏观战略。     

Mapping hazard from urban non-point pollution: a screening model to support sustainable urban drainage planning

Non-point sources of pollution are difficult to identify and control, and are one of the main reasons that urban rivers fail to reach the water quality objectives set for them. Whilst sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) are available to help combat this diffuse pollution, they are mostly installed in areas of new urban development. However, SuDS must also be installed in existing built areas if diffuse loadings are to be reduced. Advice on where best to locate SuDS within existing built areas is limited, hence a semi-distributed stochastic GIS-model was developed to map small-area basin-wide loadings of 18 key stormwater pollutants. Load maps are combined with information on surface water quality objectives to permit mapping of diffuse pollution hazard to beneficial uses of receiving waters. The model thus aids SuDS planning and strategic management of urban diffuse pollution. The identification of diffuse emission 'hot spots' within a water quality objectives framework is consistent with the 'combined' (risk assessment) approach to pollution control advocated by the EU Water Framework Directive.     

饮马河流域长春段污染现状与水环境负荷演变特征

为研究饮马河流域长春段水质污染现状和污染负荷演变特征,以饮马河流域长春段的五个国考断面为水质监测点,通过对国考断面水体水质中含有的COD、NH3-N、TP浓度的检测分析,研究区域的水质污染现状和不同水期对污染负荷的影响规律,同时对2020年各考核断面的污染负荷进行估算.经估算,在2020年,计算单元总的COD负荷年排放...     

福州市环境可持续性评价

本文选取2000-2007年福州市城区环境数据,采用压力-状态-响应指标体系,对福州市近8年的环境动态进行可持续性评价。压力因子包括人口、经济和能耗,状态因子包括大气环境、声环境和水环境,响应因子包括污染控制、环境建设和环境管理。结果表明,福州市环境可持续发展能力2000年较差,2001-2002年一般,2003-2007年较好。     

我国南海海域渔业环境保护法律问题与对策

我国南海渔业活动及其以外的人类活动产生的环境问题,严重污染了南海海域的水质,威胁着南海渔业资源的可持续发展。我国南海海域渔业环境保护法律体系已形成,提供了较为合理的制度安排。但仍存在一些法律问题,其中以环境影响评价制度、海洋环境监测制度和海水养殖污染防治制度等方面的问题较为突出。因此本文提出以下法律对策:明确渔业部门在环境影响评价制度中的法律地位,加强渔业海域环境监测的协调机制和完善海水养殖污染防治制度,以期依靠法治的力量保护南海渔业资源的可持续发展。