江苏省里下河地区湖泊资源动态研究

根据１９８１年的地形图资料１９９７年的ＴＭ资料,利用遥感和ＧＩＳ方法对江苏省里下河地区的大纵湖和蜈蚣湖水体信息进行了动态监测,发现由于围湖养殖导致两湖面积减少很快,滞涝库容急剧下降,对该区滞洪和航运带来不利影响,并直接影响该区社会经济的可持续发展,针对湖泊面积的减少,指出了保护湖泊７资源和湖区经济可持续发展的相应对策,为该区合理利用湖泊资源提供了参考依据。     

洪湖围垦对环境生态的影响及其资源的保护与利用

湖泊水域环境与湖泊自然资源是统一的,资源利用不合理就会引起湖泊环境生态的恶化。本文通过大量考察资料对洪湖围垦前后的环境生态变化的分析,阐明了湖泊的过度围垦不但损害了湖泊资源,引起环境生态的劣变,造成湖区生态功能的失调,而且对水产、农业生产带来巨大遗患。文中指出,从长远考虑,制止围垦,留湖调蓄,保护和珍惜湖泊资源,合理调整生态群落结构,建立新的湖泊生态系统;对洪湖现存资源只有合理利用,才能更好地保护湖泊生态。同时又只有建立一个以经济为主的行政与法制相给合体制的高效管理机构,通过立法对湖泊予以有效的保护,或划定自然保护区,才能迅速恢复和发展湖泊的多功能作用。     

长江中下游湖泊富营养化过程的湖泊沉积记录

长江中下游湖群区，历来是人类最活跃的场所，但由于近年来社会经济的迅速发展，湖泊富营养化问题日趋严重，对湖泊湿地变化与湖泊营养盐状况关系的分析是制定湖泊环境整治和生态修复的重要科学依据。长江中游湖泊——龙感湖的湖中心钻孔沉积物中硅藻组合和总磷变化记录了近百年来龙感湖富营养化过程。沉积物中湿地花粉与人湖营养盐关系以及磁化率的分析表明，流域内人类活动对湖周滩地的改造，破坏了湿地植被，助长了人湖物质的增加，湖泊营养相对富集，而流域农业化肥的使用导致了水质的进一步恶化。     

中国湖泊富营养化影响因素研究——基于中国22个湖泊实证分析

基于1：25万河流水系和数字高程（DEM）数据制备了选取湖泊的流域边界,据其集成了流域社会经济数据,并据中国科学院资源环境数据中心提供的1990、1995、2000、2005年4个时段土地利用数据形成了流域反映人类活动强度的表征指标,选取了全国湖泊富营养化区域差异性调查课题获取的案例湖泊的水质数据,集成了中国湖泊富营养化影响因素计量分析的面板数据集,研究了1990-2005年间中国湖泊营养状态的发展趋势与差异特征,探讨了湖泊富营养化的自然气候与社会经济影响机制,构建了中国湖泊富营养化影响因素分析的计量模型,厘定了1990-2005年间影响湖泊营养状态变化的重要因素,测度了其对湖泊富营养化的影响方向和作用强度。基于面板数据的计量分析结果表明,近15年人类活动强度对湖泊营养状态呈显著的正影响,其表征指标人均GDP与建设用地所占流域面积比均具有较强的显著性,而在人类扰动较小的情况下,湖泊的营养状态与湖泊补给系数成正比,与湖泊蓄容量成反比,补给系数较小且其他因素也相同时,水体营养状态应与流域土壤本底值相关;以林、草地的面积比重所测度的流域自然生态系统发育程度与湖泊营养状态呈显著负相关关系,表明林地与草地生态系统对流域的氮、磷营养物的人湖量具有一定的削减作用,论文研究结果将为流域管理措施方案制订提供科技支撑。     

东江湖水质时空变化规律及其与流域土地利用的关系

东江湖是长江中下游重要的人工湖泊之一,也是湖南省最大的饮用水源地,探究水质变化规律及其与流域土地利用关系,可为东江湖生态保护提供科学依据。基于2011-2022年东江湖2个国控断面及2021-2022年6条主要入湖河口水质监测数据,运用统计分析和Spearman秩相关系数法,阐明了东江湖水质时空变化规律及其与土地利用变化的关系。结果表明,（1）在近12年期间,东江湖水环境污染综合指数呈上升趋势,水质由地表Ⅰ类水下降到地表Ⅲ类水。东江湖主要入湖河口水质介于地表Ⅲ-Ⅳ类水之间,水环境污染综合指数呈现出枯水期高于丰水期特点。（2）东江湖流域各土地利用类型的面积呈现出林地>耕地>水域>建设用地>草地的特点,其中建设用地、耕地和草地面积随着时间的增加而增高,林地面积随着时间的增加而减少,水域面积呈现小幅减少。（3）东江湖国控断面的化学需氧量、高锰酸盐指数、电导率及水环境污染综合指数与流域内耕地和建设用地面积呈极显著正相关,而与林地面积呈显著负相关;然而,东江湖入湖河口水体的溶解氧与子流域内水域面积呈显著正相关。可见,在2011-2022年间,东江湖水质呈下降趋势,而流域内...     

施肥量剧减会造成作物大幅度减产吗？

利用匈牙利Balaton湖流域200多个农场田块1981-2002年的作物产量、施肥量和土壤养分历史资料,分析施肥量和作物产量的关系,探讨施肥量剧减对作物产量的影响.结果表明,该区在经历上世纪80年代末社会经济变革之后,几种作物施肥量剧烈下降,其中氮肥降低了256%,而磷钾肥降低了80%以上;但这种剧烈降低并没有引起作物大幅度减产,小麦产量变化不大,其他作物产量降低幅度不到10%,也远远低于肥料降低幅度;同时,土壤有效磷钾含量也有下降;并且,化肥用量的下降也对Balaton湖水质量改善有一定贡献.该区的经验对我国改变目前这种过量施肥的局面、减少土壤养分过量积累、调整化肥发展方向等均有一定借鉴作用.     

河北省衡水湖沉积物中汞的分布特征及生态风险

衡水湖是华北平原上第一个国家级内陆淡水湖泊湿地类型的自然保护区,为了解衡水湖沉积物中汞的分布特征及生态风险,于2013年8月在衡水湖采集了5根柱状沉积物,对其中的总汞、甲基汞、孔隙水溶解态汞、有机质、pH以及含水率进行了分析。结果表明,衡水湖沉积物中总汞的平均含量为22.5 ng·g-1,低于全国及河北省表层土壤背景值。但表层沉积物汞含量明显高于底层,说明近年来的外源汞输入对湖泊汞负荷产生了一定影响,且靠近湖泊东部106国道的采样点汞含量明显高于湖泊中西部的采样点,暗示交通运输等人为活动是该湖泊的一个重要汞输入源。利用潜在生态危害指数法进行评估,显示汞的生态风险较低,说明现阶段衡水湖的沉积物汞浓度不会对生态环境产生不利影响。     

南宁市相思湖湿地公园生态景观调查与分析

相思湖湿地公园是南宁市打造"中国水城"品牌的重要建设项目,既保护了湿地资源,也发挥了巨大的生态环境、经济及社会效益.就已完成景观绿化亮化提升工程的相思湖湿地公园展开相关调查,对其生态多样性进行分析及按照相关标准计算湿地景观特征指数,评价了其现状并提出保护对策.相思湖湿地公园具有丰富的动植物资源,从水域、林地、草地、沼泽、滩涂五种景观类型的数据可以看出:水域面积占到了52.74%,说明湿地功能显著;破碎度最大的是草地跟林地,分别达到了1.29和0.81,说明南宁市生态恢复工程和绿色提升工程效果明显.相思湖湿地公园是保护和利用当地湿地资源的有效措施.     

广州市区人工湖泊PFU原生动物群落群集过程及其对水质差异的指示作用

应用PFU法(GB／T12990-91)对广州市区主要湖泊——流花湖、荔湾湖和麓湖的原生动物群落与水质进行研究．结果表明：用PFU法所测定和计算的原生动物群集的种类数、植鞭虫指数、群集参数(SeqG、T90%)、群落多样性指数d和群落污染值(CPV)等都能较好地指示3个人工湖泊水质的差异，水质由优到劣的排列顺序为麓湖＞荔湾湖＞流花湖．流花湖、荔湾湖和麓湖目前虽仍处于富营养状态，但清污截流等对城市湖泊污染的综合治理措施可以减少湖泊外部营养物负荷及沉积物内负荷，降低水体的营养盐含量，有助于原生动物群落的恢复．图3表3参16     

近35a西藏那曲地区湖泊动态遥感与气候因素关联度分析

利用1976、1990、2000和2010年4期遥感影像对西藏那曲地区面积大于1 km2湖泊的动态变化进行信息提取,并结合1966—2010年研究区9个站点的气象数据,探讨其对气候变化的响应。结果表明,2010年那曲地区大于1 km2湖泊的总面积为16 841.93 km2,湖泊总数为469。近35 a那曲地区大于1 km2湖泊面积共增加3 505.12km2,增幅为26.28%,其中以2000—2010年增长速度最快,达18.18%;近35 a湖泊数量增加96,增幅为25.73%,其中以1990—2000年增幅最大,达13.38%。色林错面积从1976年的1 648.61 km2增加到2010年的2 332.55km2,超过纳木错成为西藏第一大咸水湖。1966年以来,那曲地区年平均温度、年平均最高温度、年平均最低温度、年平均相对湿度和年平均降水量总体呈上升趋势,年平均蒸发量呈下降趋势,气候朝暖湿方向发展,其中温度变化最明显,线性气温倾向率为0.51℃.(10 a)-1。湖泊动态变化与气象因子的灰度关联分析表明,气温升高引起冰雪融水增加、降水量增加、相对湿度增加和蒸发量减少,是近35 a来那曲地区湖泊面积和数量不断增加的主要原因。气象要素与湖泊面积间的回归方程表明,两者具有显著线性相关关系。     

基于RS与GIS的武汉城市湖泊演化研究

以武汉市主城区为例,利用1995和2005年Landsat5两期TM影像与2000和2010年Landset7两期ETM＋影像的解译结果,基于景观分形理论与GIS的空间分析功能相结合的研究方法,分别构建湖泊变化强度指数和湖泊分形维数变化指数。从湖泊面积变化和湖泊形态变化,以及湖泊水域和其他土地利用类型的转移变化特点与影响进行综合分析。来丰富湖泊演化的分析方法,并总结高速城市化背景下湖泊的变化规律,从而更深入地了解和认识人类活动因素与湖泊水域动态变化之间的响应关系,同时提出若干城市湖泊治理与管理的方式。研究结果表明,（1）15年间的湖泊水域面积总量的变化呈现萎缩的趋势,年变化量在逐渐减小,湖泊萎缩的速度得到了一定的控制。（2）1995-2010年湖泊分形维数也呈逐期较小趋势,说明湖泊几何形状趋于简单化,人为活动对湖泊的影响加大。（3）15年来主城区28个主要湖泊的变化强度指数均为负值,呈萎缩趋势。但从2000年开始,少数湖泊变化强度指数为正值,萎缩趋势得到初步的控制。（4）1995-2010年间湖泊的水域面积主要转移成为建设用地和耕地。其转移面积占转移总面积的87．02％。围湖造田和城市化率的迅速提高对城市湖泊的演化影响深刻。（5）城市化背景下湖泊面积与形态变化的规律并非完全与城市化发展速率呈正比的关系,当城市化率上升到一定的阶段后,城市内部对生态环境的保护与要求也不断提高。为改善城市环境和城市内部的生态用地,湖泊应得到立法等强制性保护。     

洞庭湖区湿地综合资源管理与复合生态系统建设

通过对洞庭湖区湿地衰退原因与特征的分析,提出合理开发湿地资源必须强化湿地整体管理,控制湿地开发规模,适度退田还湖还蓄（洪区）,调整农业布局与种植制度,走集约持续发展之路,建设复合高效湿地生态系统;进行适应洪涝灾害发生规律的避洪、耐渍型生态设计,建立适应浅水水体、湖洲和低湖渍害田的复合高效生态工程模式。     

洞庭湖演变对湖区农业生态环境的影响

讨论了洞庭湖演变对湖区农业生态环境的影响，认为湖体演变带来了诸如湖泊效应降低、洪涝灾害频繁、土壤潜育化严重、血吸虫病流行以及水产资源破坏等一系列生态环境问题，并提出了保护和改善湖区农业生态环境的对策与措施。     

Evolutionary and Conservation Biology of Cichlid Fishes as Revealed by Faunal Remnants in Northern Lake Victoria

Lake Victoria until recently harbored the world's second richest lacustrine fish assemblage, but it is now experiencing a mass extinction. Here we report on the current status of the endemic cichlid fishes from a preliminary biotic inventory conducted as part of limnological reconnaissance in Kenyan and Ugandan waters during 1989–1992. Sixty-two haplochromine taxa were recovered, half of them new. Some are local endemics, while others are more widely distributed, based on review of earlier collections. Comparison with data from 1982–1984 and 1988 suggests that some shoreline assemblages have been locally stable over the past decade. In addition to littoral rock and vegetation, four kinds of refugia for indigenous fishes are recognized: (1) schools of Rastrineobola , (2) benthic microbial mats in deep water, (3) satellite lakes, (4) the oxycline. Reconnaissance by remote operated vehicle (ROV) documented fish kills due to deoxygenation of the water column, indicating the risk of using the oxycline as a refugium. Several species formerly abundant in Lake Victoria were found only in satellite lakes, revealing the importance of these lakes in the conservation of indigenous species. Recent events in Lake Victoria shed light on mechanisms of speciation and mass extinction, insights relevant to conservation planning for the valuable remnants of the lake's indigenous fauna.     

Effects of land use on water quality of two high-altitude lakes and catchments in Yunnan Province,China

SUMMARY

Reclaiming farmland from lakes in China in the 1950s damaged the water quality of many lakes. Tremendous efforts have been made since the late 1990s to restore vegetation around the damaged lakes. This paper examines water quality of Fuxian and Qilu Lakes and land-use characteristics within the two catchments in the high-altitude area of Yunnan Province, China. Landsat TM data acquired in 1989, 1994, 1999 and 2005 were used to extract land use and land cover (LULC) information. Measurements of five water quality indices (WQIs), BOD, COD, pH, TN and TP, for the same period of time were examined. The results showed that the area of residential and forest/shrub increased, whereas that of cropland and barren land decreased from 1989 to 2005 in both catchments. Qilu Lake was much more polluted than Fuxian Lake, and pollution worsened over time for both lakes. The differences in water quality between the two lakes were caused by differences in LULC composition and continued degradation in water quality was caused by intensive farming and urban sprawl. Unless the landscape is converted back to its pre-1950 composition and structure, water quality in both lakes cannot be significantly improved and will continue to threaten sustainable development in the region.     

环境约束下牧区人口和种群持续增长模型研究

利用多元统计分析方法,对青海湖地区历年人口和种群的统计数据进行分析,并建立在环境约束下人口和种群持续增长模型,对区域人口适度规模、畜群最大环境容纳量和最大持续产量进行了估算和分析。通过估算得出:青海湖地区牦牛环境容纳量为51.9327万头,最大可持续产量为12.9831万头;藏羊环境容纳量为231.203万只,最大可持续产量为57.8007万只。在此分析的基础上,利用建立的相关模型以5a为时间段对青海湖地区未来25a的人口和牲畜数量进行了预测。最后,针对性地提出了大力改善草地生态环境、提高草地利用率和增加草地面积、采取人为措施调节牲畜出栏率、改变草畜生态环境等高原牧区人口、资源与环境可持续发展的对策。     

基于CVM的南昌城市河湖生态服务功能价值评估

条件价值评估法(CVM)是当前可用于确定环境物品非市场的和非使用价值的有效方法.在分析南昌市城市河湖生态环境问题的基础上,采用条件价值评估法,共回收194份单边界二分式CVM有效问卷,研究了南昌城市河湖生态系统服务改善的支付意愿及其经济价值.研究表明:1)南昌市城区河湖生态系统服务改善的平均支付意愿约为105.83元/...     

The Effects of Predation by Nile Perch, Lates niloticus L., on the Fish of Lake Nabugabo, with Suggestions for Conservation of Endangered Endemic Cichlids

As in Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga, most of the native fish species of Lake Nabugabo have either been depleted or have disappeared since Lates niloticus , Nile perch, and Oreochromis niloticus , a tilapiine, were introduced. L. niloticus, O. niloticus, Schilbe intermedius, Brycinus jacksonii , and Rastrineobola argentea are the only species still abundant and widespread in the lake. Of the five haplochromine species endemic to Lake Nabugabo, at least one has vanished and the remaining ones are very rare. The prey of the Nile perch in Lake Nabugabo, with the exception of the prawn Caridina nilotica , which is absent from the lake, are similar to those the predator switched to in Lakes Victoria and Kyoga after haplochromines had been depleted. These consist of ephemeropterans—especially Povilla , the anisopteran nymphs R. argentea , tilapiines, and juvenile Nile perch. Three small lakes adjacent to Lake Nabugabo—Lake Kayanja, Lake Kayugi, and Lake Manywa—contain large numbers of Oreochromis esculentus and two haplochromine species previously known only in Lake Nabugabo. These three lakes should be designated conservation areas for the cichlids and other native species that were previously abundant in Lakes Victoria, Kyoga, and Nabugabo. The swamps around these lakes should be protected so that the Nile perch does not spread into them. Further research should be carried out to ensure the preservation of the endemic species.     

Strategies for the sustainable development of Lugu Lake region

Lugu Lake region, containing a plateau lake, and the unique matrichal society of the Mosuo, has become one of the most important areas for ecosystem conservation and cultural heritage protection in China. It is essential to pursue sustainable development in Lugu Lake region. However, rapid increases in the tourism industry have had negative influences on society, the economy and the environment of Lugu Lake region. Extensive concerns have been raised by numerous ecologists, economists and social scientists over recent years. Using systems analysis of major societal, economic and environmental problems, this paper advocates goals for realising sustainable development. A double-layer management model has been developed of regional ecosystem services, composed of natural ecosystem management and macro-control of society and the economy, and has been used to analyse the importance and feasibility of ecotourism development in Lugu Lake region. Constructive management measures and development strategies are then proposed to achieve sustainable development in Lugu Lake region.     

Extraction,reclamation and after use at gravel quarries near Canterbury,Kent

A study of the extraction, reclamation and after use of flood plain gravel quarries between Bagham and Thannington, south west of Canterbury in Kent, South-east England, was made, based on a review of the literature and field work. The area represents a linear extension of the urban fringe of Canterbury. Gravel production has been the most significant industry in terms of environmental impact over the last thirty years, and the result of such activity has been the creation of an extensive area of lakes and wetland habitats. Present and future gravel production will more than double the existing lakes and wetlands areas. It is suggested that, in terms of land use, this man-made environment is best suited for water-based recreation and that three zones should be recognised for an amenity park, angling and wildlife respectively. Further mineral production between Ashford and Bagham may mean a reappraisal of the proposed water resource use, particularly for wildlife. As a result of this study, attention is drawn to the spatial relationships between recreational demand groups and flood plain location with respect to the urban centre and to each other.