甲基橙简易法测定水中的余氯

水中余氯的测定,按国家标准的生活饮用水标准检验法,有邻联甲苯胺比色法、邻联甲苯胺—亚砷酸比色法和N,N′-二乙基对苯胺—硫酸亚铁胺容量法等。但邻联甲苯胺试剂有致癌性,易造成环境污染。根据有关文献资料,我们选用了甲基橙比色法。甲基橙法具有试剂易得、稳定性好、毒性小、价格低、温度影响小等优点。而且,此法还具有减色分析的特点,使我们有可能不用分光光度计,估计水中余氯的浓度,以满足农村小型给水站的测试要求。一、实验部分(一)试剂1.甲基橙贮备液(0.05％);2.甲基橙标准液(0.005％)在100.0ml甲基橙贮备液中加入1.67g氯化钠,并稀释至1000ml;     

超声波促进Fenton法脱色甲基橙溶液的研究

分别研究了超声波、Fenton试剂、超声波-Fenton试剂作用下甲基橙溶液的脱色和COD去除行为.结果表明,超声波单独作用甲基橙溶液几乎没有脱色效果;Fenton试剂单独作用400mg/L的甲基橙溶液30min,甲基橙色度去除率67.51%,COD去除率63.15%;而超声波-Fenton试剂时,溶液色度去除率86.91%,COD去除率80.32%.超声波与Fenton试剂对甲基橙溶液的脱色和COD去除有协同作用.Fenton试剂脱色强酸性甲基橙溶液是氧化反应,而在pH大于5时,是还原反应.     

氯化氢污染的离子色谱法测定

降水中氯离子的离子色谱法测定,已成为环境监测中的例行监测方法。该方法灵敏、选择性好,操作简便、快速。但,该法不能直接用于氯化氢污染事故及大气氯化氢污染状况的分析测定。因为,大气中氯化氢的采集,用碱性溶液为吸收液,而碱性吸收液有背景干扰,影响了离子色谱法测定氯离子的准确度。本文给出了消除上述吸收液背景干扰的方法。实验部分一、仪器及试剂 (一)仪器 ZIC-1型离子色谱仪,青岛崂山电子仪器实验所出品。 (二)试剂 1.0.01mol/l和0.2mol/l的氢氧化钠溶液; 2.0.2mol/l的稀硫酸溶液; 3.氢离子贮备液浓度为0.1000mg/l; 4.甲基红指示剂以0.1g甲基红溶于100ml 60％乙醇中配成; 5.0.02mol/l的稀盐酸溶液;     

高浓度甲基橙溶液的低压湿式催化氧化处理

以高浓度甲基橙溶液模拟偶氮染料废水,采用低压湿式催化氧化法(LPWCO)进行处理,考察了H2O2投量、温度、FeSO4投量、硫酸浓度、甲基橙浓度等因素对甲基橙脱色率的影响。结果表明,LPWCO法能有效地使高浓度(大于400mg/L)甲基橙溶液脱色,脱色率大于95%,而H2O2投量不到Fenton法的5%。     

一种用分光光度计快速测定水中痕量磷酸盐和砷酸盐的方法

本文提出了一种简单快速测定水中痕量磷酸盐和砷酸盐的方法。将磷酸盐和砷酸盐与含有钼酸铵和孔雀绿混合液的试剂反应,形成的磷铝酸盐和砷钼酸盐的孔雀绿团粒有选择地收集在硝化纤维滤膜(孔径为3μm)上,并与滤膜一起溶解在甲基溶纤剂中,所得溶液的摩尔吸光系数为2.7×10~5l/mol·cm,其吸光度A(P+As)(入=627nm)与磷酸盐和砷酸盐的总浓度成正比。将砷酸盐的还原剂硫代硫酸盐加入水样中,即可如上所述测出溶液的吸光度A(P)。吸光度A(P)相应于单纯磷酸盐的浓度,而差值A(P十As)-A(P)即为砷酸盐浓度。本文所提出的方法使得有可能测定浓度范围为0.3～150PPb的磷酸盐和砷酸盐。     

磷钨酸光催化降解甲基橙溶液的研究

以磷钨酸为光催化剂,在紫外灯照射下,对模拟染料废水甲基橙溶液进行光催化降解反应;研究了催化剂加入量、甲基橙初始质量浓度、外加TiO2和氧化剂H2O2、KIO4对甲基橙溶液光催化脱色效果的影响。结果表明:100mL20mg/L甲基橙溶液光催化剂最佳用量80m g;在较低浓度下,甲基橙溶液的光催化降解反应符合一级动力学方程;在特定条件下,(TiO2+H3PW12O40)/UV、(H2O2+H3PW12O40)/UV和(KIO4+H3PW12O40)/UV光催化体系对甲基橙溶液光催化脱色效果优于H3PW12O40/UV光催化体系。     

对印染废水中甲基橙去除的新方法研究

本文主要研究了碳纳米管-铁氧化物磁性复合材料(磁性碳纳米管)在吸附处理甲基橙方面的应用。分别研究了甲基橙初始浓度、吸附剂投加量、吸附时间、溶液温度和p H值等工艺条件对甲基橙吸附率的影响。结果表明,在甲基橙初始浓度为2 mg/L,吸附剂投加量4 g/L,吸附时间30min,p H值为3的条件下,吸附率达到了63.99%。磁性碳纳米管吸附甲基橙的吸附率随着吸附剂的用量增大而增大;在20 min以前,甲基橙的吸附率随着时间的增加而增大,到达30 min后吸附率基本保持不变;甲基橙的吸附率随着起始甲基橙的浓度的增加而减小。另外,酸性溶液有利于磁性碳纳米管吸附甲基橙,随着p H的增大吸附率逐渐减小,当溶液呈碱性时,p H对吸附率的影响逐渐减小。     

基于绿色合成法的纳米铁/活性碳复合材料对甲基橙的降解动力学研究

为了综合处理废水中的甲基橙,以绿茶萃取液为还原剂、活性炭为载体,采用液相还原法绿色合成了纳米铁/活性炭复合材料,研究了活性炭投放量、甲基橙溶液的初始浓度、溶液初始p H值及反应时间对甲基橙去除率的影响,探讨了不同影响因素下甲基橙的降解动力学。结果表明:甲基橙的降解反应近似符合一级反应动力学,反应速率常数为0.0047~0.0158 L/(mol·min)。在纳米铁/活性炭复合材料去除甲基橙的过程中,通过纳米铁的还原和活性炭的吸附共同作用,其中纳米铁对甲基橙的降解起主要作用。     

纳米g-C_3N_4/Fe-Cu可见光催化降解甲基橙的研究

该文采用高温缩聚尿素和液相还原铁盐铜盐的方法制备了g-C_3N_4负载的纳米Fe/Cu复合材料,通过X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)对其进行了表征,研究了复合材料对甲基橙的催化去除。实验结果表明,纳米g-C_3N_4片可见光催化和零价Fe/Cu双金属催化技术的结合,能够协同促进复合材料对溶液中甲基橙污染物的高效去除。在常温常压,pH=4.0下,g-C_3N_4负载的纳米Fe/Cu复合材料对甲基橙的最大去除量可达到300.5 mg/g,随着反应的进行,溶液p H值增加,g-C_3N_4/Fe-Cu复合材料反应活性降低。一定范围内(CrO_4~(2-)浓度在0~3 mg/L),六价铬离子的存在,促进了纳米g-C_3N_4/Fe-Cu对甲基橙的去除,随着CrO_4~(2-)离子浓度的增加,甲基橙的去除率有缓慢的增加。     

高度有序的TiO2纳米管阵列光催化性能研究

采用恒压阳极氧化法在纯钛箔表面制备TiO2纳米管阵列,利用SEM和XRD对其进行了形貌和晶型的分析和表征,并通过TiO2纳米管阵列膜对甲基橙光催化降解,探讨光照时间、甲基橙溶液的初始浓度、溶液的初始pH值和H2O2加入浓度等因素对甲基橙的脱色率影响.结果表明,H2O2加入浓度为50mg·L-1,紫外光照射2h,溶液为中性时,在30 mg·L-1的甲基橙溶液(50mL)中,甲基橙溶液的脱色率达到100%.当H2O2加入浓度进一步增大到100 mg·L-1时,光催化的效率进一步提高,紫外光照射1h,甲基橙溶液的脱色率就已经达到了100%,并未出现抑制光催化的现象.同时还研究了TiO2纳米管阵列电极的稳定性.实验结果表明,随着TiO2纳米管阵列使用次数的增加,其光催化效果略有所下降.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.