生态工业园区的政策法规建设

论述了生态工业园区政策法规建设中存在的问题,并提出了建立健全生态工业园区政策法规的建议。     

中国为实施《蒙特利尔议定书》制定了行动纲领—《国家方案》和政策法规

中国是生产和消费ＯＤＳ物质的大国之一,其生产和消费的ＯＤＳ行业可分为：化工生产、泡沫、工商制冷、家用制冷、汽车空调、消防、气雾剂、清洗、循环回收、烟草、甲基溴等。中国生产和使用ＯＤＳ的企业经济成分复杂、技术水平和人员素质参差不齐,同时中国正处于经济高速增长时期,因此淘汰ＯＤＳ的生产和使用,不仅．面临着资金与技术方面的制约,同时也面临着管理方面的问题。 中国政府为了在保证经济发展的同时,有效履行对《议定书》的承诺,为ＯＤＳ淘汰工作提供指导,并及时获得多边基金执委会提供的资金和技术援助,１９９２年编…     

补充型过度捕捞的确认及其对渔业管理的启示

生物学参考点用来指导渔业管理决策,通常以捕捞死亡系数来表达。补充型过度捕捞常常被理解为一个种群被捕捞至补充量出现实质性减少或失败时才发生。该定义很含糊,不能建立生物学参考点,它与捕捞死亡系数挂钩。因此,提出从减少一个世代亲体量的捕捞压力水平出发,定义补充型过度捕捞即是捕捞死亡系数使产卵群体低于其亲代平均生物量的临界点。常规的模型和亲体补充量数据都可确定这一参考点,并与亲体量的更替联系起来,从而实现渔业资源的可持续发展。以印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼渔业为例,计算了其补充型过度捕捞的生物学参考点,提出限制围网诱鱼装置作业,减少幼鱼资源的过度开发,防止补充型过度捕捞发生引起资源的衰退。     

Fishing and Farming at Lake Chad: Overcapitalisation, Opportunities and Fisheries Management

Overcapitalisation is one way in which fishing is said to exert a negative externality on the wider economy. Resources invested in fishing could be invested more productively in other sectors of the economy. The logical solution is the shift of resources, in particular scarce capital, from fishing to more profitable sectors. This paper examines the rural economy at Lake Chad and the implications from the results of a socio-economic survey of fishing households for potential fisheries management measures, in particular those which would limit or reduce the level of resources invested in the Lake's fishery. Survey results demonstrate a close link between the farming and fishing activities of many households and suggest that the integration of fishing and farming necessitate consideration of the inter-sectoral impacts of potential fisheries management measures.     

Framework and Tools for Agricultural Landscape Assessment Relating to Water Quality Protection

While many scientific studies show the influence of agricultural landscape patterns on water cycle and water quality, only a few of these have proposed scientifically based and operational methods to improve water management. Territ’eau is a framework developed to adapt agricultural landscapes to water quality protection, using components such as farmers’ fields, seminatural areas, and human infrastructures, which can act as sources, sinks, or buffers on water quality. This framework allows us to delimit active areas contributing to water quality, defined by the following three characteristics: (i) the dominant hydrological processes and their flow pathways, (ii) the characteristics of each considered pollutant, and (iii) the main landscape features. These areas are delineated by analyzing the flow connectivity from the stream to the croplands, by assessing the buffer functions of seminatural areas according to their flow pathways. Hence, this framework allows us to identify functional seminatural areas in terms of water quality and assess their limits and functions; it helps in proposing different approaches for changing agricultural landscape, acting on agricultural practices or systems, and/or conserving or rebuilding seminatural areas in controversial landscapes. Finally, it allows us to objectivize the functions of the landscape components, for adapting these components to new environmental constraints.     

Ethical Opportunities in Global Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry: The Role for FAO

FAO has a unique and essential rolein addressing the ethical problems facinghumanity and in making these problems intoopportunities for practical resolution. A broadrange of ethical issues in agriculture,fisheries, and forestry were identified byanalysis of the literature and by interviewswith FAO staff. Issues include sharing accessto and preserving natural resources,introduction of new technology, conservatismover the use of genetic engineering, ethics inanimal agriculture, access to information, foodsecurity, sustainable rural development,ensuring participation of all people indecision making and in receiving benefits ofagriculture, reducing corruption, andinvolvement of private and public sectors indecision making. Rather than viewing theseissues as problems, they should be viewed asopportunities for debate, learning aboutothers' views, and resolution. The UnitedNations has an important role to play in howdecisions are made in the global ethical debatein food and agriculture. The ethical role ofFAO is to promote global food security,balanced conservation, management andutilization of natural resources, andsustainable rural development. FAO should fullyand publicly assume its ethicalresponsibilities, gathering and sharinginformation on ethics in its areas of mandate,acting as an interactive forum, and providingexpert guidance on policy options and choicesbased on practical ethical analysis.     

Economic Development,Income Inequality and Environmental Degradation of Fisheries Resources in Mauritius

This article examines how environmental degradation of fisheries resources in the context of Mauritius is linked up with human investment in education, economic growth, and income inequality. Empirical evidence shows that public-sector investment in education promotes economic growth, but at the expense of greater inequality of income. Among the vulnerable groups affected by this type of development process lies the fisherman community. In fact, children of poor families in coastal Mauritius have constrained access to complete school education because of the persistently high opportunity cost involved. Hence, this community is caught up in a vicious circle, as its children or grandchildren would barely be redeployed elsewhere other than in the fisheries sector itself. Such exclusion might account for the overexploitation of marine resources of the island and the accompanying reduction in fish catch over recent years.*(Paper presented at the Third Research and Training Workshop of the Resource Accounting Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (RANESA), University of Pretoria (Funded by SIDA, Sweden), held in Mauritius, Nov 2000. I am grateful to the participants for their helpful suggestions. Needless to say, the usual disclaimer applies). Published online     

Social Contexts and Customary Fisheries: Marine Protected Areas and Indigenous Use,Australia

Worldwide, the implementation of marine protected areas (MPAs) offers opportunities for delivering fisheries and biodiversity management objectives. In Australia however, the primary function of an MPA is that of biodiversity conservation. Nonetheless, the management of Indigenous customary fisheries is one area where fisheries and biodiversity issues converge. This article examines the relationship between biodiversity and customary fisheries in an MPA context by investigation of the role and importance of Indigenous social contexts. Using case study examples from Australia, I explore the role of Indigenous social contexts in two dimensions: (i) management of traditional fisheries and (ii) Indigenous contribution to fisheries within an MPA. Findings demonstrate two narratives concerning social contexts, one of recognition and the other concerning Indigenous involvement in management. I conclude with a survey of Indigenous management initiatives within MPAs. The article ends with a discussion of the utility of understanding social contexts in any marine management endeavour, specifically other social contexts within an MPA.     

Developmental Processes, Changing Lifestyle and Traditional Wisdom: Analyses from Western Himalaya

Traditional knowledge and practices are important in prudent resource use and biodiversity conservation. The implications of modernization and changing lifestyle are discussed in the context of agriculture and resource use, the two sectors in which maximum modernization has occurred. The information was gathered through observations and structured interviews over three years (July 1996 to July 1999) of field work in the western Himalaya. It was observed that forest based subsistence agriculture has given way to the market dependant cash crop cultivation. That apart from loss of genetic diversity, has also resulted in the degradation of forests. The use of wild plants in the day-to-day activities has also declined and dependence on high value market products has increased. Currently, wild plants are used only if no other cheap substitute is available in the market or if the use is economically beneficial to the people. Thus, the knowledge gathered through ages of experience is eroding because of the activities geared for short-term economic benefits which, in long run, may not be sustainable.     

Sustainable Development and Norwegian Genetic Engineering Regulations: Applications, Impacts, and Challenges

The main purpose of The NorwegianGene Technology Act (1993) is to enforcecontainment of genetically modified organisms(GMOs) and control of GMO releases.Furthermore, the Act intends to ensure that``production and use of GMOs should take placein an ethically and socially justifiable way,in accordance with the principle of sustainabledevelopment and without detrimental effects tohealth and the environment.' Hence it isobvious that, for the Norwegian authorities,sustainable development is a normativeguideline when evaluating acceptableconsequences of GMO use and production. Inaccordance with this, we have investigated theextent to which the sustainability criteriawere decisive for the destiny of one approvedand one declined application of geneticallymodified plant release. The presentunderstanding of the ecological,socio-economical, and cultural consequences ofGMO use and release is fragmentary anduncertain. We consider the PrecautionaryPrinciple and the notion of equitabledistribution as key issues within thesustainable development framework, henceconstituting important foundations for ouranalyses. The Act is legitimizingsustainability criteria, but does not seem tosecure their conversion into concrete action.We envisage a more conscious implementation ofthe Norwegian Gene Technology Act.Sustainability concerns ecological, economical,and social values, and these can only beensured through long-term thinking, initiationof independent risk-associated research, andbroad involvement of all stakeholders in theevaluation of GMO issues and concerns.     

攀西地区农业开发条件、潜力与对策

攀西地区位于四川省的西南部,包括攀枝花市和凉山州的全部。幅员面积6.75万km~2,1988年末人口为437.3万人。攀西不仅矿产、水能资源举世瞩目,而且光热资源丰富,宜农荒地资源多,农业开发条件好、潜力大,是国家原材料、能源和农业开发的重点地区。本文拟就种植业为重点,对攀西农业开发条件、潜力和对策进行分析论证,以引起社会重视,使之尽快列为全国农业开发的重点区,进行先期开发。     

出口欧盟家用烹饪电炉灶的性能法规及测试标准研究

本文对出口欧盟家用烹饪电炉灶的性能法规及测试标准进行了研究,并与国内现行标准进行了对比分析。欧盟发布的No 66/2014法规对家用烹饪电炉灶的能耗限值作出强制性要求。IEC 60350-2提供了该类产品性能测试的指导方法。深入了解相关的法规条例和标准内容,可以帮助中国企业更好的"走出去"。     

Simulating Direct and Indirect Damages to Commercial Fisheries from Marine Sand Mining: A Case Study in Korea

Rapid growth in marine sand mining for construction and other uses poses environmental challenges to coastal nations virtually worldwide. Yet the development of management policies, such as a system of fees imposed on operators for damage caused by mining, has been frustrated by a lack of studies to support such measures. Adapting a Beverton-Holt bioeconomic model, this paper attempts to contribute to the estimation of external costs to commercial fisheries due to marine mining. Using the major mining area of Ongjin in Korea as a case study, we estimate economic losses in use value of commercial fisheries through the time to recovery of the injured resource stocks. Present value of lost catch over a 1-year period from mining to resource recovery is estimated at $38,851 for a single “prototype” mining site. Estimated cumulative damages due to recurring mining for 5 and 10 years are $1.5 million and $2.2 million, respectively, at 20 mining sites. Sensitivity analyses are used to examine the effects of alternative assumptions to assess the many sources of uncertainty. Using a form of meta-analysis, dose-response information is used to assess the excess mortality the mining sediment plume has on eggs and larvae and, ultimately, on the value of lost catch ($841). Also addressed is the importance of specifying the appropriate “premining” conditions against which to assess environmental losses at the mining site. Damages estimated with premining fish populations are $23,066 higher than is the case using postmining conditions. Overall, the illustrative results suggest the variety of complex conditions which influence damage to fisheries from mining and which can benefit from further study to improve management guidelines. An erratum to this article can be found at