唐山乐亭菩提岛海上风电场对海洋生态空间的影响研究

海上风电场建设与运营对海洋生态空间影响的研究具有重要意义。本文以唐山乐亭菩提岛海上风电场为例,识别了海上风电场周边鸟类、海洋生物及其多样性、渔业资源等海洋生态空间受影响因子;根据影响海洋生态空间的主要要素及其受影响因子,开展了相关数据的现场调查与资料搜集;结合电磁环境、海洋生物等实测数据以及噪声、鸟类等搜集资料,评估了海上风电场对海洋生态空间的影响。研究结果表明,案例区海上风电场施工期噪声远大于运营期,海面以上及水下电磁干扰很小;海上风电场对海洋生态空间的影响多集中于施工期,运营期产生的影响相对较小。     

徐闻沿海风力发电场对鸟类的影响分析

建设风电场可能会对生态环境和鸟类造成一定的影响。以2003年徐闻县鸟类资源调查资料为基础,结合徐闻县风电场建设规划,研究了徐闻县风电场对鸟类栖息、觅食、迁徙的影响。结果表明:风电场建设通过占用鸟类栖息地,产生噪声等影响风电场周围鸟类的栖息和觅食,但总体来说,其影响较小;风机转速较慢及保护区鸟类飞行高度均高于风机高度,风机与鸟类的碰撞风险较低。为了保护鸟类的安全及保障其正常生存,需要采取设立候鸟监测救护站、将风机及输电线涂成警示色等措施。     

风力发电场环境影响评价分析

为了可持续利用风能资源,预防因风电场建设规划与项目实施后对环境造成的不良影响,促进经济、社会和环境的协调发展,在分析不同类型风力发电场及特点的基础上,叙述了风力发电场环境影响评价主要评价依据、评价因子、评价内容及要点。以徐闻前山一期风电场项目为例,从对鸟类、生态环境、电磁辐射环境、声环境、景观等方面的影响进行了环境影响评价,并提出有效的减轻环境影响的对策措施,将其对环境的影响降至可接受的程度,为风电场建设项目环境影响评价提供参考。     

风电场建设对周边生态环境的影响及其恢复措施

风电场在其建设及运行期间,会对周边的生态环境造成一定影响。文章具体以喀左县双庙风电场建设为例,探讨风电场的建设期和运营期对周边生态环境产生的影响,同时提出了风电场生态环境恢复的具体方法和措施。为风电场的生态环境保护提供借鉴。     

浅谈铁岭地区风电场生态修复技术要求

风能作为一种清洁能源越来越受到重视,但风电场建设对生态环境的影响也不能忽视,开展风电场生态修复具有重要意义.概述了铁岭地区生态环境特点和风电场待修复的环境类型,据此提出了该地区开展风电场生态修复的目标、原则及技术要求.     

天然气管道穿越湿地的生态影响评价研究——穿越草本沼泽湿地自然保护区

文章介绍了天然气管道工程建设内容,论述了天然气管道工程穿越草本沼泽湿地自然保护区的生态环境影响评价内容,主要包括评价等级、评价范围、施工期生态环境影响评价及运行期生态环境影响评价.重点论述了天然气管道工程施工期对湿地植物、湿地动物、湿地生态系统、土壤环境、湿地生态景观的影响,以及工程运行期发生管道事故时的生态环境影响.最后,对目前建设项目生态影响评价中存在的问题提出了建议.     

地铁施工期生态环境影响及保护对策

随着我国地铁建设的快速发展,施工期环境影响问题也日益得到关注。地铁施工期生态环境影响主要是地表开挖造成的水土流失,高架线路、出入口、风亭等的建设对沿途生态环境和景观的影响。因此,加强该阶段环境保护的管理力度,尽量减少对周围环境的干扰显得尤为必要。     

沙河航运工程对沙河国家湿地公园的环境影响分析研究

航运工程的开发与建设会对河道所处的生态环境产生一定的影响,特别是河道型湿地,因此在环评阶段如何分析航道建设对湿地的影响尤为重要.主要通过航运工程本身的特点和湿地公园的生态现状进行结合,通过使用GIS叠图法、生态机理分析方法分别从土地利用资源、湿地水资源、鸟类行为等方面进行影响分析,提出在航运工程施工过程中进行"湿地重建、支流保护"、鸟类监测等措施,以保护航运过程中的湿地生态环境,为航运工程生态影响分析提供一定的理论基础.     

浅谈生态环境影响评价中的景观生态学法

景观生态学是近十几年发展起来的一门新兴学科,且现代景观生态学己经成为生态学领域中令人瞩目的一个分支,其发展为生态环境评价提供了有力的工具,近几年国家环境保护部<非污染生态影响评价技术导则>引入景观生态学的概念框架和理论方法,主要运用景观生态学中的优势度原理,通过对优势度的计算,分析项目建设前后优势度的变化情况,评价由于项目建设引起的生态环境影响.本文通过对景观生态学历史、现状以及未来发展趋势的研究,体现景观生态学法在现今生态环境影响评价中的重要作用.     

巫溪—奉节高速公路建设对生态环境的影响

以巫溪-奉节高速公路为例,在生态环境现状调查的基础上对该公路建设和营运对沿线植被、天保林、野生动物、农业生态环境所造成的影响进行生态环境影响评价,并针对评价结果提出了相应的设计期、施工期和营运期的减缓措施.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.