东湖通道施工区废水及其静沉降特性研究

东湖通道是国内最长的贯穿AAAAA级景区的交通隧道,暴雨对施工区的冲刷产生地表径流形成施工区废水。为探究东湖隧道施工区废水对地表水可能的影响,测定了东湖通道施工区废水水质及其静沉降速率。结果表明,施工区废水悬浮颗粒物含量显著高于东湖原水(t-Test,p<0.05),通道坡面废水悬浮颗粒物粒径范围为5~25μm,施工便道废水悬浮颗粒物粒径范围为1.25~12.5μm。施工便道废水悬浮颗粒物粒径小,离子溶出水平高,通道坡面废水悬浮颗粒物粒径大,离子溶出水平低,施工便道废水电导率显著高于通道坡面废水以及东湖原水。施工区废水氮磷含量高于东湖原水,施工区废水TN是东湖原水的2~5倍,TP是东湖原水的5~7倍。对两处废水沉降速率、沉降时间以及悬浮颗粒物浓度拟合可知,施工便道废水悬浮颗粒物沉降速率较慢,其沉降平均速率为0.075 cm/s,通道坡面废水悬浮颗粒物沉降平均速率为0.111 cm/s。研究表明,明渠开挖施工区废水会影响地表水的透明度、浊度,进而改变营养盐结构,造成地表水污染;鉴于东湖属于国家级风景名胜地,施工区废水需要进行营养负荷消减和悬浮颗粒物处置达标后才能排放,沉淀处置是适用的废水处理手段。     

降雨条件下典型岩溶流域地下水中的物质运移

通过对2008年4月下旬降雨期间,重庆青木关地下河系统出口姜家泉泉水的水文过程、浊度、悬浮颗粒物、主要阳离子和TOC浓度的监测,结合悬浮颗粒物的扫描电镜和能谱分析图,来研究岩溶流域地下水中悬浮颗粒物浓度、浊度、主要阳离子和TOC等物质的运移特征.结果表明,在单一岩溶管道较发育的地下河出口,泉水流量、浊度、悬浮颗粒物浓度、主要阳离子和TOC浓度对降雨事件响应迅速;与碳酸盐岩溶解有关的Ca2+、Mg2+和Sr2+等在流量上升的过程中表现为稀释效应;降雨期间,地下河中受雨水侵蚀的土壤输入量增大,引起泉水中浊度和悬浮颗粒物浓度的增大;泉水中Al3+、Fe、Mn、Ba2+和TOC等物质是悬浮颗粒物的伴生物,其浓度随浊度的增大而增大;在研究的2场降雨期间,地下水携带悬浮颗粒物(0.45μm)的总量约为9.7t;在泉水流量的上升和衰减的过程中,水质较差或极差;降雨期间流域内土壤侵蚀和养分的流失,不但严重破坏了脆弱的岩溶生态环境,而且极易造成地下水由土壤侵蚀引起的非点源污染,对当地居民的饮水安全造成严重的威胁.     

无机型城市景观水体表观污染的悬浮颗粒物粒度分布特征:以中国运河苏州段为例

基于悬浮颗粒物粒度分布特性能为水环境表观质量研究提供重要信息,以流经苏州市市内运河水为研究对象,探讨无机型城市景观水体中不同表观污染程度下水中悬浮颗粒物的粒度分布特性及其影响因素,从悬浮颗粒物的粒径角度来解释无机型景观水体表观污染机制.结果表明,无机型水中悬浮颗粒物以单峰分布为主,中值粒径范围13~25.2μm,组分Ⅱ(粒级3.8~16μm)是优势组分,体积分数范围29.4%~59.6%;水体表观污染的敏感组分为组分Ⅱ(粒级3.8~16μm)和组分Ⅳ(粒级32~64μm),表观污染指数(SPI)与组分Ⅱ和组分Ⅳ体积分数关系具有分段性,分段节点是浊度为45NTU处,浊度小于45NTU时,SPI值与组分Ⅱ体积分数呈显著正相关,与组分Ⅳ体积分数呈显著负相关;当浊度大于或等于45NTU时关系相反.影响苏州运河水粒径分布的因素主要是生物因子和水动力条件,生物因子的作用主要表现为藻类的增加,水动力条件的作用是使水体发生再悬浮,导致水中大颗粒物质的增加.     

澜沧江流域水体悬浮颗粒物δ15 N空间差异及成因分析

梯级水电建设对澜沧江流域生源物质迁移转化及其生态环境的影响目前受到国内外学者的广泛关注,本文通过使用稳定同位素技术,分析了澜沧江流域悬浮颗粒物氮同位素的空间分布差异及其成因.结果表明,澜沧江上游自然河道水体溶解无机氮(DIN)质量浓度变化范围为0. 28～0. 60 mg·L~(-1),下游水库段DIN质量浓度显著增高,变化范围为0. 39～1. 15mg·L~(-1);上游自然河道段悬浮颗粒物δ~(15)N变化范围为4. 52‰～6. 72‰,下游水库段明显增重其变化范围为2. 3‰～11. 8‰.利用Isosource软件对悬浮颗粒物来源进行分析,结果表明澜沧江流域内工业及生活污水为悬浮物颗粒物氮素的主要贡献源,占比约为42. 43%;土壤有机质、大气沉降、农业化肥的贡献率分别为22. 38%、18. 16%和17. 03%;在该流域内上游自然河道段受工业及生活污水、土壤有机质以及大气沉降共同影响,下游水库段则主要受工业及生活污水的影响.同时小湾、漫湾、大朝山这3个库区内存在藻类吸收同化作用而使得悬浮颗粒物δ~(15)N变轻的现象.     

模拟扰动条件下太湖水体悬浮物的结构特性

设计了1个水体扰动模拟实验装置, 通过该装置中的光散射分析仪和图象采集、分析系统,能在线记录底泥受到不同强度扰动时水体中悬浮颗粒物的变化过程.利用该装置,研究了太湖梅梁湾3个采样点的底泥在受到不同强度扰动后,水体浊度变化规律和悬浮颗粒物结构特性.结果表明,底泥含水率及粒度分布对底泥受扰动后再悬浮的潜力有较大影响,含水率越高,再悬浮的潜力越大.随着扰动强度增大,水体的浊度相应增加,水体中悬浮颗粒物中值粒径也增大,分别从6.63, 5.79, 5.51 μm上升到12.49, 11.38, 13.33 μm.悬浮颗粒物图象分析表明,颗粒物在扰动中发生聚集、絮凝过程.颗粒物图象的形态学分析表明,悬浮颗粒物形状呈现分形现象,颗粒物的长短比在1.27～1.52之间,分形维数D₂则在1.72～1.94之间.     

新型纳米絮凝剂研制及在处理酸性污水中的应用

以汽车厂酸洗废水中副产物硫酸亚铁为原料,通过H2O2氧化、水解、聚合制得聚合硫酸铁（PFS）;利用静电纺丝合成的纳米二氧化硅,二者复合比例（以质量比）纳米二氧化硅：聚合硫酸铁（PFS）=1∶n,复配成新型纳米絮凝剂.本品应用于工业污水及生活污水,COD和浊度SS的去除率大大提高,出水的COD值达到国家污水综合排放标准.     

高氨氮废水与城市生活污水短程硝化系统菌群比较

短程硝化是污水脱氮工艺中的重要环节,系统中的菌群结构决定了其处理效果.为探讨短程硝化系统中的微生物对不同污水的适应性,利用细菌16S rDNA克隆文库、磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)和定量PCR分析方法对高氨氮废水和城市生活污水短程硝化系统中活性污泥的细菌群落结构、总体微生物的多样性以及功能微生物进行了比较.克隆文库结果表明两个系统中细菌群落结构明显不同,城市生活污水中细菌种类更丰富,但两个系统的优势菌群都属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidete).磷脂脂肪酸分析结果显示高氨氮废水短程硝化系统中微生物多样性指数和均匀度指数明显低于城市生活污水.定量PCR结果表明,高氨氮废水短程硝化系统中氨氧化菌(AOB)与亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的数量都多于城市生活污水短程硝化系统;高氨氮废水短程硝化系统中AOB比NOB高3个数量级,而城市生活污水短程硝化系统中AOB比NOB高2个数量级.     

流速对太湖河道底泥泥沙、营养盐释放规律影响实验研究

河湖中的底泥作为二次污染源,影响河道水环境.太湖河口及调水区河流底泥泥沙、营养盐的释放扩散受水动力条件的影响越来越受到人们的重视.用环形水槽模拟河道的水动力条件的改变,通过实验研究悬浮泥沙、总溶解氮磷(TDN,TDP)和总氮磷(TN,TP)浓度在不同流速条件下在水体中的变化情况,从而掌握底泥泥沙、营养盐在不同流速下的释放特性.本研究按照泥沙的起动标准,把相对应的流速分为"个别动"、"少量动"以及"普遍动"流速,对应不同的泥沙悬浮量以及营养物质的释放量.研究显示高于起动流速下营养盐的动态释放较低于起动流速下的静态释放.泥沙的悬浮量与营养物质的动态释放过程密切相关.TDN、TDP释放量和最终平衡浓度随流速呈对数关系;TN、TP平衡浓度随流速增加呈指数形式增加.整个释放过程为,0~30 min的释放前期为孔隙水释放,营养物质释放量大且速率快;后期为再悬浮颗粒物释放,释放量小且速率减慢,达到平衡之后,营养盐浓度基本稳定.营养物质的空隙水释放与在悬浮颗粒物释放的比例有待进一步的研究.     

制药废水混凝条件优化和荧光性DOM的去除

利用化学混凝法对高COD和高浊度的制药废水进行预处理。首先,比较了硫酸铝(AS)、氯化铝(AC)、氯化铁(FC)、聚合氯化铝(PAC)和聚合氯化铁(PFC)对制药废水中污染物的去除效果,确定了最佳混凝剂(PAC)及其最优混凝条件;其次,研究了PAM对PAC混凝效果的影响。结果表明:当初始pH为9.0、慢搅拌速度和时间分别为60r/min和15min时,150mg/L PAC和6.0mg/L PAM配合使用对制药废水的混凝效果最佳,此时COD、TN、TP和浊度的去除率分别达到13.6%、76.7%、85.1%和96.0%;制药废水原水中主要含有芳香族类蛋白质、类富里酸和溶解性微生物分泌物3类荧光性物质,混凝剂种类对其去除效果影响较大,其中PAC效果最佳,且PAM可强化PAC混凝对荧光物质的去除。     

百盛化工有限公司污水处理站建设工程

公司排放的污水主要有裂解焦油装置脱水产生的废液、罐区切水排放的含油废水、设备及地面冲洗水、生活污水等。综合考虑该废水的特性,选择"隔油-气浮-水解酸化-接触氧化"组合工艺处理污水。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.