佛山惠景城大气污染物浓度时序特征

基于佛山市惠景城区2013年1月1日-12月31日SO2、NO2、O3、PM2.54种大气污染物的时序监测数据,分析其时序特征,4种污染物质量浓度的平均水平和离散程度表现为NO2PM2.5O3SO2。不同时间际的浓度变化以及污染物之间的互相关、自相关分析结果表明:(1)细颗粒污染、臭氧污染分别集中于冬春季和秋季。周一、周二的SO2、NO2、PM2.5浓度高于一周内的其他时日,O3则相反。尤其是周二NO2浓度显著高于其他日该值,可能与周一车流高峰期机动车直接排放NO转化耗时导致NO2峰值延迟有关。在12:00-15:00时段,SO2、NO2、PM2.5浓度最低,O3浓度最高,可能原因为中午高气温可促使地表污染物向高空扩散,而O3作为NO2的光解反应产物,其浓度水平更大程度上受制于太阳辐射强度。(2)4种污染物的自相关系数各不相同,整体上间隔期为1、3(天或时)的历史污染物浓度能够有效影响当前时刻的污染物浓度。SO2、NO2、PM2.5三者之间存在明显的正相关关系,而O3与NO2呈现弱负相关关系,可能与站点地理位置有关,即该站点PM2.5受机动车直接排放影响为主。O3除受NO2的制约外,更大程度上受太阳辐射的影响。     

成都市区夏季大气污染物浓度时空变化特征分析

为了解成都市区大气污染物浓度水平及其变化规律,统计分析了2013年6月1日—8月31日3个市区站点(十里店、梁家巷和草堂寺)SO2、NO2、O3、PM2.5、PM10和CO逐时观测资料.结果表明,观测期间O3污染严重,上述3个站点小时均值超标率分别达22%、37%和42%.大气颗粒物污染也较为严重,上述3个站点PM10日均浓度超标率分别为13%、8%和3%,而PM2.5日均值超标率分别高达34%、27%和26%.NO2和CO早晚的浓度高峰主要与机动车流量增加和混合层高度降低有关.由于紫外辐射影响,O3浓度在正午出现峰值.受机动车流量高峰和气象条件的影响,PM2.5和PM10最大值和最小值分别出现在上午和下午.通过对污染物"周末效应"的分析,发现周末O3、PM2.5和PM10的浓度显著高于工作日,SO2、NO2和CO反之.成都市区大气污染受局地排放和外源输送共同影响,其中PM10和NO2主要受局地源控制,而PM2.5、SO2和O3受外输送影响较大.     

济南春季大气PM2.5水溶性组分的半连续在线观测

利用大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)水溶性组分在线分析系统连续监测了2008年3~4月济南市PM2.5水溶性组分的浓度变化,并结合气溶胶部分前体物SO2、NO2、O3等的浓度数据和部分气象资料对监测数据进行了分析.结果表明,SO42-、NO3-和NH4+是PM2.5中水溶性离子的主要成分,分别占总水溶性组分的61.1%、13.4%和16.7%,且PM2.5中总水溶性组分的浓度,特别是SO42-的浓度,明显高于国内其他城市.温度、太阳辐射强度、混合层高度和风速等气象因素对总水溶性离子的浓度变化有重要影响.SO42-浓度白天明显高于夜间,而NO3-和NH4+的浓度昼夜变化幅度较小.SO42-和NO3-主要由SO2和NO2转化而来.后推气流轨迹分析表明,来自东北绕行西南方向和东北方向的混合气团结合济南的特殊地形及局地排放的污染物会加重济南春季PM2.5的污染.     

重庆市冬季PM_(2.5)及气态污染物的分布特征与来源

利用重庆市大气污染物监测站2013年冬季(2013年11月—2014年1月)的实测数据,分析PM2.5及相关气态污染物(SO2、NO2、O3)的时空特征,并采用轨迹聚类与PSCF(潜在源贡献因子)分析污染物来源.结果表明:除ρ(O3)以外,其他3种污染物质量浓度的月际变化趋势基本一致,均呈12月升高、1月降低的特征;污染物空间分布不均,其中ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(NO2)在工业区和人口密集区较高,ρ(SO2)南高北低,ρ(O3)城区低于郊区.ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO2)与ρ(PM2.5)均呈显著正相关,其中ρ(SO2)与ρ(PM2.5)的R(相关系数)在城、郊区分别为0.71、0.65,ρ(NO2)与ρ(PM2.5)在城、效区的R分别为0.73、0.56;而ρ(O3)与ρ(PM2.5)未表现出显著相关.ρ(SO2)、ρ(NO2)与ρ(PM2.5)的相关性高低可在一定程度上说明二次气溶胶的污染程度,ρ(O3)与ρ(PM2.5)的相关性受到PM2.5来源和污染程度的影响.轨迹分析结果显示,重庆市2013年冬季主要受东北方向气流影响;聚类分析表明,重庆市11月没有表现出明显的PM2.5外来输送特征,但12月和1月的PM2.5外来输送特征明显,并且不同方向的气流污染物浓度差异也较大.PSCF分析发现,重庆市冬季PM2.5、SO2、NO2、O3主要来源于本地和周围城市局地传输,同时还受南宁、贵阳、遵义、达州等地的影响.     

重庆市黔江区春季大气污染物浓度变化与气象因素关系研究

分析了2015年重庆市黔江城区2个自动监测站点PM10,SO2,NO2,O3日均值和小时均值,结合同期气象因素,对污染物浓度与气象因素进行分析.表明,PM10、SO2、NO2和O3春季平均值呈显著差异,PM10超标6天,SO2,NO2,O3污染水平较低,未超标;PM10、SO2和NO2呈现早晚双峰型,O3呈典型单峰型;风速与SO2和NO2浓度呈负相关,与O3浓度则呈正相关关系,风速较小时,利于PM10浓度降低,当风速达到一定程度,会导致PM10浓度升高;污染物浓度和相对湿度呈明显负相关;降水对大气污染物有削减作用.     

珠江三角洲地区大气污染对人群健康的影响

在珠江三角洲地区选取广州麓湖等16个典型站点,观测了珠江三角洲地区2006年大气污染物浓度.结果表明,珠江三角洲地区2006年PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2、O3年日均浓度分别达到75,56,57,53,44μg/m3.搜集国内PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2、O3暴露人群健康影响的流行病学研究资料,利用Meta分析方法获取我国人群大气污染物暴露对死亡健康结局影响的暴露-反应关系,并以珠江三角洲地区人群2006年大气污染物暴露浓度为基准,运用泊松回归模型评价珠江三角洲地区大气污染对人群的健康影响.     

2017～2020年珠海市金湾区环境空气质量变化特征分析

基于2017～2020年珠海市金湾区环境空气自动站6项空气污染物(SO2、NO2、PM2.5、PM10、O3和CO)监测数据,分析了金湾区空气质量时间变化趋势及特点.结果表明:SO2和CO 95％分位浓度差异性不大,PM2.5年均值无明显变化趋势,其余3项污染物浓度总体呈下降趋势,环境空气优良率均保持在80％以上;4个...     

基于遥感资料的北京大气污染治理投资对降低PM_(2.5)的效能分析

采用北京市环境监测中心35个站点的PM2.5监测数据及MODIS Terra的大气气溶胶光学厚度L3 C051产品数据,分季度建立北京市PM2.5历史浓度遥感估算模型.结合北京大气污染物(PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2)年均浓度数据,对北京市2001—2012年间用于工业废气污染治理投资累计额进行了效能分析.研究表明,北京市工业废气污染治理投资对于改善大气PM10、SO2、NO2均有显著贡献,但其对于大气PM2.5污染的治理效果并不明显.可能原因包括PM2.5排放源的复杂性、相关治理措施对PM2.5的针对性、经济增长导致的区域PM2.5源排放持续增长及区域外排放的持续影响等.因此,需要采取专门的有针对性的治理措施,建立健全大气污染治理技术和激励机制,控制工业燃煤及城市交通排放,削减本地及周边源排放,以有效改善北京地区大气PM2.5污染状况.     

太原采暖季霾和良天气下大气污染物的污染特征分析

为了探讨太原市大气污染物在霾天气下的污染特征,2013年12月至2014年3月对太原市大气污染物(PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2、CO和O3)质量浓度进了收集研究。分析结果表明无论是霾还是良天气,PM2.5和PM10的相关性最好,PM2.5与NO2的相关性最差。O3与PM2.5的相关系数均大于0.7,表明O3与PM2.5的形成有着密切的关系。     

2010年广州亚运期间空气质量与污染气象条件分析

利用2010年11月4日～12月10日广州地区NO2、O3、SO2、PM、能见度实测资料,区域空气污染指数RAQI及大气输送扩散特征参数,分析广州亚运期间空气质量与气象条件变化特征.结果表明,亚运期间空气质量比亚运前后好,能见度比亚运前后大,PM1和PM2.5浓度比亚运前后小,能见度与PM1和PM2.5有较好的反相关;亚运期间NO2和SO2日均值和小时均值均达到国家一级标准,PM10日均值和O3小时均值均满足国家二级标准,污染物得到较好的控制;广州地区SO2受本地源和外地源远距离输送叠加影响,NO2受本地源影响较大;广州周边城市NO2、SO2和PM10有向广州输送的潜势,而广州O3有向其周边城市扩散的潜势;亚运期间污染气象条件比亚运前后有利,亚运期间污染物浓度降低得益于政府实施的减排措施及良好的气象条件.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.