基于全生命周期法的海绵城市雨水系统碳排放研究

基于全生命周期法,构建了一种适用于城区范围的海绵城市雨水系统碳排放量化方法,并以松原市某片区为例,对4种海绵城市规划方案进行碳排放计算和比较,分析其碳减排效果并提出减排建议。结果表明,传统城市雨水系统碳排放高的主要原因是缺乏源头雨水渗蓄;雨水管网建设是系统碳排放的主要来源;与传统规划方案相比,4种海绵城市规划方案可使系统碳排放减少3. 5%～51. 7%。     

从“Offsite”走向“Onsite”城市雨水管理理念的转变研究——美国俄勒冈州尤金市雨水管理经验借鉴

2014年底,住建部发布了《海绵城市建设技术指南——低影响开发雨水系统构建》,提出了城市不同层次规划中低影响开发的控制目标和相关要求,以及雨水管理的技术方法.海绵城市的相关研究成为热点,但对于国外先进城市海绵城市规划建设以及管理的直接经验借鉴仍然较少,这里通过重点介绍美国俄勒冈州尤金市雨水“Onsite”(雨水地块内处理)的管理理念、方法以及主要雨水管理设施的用地指标,以期为国内海绵城市的规划建设及管理提供参考.     

基于海绵当量的绿色雨水基础设施规划设计方法研究

绿色雨水基础设施作为海绵城市建设的主要设施,能够减少径流雨水的产生、外排以及发挥净化作用,但绿色雨水基础设施的种类较多,设施的控制效果及适用条件不一。为便于海绵城市绿色雨水基础设施的规划、设计、验收、考核及监测评估,提出了"海绵当量"的概念以及典型绿色雨水基础设施海绵当量的计算方法,并以北京典型片区为例进行应用验证。研究方法和结论可为绿色雨水基础设施规划设计优化及海绵城市建设效果评估提供技术支撑。     

基于多目标优化与综合评价的海绵城市规划设计

海绵城市源头减排设施已被广泛应用于城市雨水径流削减与污染控制,但仍缺乏一种综合评价方法来实现其科学规划设计.本研究构建了一种基于多目标优化与综合评价相耦合的海绵城市规划设计方法,以建设成本、雨水综合径流系数、污染物综合控制率为目标函数,以源头减排设施建设规模和海绵城市径流控制指标作为边界条件,建立基于快速分类的非支配遗传算法（NSGA-Ⅱ）的多目标优化模型;然后结合层次分析法对优化解集进行综合指标评价,得出最优化设计方案.利用该方法以研究区A为案例,构建了一套建设成本最小化、水文水质效益最大化的设计方案,并通过海绵城市建设前后的暴雨洪水管理模型（SWMM）,评估最优化方案的降雨径流控制与径流污染控制效果.研究结果表明,海绵城市建设能大幅削减雨水径流量,年径流总量控制率达70.1%;雨水峰值流量削减率超过40%,同时延后径流峰值出现时间;有效降低雨水径流污染,研究区各类污染物综合削减率均超过30%.本文提出的多目标优化与综合评价方法,能够基于特定的目标与需求,针对性提出适合区域发展的海绵建设方案,为海绵城市规划设计提供技术支持.     

从“大截排”到清源和低影响开发——基于水质目标约束的情景模拟与规划

运用SWMM模型,以深圳市茅洲河流域光明片区为例,以管网密度、距离及环境容量为约束条件,提出雨污分流改造和海绵城市改造的情景方案和决策判定依据.研究结果表明:海绵城市的建设中低影响开发面积改造比例与污染物削减率之间存在指数关系,9个雨污分流改造的研究小区中有鹅颈玉田、茅洲大凼和公明大凼区域需要匹配海绵城市改造,改造面积比例建议分别为30%、85%和20%.当某一研究小区与已建污水处理厂的距离小于27.25km时,投资建设污水管网与已建污水处理厂处理比新建污水处理厂更具有经济可行性,超过这个距离,新建一座污水处理厂比建设长距离污水管网更划算.对于本文研究案例,在只考虑污水处理厂节省的雨水处理成本下,各研究小区进行雨污分流改造的回本时间为27~64a.本研究提出的决策判定思路和依据能为城市建成区消除内涝和内河黑臭提供新的方法学视角,能为深圳市以及其他同类地区水环境整治规划提供决策信息参考.     

坡面植草沟入渗模拟及对海绵城市建设影响分析

植草沟是海绵城市建设的重要措施之一。基于坡面流运动波方程和Richards非饱和土入渗方程,建立了植草沟坡面雨水入渗的数学模型及求解方法,计算分析了植草沟坡面雨水入渗及产流的规律,阐明了不同降雨强度对植草沟坡面产流的影响。计算结果表明:植草沟可明显推迟洪峰时间,减少洪峰流量;在海绵城市建设时,应考虑通过增加植草沟排水口高度,增加其蓄水能力,延长入渗时间,增加雨水入渗量。     

薄壁堰式智能流量监测装置的设计及其应用

在海绵城市建设中,雨水径流流量是一项重要的基本参数。但由于径流雨水的水头低、流量不稳定等特点,使得雨水径流流量测量难度很高。针对雨水径流流量测量难的问题,设计出1种薄壁堰式智能流量监测装置。该装置基于三角形薄壁堰测流原理,结合1种水位实时监测模块,实现雨水径流流量的在线实时监测。水位测量是利用阿基米德原理,通过力传感器将内置的圆柱体浮筒所受浮力转化为薄壁堰的堰上水头高度,再通过三角堰流量率定公式,计算得到被测流量。通过物联网技术,将数据实时发送到网站,实现在线监测。对设计的三角堰进行率定,流量为0. 5871～6. 4741 L/s,率定实验结果表明,所建立的拟合公式R~2=0. 9983,相对误差<4. 7%,具有良好的测量效果。将装置应用于某海绵城市建设园区内进行测试,能很好地记录降雨过程中径流流量以及流量的变化、峰值时间等参数,并且满足精准度的要求,在海绵城市建设和信息化建设中具有广阔的应用和推广前景。     

从城市雨洪资源角度看“海绵城市”的建设

"海绵城市"的重点是对雨水进行合理的利用,从而避免城市出现洪灾,减少污染出现的机率。西方很多发达国家都采用了这样的措施对雨水进行回收利用,不但避免了洪灾,还改善了生态环境。笔者从城市雨洪资源的角度分析了"海绵城市"的建设,具体如下。     

海绵城市建设的水质水量控制效果实证研究:以鹤壁试点区为例

首批国家海绵城市试点建设已经完成,有关海绵城市规划与模型模拟的研究也层出不穷,但是对于海绵建设区开展持续监测并进行深入分析的研究较为缺乏,而对于海绵城市实际建设区的水质水量研究是规划建设理论与实践效果差别的唯一检测器,是优化未来海绵城市规划和建设的关键。以河南省鹤壁市国家海绵城市建设试点区为研究对象,开展试点区地表水体与雨水管网的水质水量多年持续监测研究,分析海绵城市建设对地表水主要水质指标和雨水年径流总量控制率的实践作用效果。采用人工监测与设备在线监测相结合的方式,于2015-08—2018-09在海绵城市试点区地表水体10个采样点进行了16次人工采样,共计获得109个地表水样并测定了常规水质。利用试点区内20个雨水管道出口处的流量在线监测设备获得2018-01—12的分钟级流量数据。结果表明:研究区域内波动较大的水质指标为NH₃-N、TN和DO,波动较小的为pH。与海绵城市建设前相比,研究区域的地表水系水质得到改善,试点区该年度的雨水径流总量控制率达到85.7%,满足规划建设要求指标70%。但当实际场次降雨量低于设计雨量23 mm时,仍有雨水外排。不同地块的径流控制率差异明显。以上结果丰富了海绵城市建设的实践研究,可为优化海绵城市的规划与设计建设提供参考。     

自然失水条件下土壤的入渗特性研究

下凹绿地、雨水花园等生物滞留设施可参与雨水和地表径流的自然下渗与调节,是海绵城市建设的重要组成部分,雨水入渗对削减雨水外排具有重要作用。目前对土壤渗流的设计主要基于达西定律,但对非饱和土壤来说,达西定律并不广泛适用。对不同初始含水率土壤进行变水头渗透试验,得出其变水头渗透速度与时间的关系,并与达西定律计算结果进行对比,变水头渗透速度与时间的关系式可为海绵城市中土壤入渗的设计计算提供参考。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.