1960~2013年华南地区霾污染的时空变化及其与关键气候因子的关系

利用线性回归、聚类分析及相关分析等统计方法对华南地区57个地面气象站的观测资料进行分析,探究近54年华南地区霾日数的时空变化特征及其气候成因.结果表明,年平均霾日数大值区主要分布在广东珠江三角洲(珠三角)地区和广西中东部.54年来霾日数呈现显著的上升趋势,而2008年后有所下降.霾日数的季节变化表现为冬季最多,其次是秋季和春季,夏季最少.2008年以后春、夏、秋3季霾日数有所下降,而冬季仍维持在较高水平.不同等级霾日数在近54年来均有不同程度的上升,霾污染不仅在日数上有明显的增加趋势,而且污染强度在加强.不同地区霾日数的快速增长时期不一样,污染严重和正常污染地区发生在20世纪90年代,而相对清洁地区发生在2000年以后.另外近10年污染严重和正常污染地区霾日数有所下降,但相对清洁地区仍维持快速的增长趋势.近54年华南地区年降水日数、年平均风速、大风日数和年小风日数等气候因子变化结果致使气溶胶粒子的湿沉降减弱,污染物扩散能力下降,霾天气生成概率增加.     

天津地区霾天气特征研究

基于2014~2017年天津地区PM_2.5质量浓度，能见度和相对湿度监测数据开展霾天气特征研究.结果表明：天津中度以上霾过程分为五类：高压后部型，北部弱高压型，低压槽型，均压场型和锋前低压型.在现行标准下，中度霾一般对应重度污染天气，重度霾对应重度到严重污染天气；五级重度污染天气一般有中-重度霾发生，六级严重污染天气有重度霾天气发生.2013年“大气污染防治行动计划”开展以后，天津PM_2.5质量浓度和霾日均显著减少，2017年相比2013年霾日减少了55%，中度及其以上霾日由2013年的41d下降到2017年的20d，下降幅度超过50%.基于实况监测的PM_2.5质量浓度，能见度和相对湿度，可以较好的构建区域能见度计算方程.统计数据显示，其估算的能见度和实况值相关系数为0.94，相对误差为18.6%，非霾日辨识准确率为85%，霾日辨识准确率为95.6%，轻微霾辨识准确率为83%，轻度霾辨识准确率为78%，中度霾辨识准确率为93%，重度及以上霾辨识准确率为94%，对于判断霾等级，有较强的适用性.将该方程与空气质量模式结合开展霾等级预报，2015~2017年24h预报产品检验显示：能见度预报值与实况值相关系数为0.75，预报均值13.9km，实况均值14.1km，相对误差为29.6%，FAC2（预报值在实况值两倍范围内百分比）为98.1%，霾日预报准确率81.4%，霾日漏报率18.6%，霾日空报率20.6%，如果容错1级，轻微霾日预报准确率为96%，轻度霾日预报准确率为85%，中度及以上霾日预报准确率为69%，可有效支撑天津霾等级预报的开展.     

福州市春冬季灰霾天气PM10和PM2．5污染水平和气象特征分析

分析和探讨了福州市霾日和非霾日气溶胶PM10和PM2.5污染水平,无论春季或冬季,霾日福州市气溶胶PM10和PM2．5的质量浓度是非霾日的1．6倍;通过对霾日与非霾日的天气形势与及地面气象要素场的分析,揭示了福州市灰霾天气形成原因。为政府用空气扩散能力来对大气污染物排放进行调控,为开展相应的大气污染防治工作提供科学依据。     

近50年华中地区霾污染的特征

基于1962~2011年霾日观测资料,使用线性回归、聚类分析及相关分析等统计方法分析了近50年华中地区霾污染的时空变化特征及其成因.结果表明,华中地区的霾高发中心位于河南中北部、湖北中西部和湖南中部人口集中的气溶胶浓度高值区,其中霾日数最多的站点为河南新乡,年均达到79.1d.霾的季节性变化表现为冬季霾日数最多,夏季最少,霾污染是典型的冬季大气环境事件.但随着近年春夏秋三季霾日的增加,华中地区霾污染的季节性差异减小.城市地区是华中霾污染严重的区域.近50年污染地区霾发生频率增多,而相对清洁地区霾污染发生频率减少.华中地区大气环境呈现出两极分化的变化特征.近50年来华中地区霾日增加受人为污染物排放加强和东亚季风减弱的共同影响.     

1981~2010年深圳市不同等级霾天气特征分析

利用1981~2010年深圳市地面观测及空气质量监测资料,分析深圳不同等级霾天气的长期变化特征以及大气水平能见度、空气质量与霾的关系.结果表明:深圳霾日数总体呈增多趋势,强度增强,中度以上霾增多;各等级霾日数均呈增多态势,但不同等级霾日占年总霾日的比例变化趋势不同,轻微霾所占比例下降,轻度以上霾上升; 霾天气呈现冬季>秋季>春季>夏季的季节特征,但重度霾却是夏季最多; 霾导致大气水平能见度明显下降,霾日平均能见度较非霾日低6~7km,霾等级越高,能见度下降越明显,霾日能见度日变化幅度较非霾日小;霾日SO2、NO2浓度为非霾日的1.4~1.7倍,PM10是非霾日的2.2倍,大气颗粒物污染加剧可能是深圳能见度恶化、霾天气增多的一个重要原因;针对荔香站霾日SO2浓度日变化不明显,PM10 、NO2浓度呈双峰型分布,与上下班时段吻合,说明机动车的增加也是深圳霾天气增多的主因之一;霾等级越高,空气中PM10、SO2、NO2的浓度越高,从轻微到重度霾各级之间SO2、NO2和PM10浓度增幅大都在15%~20%.     

1960~2016年江西省霾日变化特征及气候成因分析

利用江西省1960~2016年82个气象站水平能见度、相对湿度和天气现象等资料,重建了江西省霾日序列,分析了江西省霾日数的年际变化特征,并通过霾日数与降水日数、大风日数和静风日数的相关关系,探讨了不同季节霾日数年际变化的气候成因.结果表明：1960~2016年江西省霾日数表现为在1970s有明显偏高、1980年后显著增加趋势（0.53d/a）,赣北地区霾日多且增加速率快.四季霾日数均有增加,其中秋季贡献最大（0.21d/a,P<0.001）,春季其次（0.12d/a,P<0.001）,冬季霾日数最多,但年际趋势并不显著（0.10d/a,P>0.05）,夏季年均霾日数较低,增加幅度最小（0.09d/a,P<0.001）.过去几十年降水日数减少（-0.26d/a,P>0.05）导致大气湿沉降能力减弱,以及大风日数减少（-0.33d/a,P<0.01）和静风日数增加（1.73d/a,P<0.01）导致大气扩散能力降低,为江西省霾日增加提供了有利气候背景.但主要气候成因因季节不同：春季霾日数增加的主要气候成因是大风日数减少（r=-0.48,P<0.01）,与其他要素的关系不显著;夏季亦与大风日数减少显著相关（r=-0.50,P<0.01）,同时与静风日数增加显著相关（r=0.37,P<0.05）;秋季受大风日数减少、静风日数增加以及降水日数减少共同影响,导致秋季霾日增加速率最快;冬季霾日数仅与降水日数显著相关（r=-0.36,P<0.05）,但由于冬季降水日数变化趋势不明显（-0.26d/a,P>0.05）,冬季霾日数变化不显著.     

江苏省一次重霾污染天气的特征和机理分析

利用PM10, SO2,O3,NH3, NOx,CO等6种大气成分浓度数据、常规气象观测数据和天气图资料,结合HYSPLIT4后向轨迹模式,对2008年10月28~30日发生在江苏省的一次大面积重霾污染天气的特征和成因进行了综合分析.结果表明,此次重霾污染天气过程观测到的PM10, NOx,CO最大地面浓度分别达到0.553, 0.170, 2.738mg/m3,水平能见度达到1km以下.其中城市中CO和NOx浓度较郊区高,而SO2和O3则较低.该污染事件与大范围秋收秸秆集中燃烧,造成大量污染物排放有密切关系.平稳的高空环流形势、暖平流、地面高压场分布为重霾污染天气的发生、发展提供了有利的气象条件,地面表现为稳定的大气层结、静小风和低湿环境,非常不利于污染物的扩散.后向轨迹计算分析表明,造成此次重霾污染天气的气团主要来自河南中东部、苏北和安徽等重要产粮地区,长距离输送对区域霾污染产生重要影响.     

基于人工与自动观测对比分析的霾日重建

以杭州、宁波、衢州、温州气象观测站为代表站,基于浙江省2012~2014年人工与自动能见度、相对湿度观测资料,对比分析并建立拟合方程,对历史能见度及相对湿度进行修正,再利用《霾的观测与预报等级》标准对浙江历史霾日进行重建.研究表明,自动观测能见度与人工能见度线性相关性较好,但自动较人工明显偏低,人工能见度较好的沿海地区偏低更明显,全省自动能见度较人工平均偏低28.6%;自2004年开展相对湿度自动观测以来,相对湿度明显下降,根据人工与自动相对湿度对比观测数据,两种观测数据线性相关性较好,自动观测平均值小于人工平均值3%~6%;在对能见度与相对湿度采取线性回归方法进行均一性修正后,重建了霾日序列,结果表明重建后的霾曰序列消除人工与自动观测资料的误差,比原观测霾日气候序列质量有明显提高,重建的霾日变化趋势稳定,各站判定标准统一,更加合理.通过与各站2013年PM_(2.5)达到轻微污染日数与重建霾日数比较,二者的重合率大部分地区达到50%以上.利用修正重建的霾日对浙江1971年以来的霾日进行评估,20世纪70年代霾日较少,80年代逐步增加,本世纪以来增加明显,中心区域逐步由浙江中北部向浙北区域及沿海发展,尤其是一些中心城市霾日数最多.     

基于多卫星遥感的东北地区霾污染时空特征研究

利用多卫星(MODIS、CALIPSO、VIIRS)观测的气溶胶产品、地面空气质量监测数据和气象资料,获取了东北地区2006—2015年期间气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)的季节和年际变化特征,并对2014年10月14日东北地区一次典型重霾污染过程的特征及其潜在传输路径进行了深入讨论.研究结果显示,自2008年起东北地区灰霾污染范围扩大且污染程度加剧,呈带状空间分布(营口-长春-哈尔滨);区域内AOD值呈春、秋和冬季高,夏季低的时间变化特征.采用CALIPSO星载激光雷达数据与MODIS、VIIRS卫星获取的AOD开展综合分析,可有效弥补MODIS、VIIRS卫星因冬季积雪亮地表干扰所产生的AOD缺省区域,增强对长期积雪覆盖地区霾污染的时空特征分析能力.与反映霾污染空间分布范围更广的VIIRS卫星相比,MODIS卫星AOD值与东北地区地面观测获取的AQI、PM10和PM2.5相关系数更高,分别为0.89、0.73和0.83.进一步研究结果显示,秋末冬初东北地区的霾污染事件与农作物秸秆焚烧有关,同时,华北地区灰霾污染可跨越渤海湾传输至东北地区,进一步形成更大尺度的带状区域污染.     

1960~2013年我国霾污染的时空变化

利用近54年（1960～2013年）我国霾日以及一些相关气象要素的观测资料,采用气候倾向估计、聚类分析、累积距平和突变检验等多种方法,分析了我国霾日数变化特征.结果表明：我国的霾污染主要发生在中东部和南部,尤以北京、山西中部和南部、河南局部地区、长江三角洲和珠江三角洲等地最为严重,我国西部和东北部地区相对较少.霾日发生的频率总体呈增加的趋势,而且与能源消耗总量有很好的正相关关系.我国霾日数的增加除了依赖于污染源排放加剧外,不利的气候条件加剧了霾天气的发生.近54年降水日数、平均风速、日照时数和相对湿度与霾日数的相关系数分别为-0.653、-0.635、-0.462和-0.699,远远超出了99.9%的信度检验标准.聚类分析表明,上升极显著、上升显著和上升明显的站点年平均霾日数近年来均有加速上升的趋势,其累积距平的变化趋势为下降-平缓-上升型.轻微上升站点上升时期为20世纪60年代至70年代末与2000年之后,累积距平为多波动型.轻微下降与下降明显的站点快速上升时期为60年代至70年代末,随后均有不同程度的下降,累积距平呈上升-平缓-下降型,且在1992～1993年间霾日数发生了由多到少的突变.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.