环境监察效能亟待提高

近年来,随着经济的快速增长,环境监察领域的逐步拓展,环境监察工作日益繁重.然而由于现有环保法律不完善、监察力量薄弱,监察手段落后、管理体制不顺等原因,环境监察工作不断暴露出一些问题,提高环境监察效能已刻不容缓.作者结合工作实践,就如何提高环境监察效能,提出首先要明确环境监察执法主体资格,理顺执法体制,其次通过加强硬件建设和队伍建设来强化执法手段和执法水平,并通过进一步完善公众参与机制和环境稽查机制,推动环境监察部门全面提高执法能力.     

浅谈化工园区环境执法过程中存在的主要问题及对策

阐述了化工园区环境执法中存在的主要问题,并提出了相应的对策,即应健全环境法制建设,强化执法手段;实行垂直管理,建立统一监管机制;加大对环境保护的宣传教育力度,提高环境法制观念;加强环保执法队伍的建设;加强执法监督机制建设;加强奖惩机制建设。     

当前农村环境执法面临的困境及出路

加强农村环境执法工作是推进农村生态文明建设的重要保障。当前农村环境执法工作存在着监管范围点多面广、监管机制不全、监管能力不足等困境。基层党委政府要重视农村环境执法工作,着力加强农村环境执法机构设置,加强执法队伍能力建设,加强环保及相关部门工作协作配合机制建设,推进美丽乡村建设。     

深圳:强化队伍建设与企业监管全面提高环境执法效能

经过25年的发展,深圳市的环境监察工作进入了快车道,队伍不断壮大、装备日益精良.然而,环境容量有限与发展经济的矛盾给环境监管工作带来了巨大的压力.深圳市环境监察支队通过构建高效的环境监督执法体系强化队伍建设以及运用综合手段强化对企业的管理,使深圳市环境监察工作更加严密、规范,环境执法能力和执法效能得到全面提高.     

贯彻落实新《环境保护法》 强化危险废物环境监察工作

危险废物会对生态环境和人体健康构成严重危害,新修订的《环境保护法》以及《关于加强环境监管执法的通知》使危险废物的环境监察工作步入新常态。当前环境监察工作面临危险废物环境违法事件集中式爆发、危险废物规范化管理水平偏低、危险废物大量堆积等问题,本文从技术支撑缺乏、执法监管缺位、执法队伍能力建设薄弱等方面分析了危险废物环境监察问题产生的原因,提出危险废物环境监察能力建设、危险废物专项执法检查、危险废物环境监察机制创新、强化宣传培训等对策建议。     

环境损害鉴定评估:环境监察执法的一把“钢尺”

新常态下环境执法工作取得了巨大的进步,但仍存在程序不规范、执法手段粗糙、执法能力不足等问题,新《环境保护法》对环境监察执法工作提出了更严格的要求,作为执法过程中收集环境犯罪证据、计算直接经济损失的现实需要,环境损害鉴定评估能够为环境监察执法提供重要的技术依据。本文分析了环境监察执法中环境损害鉴定评估的程序和内容,从工作机制、技术研发、队伍能力、信息公开等方面提出了加快建立环境监察执法与环境损害鉴定评估制度衔接的对策建议。     

让案件经得起检验——中山市开展环保行政执法案卷评查工作

正基层是行政执法的主要领域也是薄弱环节。2012年以来,中山市环保局结合实际,通过开展行政执法案卷评查,有效地提升了镇区环境监管和行政执法水平。"既要建立重心下移、力量下沉的法治工作机制,又要积极推行‘阳光执法’,严格规范和约束执法行为。"基层是行政执法的主要领域也是薄弱环节。近日国务院办公厅印发《关于加强环境监管执法通知》,强调加快解决环境监管执法队伍基础差、能力弱等问题,加强环境监察队伍和能力建设,为推进环境监管执法工作提供有     

务实苦干，开拓环境监察新思路

为贯彻落实国务院《关于落实科学发展观加强环境保护的决定》（以下简称《决定》）和第六次全国环保大会精神，2006年在国家环保总局（以下简称“总局”）党组的统一部署下，环境监察局针对环境执法工作中存在的法制、体制、机制和能力等4大障碍，深刻剖析了思想观念、工作作风、制度建设、组织业务管理等方面的4个不适应，就环境执法适应历史性转变，提出“关口要前移，做到全过程、主动积极的环境执法”，“环境执法手段和方法要做到综合、协调”，“环境执法范围要实现社会性、全方位”，“环境执法队伍要实现素质好、水平高、能力强”的总体思路。针对地方和国家环保总局有关部门提出的改进工作的意见和建议，环境监察局认真落实了为理顺环境应急体制、加大执法力度、加快执法能力建设、加强队伍建设、公开五项承诺制度等方面的15项工作而提出的整改措施，按照“全面推进、重点突破，抓落实、抓实干、抓细节、抓基层”的原则部署工作，以突出打击环境违法行为为重点，以持续开展“整治违法排污企业保障群众健康环保专项行动”为主线，以切实解决人民群众急需解决的环境问题为目标，以思想作风整顿为动力，对重点工作抓落实，基础工作抓细节，队伍建设抓基层，全面推进各项环境监察工作，开拓环境监察新思路。[编者按]     

务实苦干,开拓环境监察新思路

为贯彻落实国务院《关于落实科学发展观加强环境保护的决定》(以下简称《决定》)和第六次全国环保大会精神,2006年在国家环保总局(以下简称"总局")党组的统一部署下,环境监察局针对环境执法工作中存在的法制、体制、机制和能力等4大障碍,深刻剖析了思想观念、工作作风、制度建设、组织业务管理等方面的4个不适应,就环境执法适应历史性转变,提出"关口要前移,做到全过程、主动积极的环境执法","环境执法手段和方法要做到综合、协调","环境执法范围要实现社会性、全方位","环境执法队伍要实现素质好、水平高、能力强"的总体思路.     

建立一支环境监理执法队伍势在必行

1990年12月,国务院以国发(1990)65号文颁发了《关于进一步加强环境保护工作的决定》。在这个决定中,国务院明确规定要“加强基层环境监督执法队伍建设,增强执法力量”。为了贯彻国务院决定精神,解决长期以来环境保护工作中存在的“执法队伍薄弱,环保执法不力”的问题,国家环境保护局在大量调查研究的基础上,总结了全国部分省、市进行的环境监理工作试点、加强基层执法队伍建设的经验,制定了《全国环境监理工作暂行办法》,为建立一支环境监理执法队伍,增强基层环保执法力量创造了有利的条件。一、国家有关综合监督管理部门执法队伍的建设情况和人事部、财政部对此问题的看     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.