惠州:生态创建结硕果

<正>惠城区(含仲恺高新区)去年跻身省级生态区,淡水街道、霞涌街道、罗阳镇成功申报国家级生态乡镇,有创建任务的53个乡镇的国家生态文明建设示范乡镇申报材料已上报省环境保护厅……去年,惠州国家生态文明建设示范市创建工作硕果累累。惠州市环境保护局相关负责人介绍,截至目前,惠州80%的乡镇已创建成省级生态乡镇,90%以上的村已创建成市级以上生态村。另外,全市47个国家级生态乡镇、3个国家级生态村,正在等待国     

推进文明生态村建设改善农村环境面貌

文明生态村创建和生态省建设全面展开 河北是一个农业大省、人口大省，全省6800万人口大部分在农村。全面建设小康社会，最艰巨最繁重的任务在农村。2003年3月，省委在贯彻落实十六大精神、进一步做好新形势下农村工作的调研中，顺应农村发展的形势和广大农民的需要，提出了创建文明生态村的设想。随后，在农村经济基础比较好的唐山市首先开展了试点工作。2004年2月，省委六届五次全会将创建活动纳入农村全面建设小康社会的总体目标，省委、省政府印发了《关于在全省农村广泛开展创建文明生态村活动的意见》，提出到2020年实现全省农村基本建成文明生态村的目标。2004年4月，省委、省政府召开全省创建文明生态村工作会议，总结试点工作经验，对广泛开展创建活动进行了动员布署，提出了“经济发展、民主健全、精神充实、环境良好”的总要求，文明生态村创建活动在全省全面展开。截至目前，全省已有7374个行政村基本完成创建工作任务，占全省行政村总数的15％；4920个行政村列入了今年创建规划，目前巳基本建成，占全省行政村总数的10％。     

保护、营造良好的生态环境——扬州市开展生态市建设的启示

“烟花三月下扬州”。前不久 ,我有幸参观考察了扬州创建“全国环保模范城市”和“生态城市”的情况 ,感慨颇多。扬州市位于江苏中部 ,是衔接苏南、辐射苏北的门户。南临长江 ,有 81公里江岸线 ,中贯京杭大运河 ,北接淮水。全市总面积 6 6 3 8平方公里 ,人口 46 7万人 ;辖 4个县和 3个区 ,所辖各县全部已建成国家级生态示范区 ,还建成了 4个省、市级自然保护区和森林公园 ,以及一批生态村 (镇 )和生态居住小区 ,出现了不少循环型、生态型经济发展模式和示范企业。2 0 0 1年 ,扬州市的 GDP达 5 1 0亿元 ,人均 1 .1 5万元 ,其中 :市区为 2 .…     

围绕农村小康环保目标 大力创建文明生态村

文昌市是海南省创建文明生态村最早的市县之一，围绕建设社会主义新农村、促进农村小康环保目标的实现，大力创建文明生态村，取得了显著的成绩。截至目前，全市创建的文明生态村总数已达到1241个，占全市自然村总数的41％，创建资金投入累计达到1．2亿元。文昌市的创建工作得到中央和海南省省委的充分肯定，先后在2002年和2005年分别荣获“全国创建文明村镇工作先进市”荣誉称号和海南省“文明生态村建设工作示范市”荣誉称号。     

围绕农村小康环保目标大力创建文明生态村

文昌市是海南省创建文明生态村最早的市县之一,围绕建设社会主义新农村、促进农村小康环保目标的实现,大力创建文明生态村,取得了显著的成绩.截至目前,全市创建的文明生态村总数已达到1241个,占全市自然村总数的41%,创建资金投入累计达到1.2亿元.     

环境保护部关于命名第七批全国环境优美乡镇和第一批国家级生态村的决定

各省、自治区、直辖市环境保护局（厅）,新疆生产建设兵团环境保护局： 根据各有关省级环境保护行政主管部门的申报核查意见,经我部审定和社会公示,决定授予北京市密云县密云镇等204个乡镇“全国环境优美乡镇”称号,授予上海市闵行区旗忠村等24个村“国家级生态村”称号。     

关于加强生态示范创建工作的指导意见

为贯彻落实《国务院关于落实科学发展观加强环境保护的决定》(国发[2005]39号)提出的加强生态省(市、县)和环境优美乡镇、文明生态村创建工作的要求,加快推进环境保护历史性转变,促进资源节约型、环境友好型社会和社会主义新农村建设,努力构建社会主义和谐社会,现就进一步深化生态示范创建工作提出如下意见:     

生态

为遏制骆马湖生态功能退化的趋势,江苏新沂市近日制定了骆马湖生态功能保护区规划。按照“整体、协调、循环、再生”的原则,严格控制进入湖区的人口,调节人水、人地矛盾,限制捕捞采砂,减少生活污水及垃圾对湖水的污染,使骆马湖水资源进入良性循环。到2005年,把骆马湖建成国内外闻名的自然保护区和风景名胜区。(新沂韩从刚)江苏射阳县以创建国家级生态县为抓手,认真落实农村面源污染防治各项措施,加强农村环境执法,全县农村面源污染得到了有效控制,生态环境明显优化。目前全县已建成9个省级“百佳生态村”。(射阳魏列伟)江苏赣榆县与山东莒南…     

国家环境保护总局文件环发[200712号

各省、自治区、直辖市环境保护局（厅），新疆生产建设兵团环境保护局，各直属单位，各派出机构： 为贯彻落实《国务院关于落实科学发展观加强环境保护的决定》（国发（2005）39号）提出的加强生态省（市、县）和环境优美乡镇、文明生态村创建工作的要求，加快推进环境保护历史性转变，我局组织制订了《国家环保总局关于加强生态示范创建工作的指导意见》。现印发给你们，请结合自身实际，加强对生态示范创建工作的领导，求真务实，坚持标准，严格把关，力戒形式主义，扎扎实实地抓好推动、创建工作。     

海宁市省级生态镇创建工作实行全覆盖

近日，浙江省环境保护局下发《关于命名第四批省级生态乡镇的通知》，海宁市袁花、黄湾二镇被授予“省级生态镇”称号。至此，海宁市自开展生态市创建至今，已累计创建2个全国环境优美镇，6个省级生态镇，省级生态镇创建工作实行全覆盖。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.