辽宁省辽河流域应急监测能力建设

辽河流域是我国重要的经济区,尤其是辽宁省辽河流域,人口密集,社会、经济在我国北方地区中比较发达. 20余年水质监测数据表明:辽宁省辽河流域各主要河流卜游水质较好,中下游水质质量一般都超过水功能区划的目标,污染因子以化学耗氧量、氨氮等有机污染为主;具有饮用功能的大中型水库水质质量多年保持较好,除总磷总氮外基本稳定在Ⅱ～Ⅲ类之间.     

清河流域水环境质量监测与评价研究

近年来,随着全球各地城市化和工业化进程的不断加快,以及人类对河流水生态系统资源的不合理、掠夺式利用,河流水生态系统遭到严重破坏,各地河流相继出现水质恶化、水文条件改变、物种多样性退化、生境条件恶劣等诸多问题。文章对辽河主要支流清河水生态系统的水质状况进行了研究,并于2012年6月,对清河流域22个监测断面水质状况进行了实地调查,对其水质状况进行了评价,结果表明:22个监测断面中,达到Ⅲ类水质断面的有8个,Ⅳ类7个,Ⅴ类1个,劣Ⅴ类6个。其中6个劣Ⅴ类断面分别因氟化物、氨氮、总磷浓度超标而为劣Ⅴ类。     

山东临沂柳青河水质调查与季节动态分析

本次调查在柳青河设置了9个采样点,采样时间为2017年3月、6月和9月。采用pH、COD、总氮、总磷和氨氮评价柳青河水质与季节动态。结果显示,柳青河pH和总磷:秋季春季夏季,COD和总氮:夏季秋季春季,铵态氮:春季秋季夏季。整体上看,柳青河春季、夏季和秋季营养水平均处于较高水平,COD为Ⅳ类至Ⅴ类,总磷为Ⅴ类至劣Ⅴ类,氨氮为Ⅱ类至劣Ⅴ类。柳青河pH:上游下游中游,COD、总氮、总磷和铵态氮:下游中游上游。从整体上看,柳青河中游和下游营养水平均处于较高水平,上游水体稍好,COD为Ⅲ类至Ⅴ类,总氮和总磷均为Ⅲ类至劣Ⅴ类,氨氮为Ⅱ类至劣Ⅴ类。     

太湖蠡河小流域水质的空间变化特征及污染物源解析

为了解太湖流域河流中污染物的来源及时空变化特征,于2014年在太湖湖西区蠡河小流域开展水质监测,对从上游到下游的5个监测点汛期和非汛期水体中的总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、化学需氧量(COD)浓度的变化规律及其影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,监测期间流域水体中TP、NH_4~+-N、COD的浓度均值为0.176、1.075、10.626 mg·L~(-1),水质状况总体较好,未超过Ⅳ类水标准.从上游到下游TP、NH_4~+-N浓度逐渐升高,下游水质较差,均属于劣Ⅴ类水质;而COD浓度较低,未超过Ⅳ类水标准.受降雨的影响,污染物浓度在汛期略高于非汛期.在非汛期,污染物浓度从上游到下游逐渐升高,而在汛期,各监测点污染物浓度没有明显的变化趋势.随着居民地面积的增加,林地面积的减少污染物浓度逐渐升高.流域人口密度、畜禽养殖与水体中污染物浓度显著相关.蠡河流域农业面源污染的主要来源是生活源和畜禽养殖源.     

关于山东临沂孝河水质调查与分析

本次调查在孝河设置了9个采样点,采样时间为2017年8月。采用pH、COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷评价孝河水质与河段差异。结果显示,孝河水体营养水平很高,全河段总磷均为劣Ⅴ类,COD和氨氮基本为Ⅳ至Ⅴ类。孝河pH和总氮为下游显著高于上游和中游,COD和氨氮为中游显著高于上游和下游。     

吉林省东辽河流域劣Ⅴ类断面污染成因及污染防治对策研究

本文在收集整理国家及吉林省对吉林省东辽河流域水质目标要求、吉林省东辽河流域水环境质量状况基础上,识别影响从2010年到2018年第一季度期间吉林省东辽河流域劣Ⅴ类断面的主要水环境问题,从城镇和农村生活污染、农业种植面源污染、畜禽养殖面源污染、工业污染、支流污染、黑臭水体、水源地安全隐患等方面,辨析吉林省东辽河流域劣Ⅴ类断面所在区域的主要环境问题的污染成因,研究提出消除吉林省东辽河流域劣Ⅴ类断面的防治对策建议,为推动吉林省东辽河流域水质改善提供参考。     

辽河保护区湿地恢复技术与策略

正辽河是中国七大江河之一,也是辽宁的母亲河,历史上是一条生机勃勃的大河,滩平沙净,水流浩荡。后因长期过度开发、资源破坏,尤其是工农业及生活污水大量涌入,导致辽河流域生态环境恶化,成为中国污染最重的河流之一。"十一五"期间,辽河流域水污染治理取得突破性进展,实现了流域干流水质COD消灭劣Ⅴ类的目标。     

南盘江（云南段）总磷、氨氮变化趋势分析

依据2014—2021年水质监测资料,选取资料齐全的13个断面,对云南境内南盘江流域水质现状及变化趋势进行分析评价。结果显示,监测断面水体类别以《GB 3838-2002地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水质为主,其中龚家坝断面全年污染最严重,狗街断面在2020—2021年污染以Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ类水质为主。花山水库入口断面2015—2017年水质类别为Ⅱ类,未达到目标水质,其余断面水质类别均达到目标水质标准。总磷为该流域主要超标项目,氨氮次之,生活污水和农业生产污染是造成南盘江流域水质污染的主要因素。     

“大浑太”综合整治中财政支持的五大效益

大辽河、浑河、太子河（以下简称＂大浑太＂）污染问题是辽河流域治理的一个重点,也是辽宁省生态文明建设的重要组成部分。为了完成党中央、国务院交给辽宁的这项重要任务,为了兑现向全省人民作出的庄严承诺,辽宁省委、省政府加大财政投入,强化财政支持,到2012年底前,＂大浑太＂流域干流18个断面水质全部达到Ⅳ类水质,24条主要支流全部消灭劣Ⅴ类水质。在集中治理过程中,为了充分发挥财政投入的作用,严格资金管理,辽宁省财政厅与辽宁省环境保护厅建立联动工作机制,根据辽宁省环境保护厅提供的项目进度拨付资金,做到专款专用,严禁挤占、挪用和延迟下拨,确保资金使用安全。实践表明,财政支持的＂大浑太＂集中整治产生了显著的综合效益。     

武汉水果湖水质特征变化研究

为探索城市湖泊受人类活动影响水质变化规律,以武汉水果湖为例,于2012年5月至2013年4月选取水果湖有代表性的6个采样点,对总磷、总氮、COD水质指标进行监测,采用综合污染指数法对水质现状进行评价,并分析了其变化与气象因素的关系。结果表明:水果湖总磷浓度在8月份较高,最高达到2 mg/L,总磷变化与同期月平均气温和日照在整体变化趋势上较为一致;总氮浓度在4月和1月份最高达3 mg/L,全年呈波浪起伏状,且总氮含量与同期风速有一定的相关关系;COD浓度在5~7月最高达85 mg/L。整体各月水质情况4~8月水质为劣Ⅴ类,1月和11月Ⅴ类,其余月份为Ⅳ类。从空间情况看与东湖连通之处水质相对较好,为Ⅴ类,与沙湖连通处为劣Ⅴ类。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.