基于变权的城镇用地扩展生态适宜性空间模糊评价——以江苏省太仓市为例

城镇用地生态适宜性评价有助于引导城镇用地合理扩展。针对传统评价方法的不足及生态适宜性的模糊性,提出基于局部惩罚型变权的空间模糊综合评价方法,并选择7项生态适宜性影响因素,在GIS软件的支持下对江苏省太仓市城镇用地的生态适宜性进行综合评判。结果显示,变权模型可灵活而合理地处理各评价单元各因素的权重值;研究区内适宜、基本适宜、较不适宜和不适宜于城镇扩展的土地分别占土地面积的25.89%、8.35%、37.43%和28.33%,其生态敏感性评价结果及其空间分布与实际相符,通过生态敏感性综合分值的比较可为城镇用地扩展区位选择提供依据。研究表明,基于变权的空间模糊综合评价凸显了"瓶颈"因素的否决作用,更能精确、合理地反映城镇用地扩展的生态适宜性状况。     

基于改进斜坡单元法的山区城镇建设用地适宜性评价

城镇建设用地适宜性评价是城镇发展规划中十分重要的基础性工作,不仅可为城镇土地利用分类与合理开发提供科学依据,也可为后续城市各项专题规划奠定基础。以重庆市云阳县双江镇为例,在充分收集资料和现场调查工作的基础上,首先通过筛选研究区城镇建设用地适宜性评价指标,选取地层岩性、坡度等10个基础指标因子构建了评价指标体系,并采用层次分析法确定指标权重;然后提出基于改进的斜坡单元法——盆域山体阴影法的评价单元划分方法,并与传统栅格单元法的评价单元划分方法进行了对比;最后采用多因子叠加模型开展了研究区建设用地适宜性评价研究。结果表明:采用改进的斜坡单元法得出的研究区适宜性评价结果更加符合双江镇实际建设用地中土地利用的现状,评价结果的实用性和精度明显优于传统的栅格单元法,可为类似地区城镇土地利用规划提供科学依据。     

建设用地生态适宜性分析在规划环评中的应用

选取工程地质及重要生态敏感点等多项评价因子,从国家(及地方和行业)规定的标准、背景和本底标准、类比标准以及科学研究已判定的生态效应等方面讨论了评价标准的建立过程。采用多边形法,以所有评价因子的图层叠加后形成的最小图斑作为评价单元,避免了网格法中规则网格的划分不易完全与土地的均质条件及各影响因素的实际分布相符合的缺点。利用层次分析法求得的因子权重对每个单元用于建设用地的生态适宜性进行综合评价。以北京市顺义区为例,将建设用地生态适宜性分析结果与区域建设用地规划作对比分析,从生态环境保护的角度评价其规划布局的合理性。结果表明:基于上述评价标准的生态适宜性分析能够很好地应用于规划环境影响评价(SEA)。     

宜宾市规划中心城区工程建设地质环境适宜性综合评价

根据宜宾市规划中心城区的地质环境特征,建立了由地形地貌、水文、工程地质、水文地质、不良地质作用和地质灾害、活动断裂和地震效应6个评价要素和19个评价因子构成的多层次工程建设地质环境适宜性评价指标体系,采用层次分析法确定了评价指标的权重,并采用基于评价单元的多因子分级加权指数法评价模型,利用GIS空间分析技术对宜宾市规划中心城区工程建设地质环境适宜性进行了综合评价,对工程建设地质环境适宜性与建设规划的协调性进行了分析。结果表明:宜宾市规划中心城区工程建设地质环境适宜区占研究区总面积的25.78%,较适宜区占29.01%,适宜性差区占18.03%,不适宜区占23.04%,适宜和较适宜的地区可满足近期城市规划用地需求;规划中心城区用地规划整体比较合理,现有和规划建设用地的工程建设地质环境适宜性主要为适宜和较适宜。该评价结果可为宜宾市城市规划、工程建设选址、重大基础设施建设规划及土地利用优化布局提供科学依据,同时对完善工程建设地质环境适宜性评价体系具有一定的理论意义。     

生态村规划中的生态适宜性研究——以昆山市晟泰村为例

运用层次分析法确定权重值,经一致性检验计算得综合评价值,运用MapInfo软件进行图层展示。通过分析晟泰村生态适宜性,明确生态规划中存在的环境制约因素,优化土地布局,从而有利于晟泰村生态规划的实施,达到土地资源优化的可持续发展。     

郑州市地质环境适宜性评价及功能区划

在系统分析郑州市地质环境条件的基础上,将该地区的地质环境分为农业活动、城市建设、生态建设与保护3种功能类型,建立了相应的地质环境适宜性评价指标体系;同时利用基于三角模糊数的层次分析法确定了各指标的权重;最后运用敏感因子-综合指数模型,对该地区的农业活动、城市建设功能类型的地质环境适宜性进行了综合评价,并根据综合评价结果,按照一定的功能区划原则,得到了郑州市地质环境适宜性功能区划结果.该研究对城市建设规划与管理具有重要的意义.     

基于P-S-R模型的焦作市生态安全评价

文章基于焦作市社会、经济及生态环境现状分析,借鉴压力-状态-响应(P-S-R)模型,运用层次分析法构建一个涵盖指标层、因素层、准则层及目标层等4层次的城市生态安全评价指标体系。在用熵权法确定各指标权重的基础上,结合时间趋势法评价焦作市2001～2007年的生态安全状况。结果表明:2001～2003年间生态安全综合指数值分别为0.277 7、0.384 5、0.505 3,表示生态安全水平较低;2004～2007年间生态安全综合指数值在0.573 5～0.683 1之间,生态安全有所提高。整体来看,近些年来,焦作市的生态安全水平呈现不断好转态势。该研究可为了解焦作市生态安全现状,及其未来生态环境质量改善和生态安全规划管理提供依据。     

基于生态适宜度和三角模型的煤矿临时建设用地复垦决策研究

开展煤矿临时建设用地生态化复垦利用是响应生态文明建设战略、践行“生态型土地整治+”理念、优化布局国土三生空间的重要途径。论文以重庆市綦江区14个煤矿的临时性建设用地为研究对象,构建由自然因素、区位因素、人口因素等8个因素,坡度、距道路距离、土壤污染程度等20多个评价因子组成的适宜性评价指标体系,采用综合权重法（AHP层次分析法+熵权法）赋权,将生态位适宜度模型和三角模型引入煤矿临时建设用地生态化复垦利用决策分析中。结果表明： 1）各评价单元不同复垦利用方向的生态适宜度指数平均值均大于0.5,研究区整体条件较好,基本适宜于不同复垦方向利用,但部分地块生态位适宜度系数较低,需要采取工程或生物措施对生境条件加以改善和整治。2）单方向复垦利用分析中,农业用地复垦方向适宜度呈“倒金字塔形”分布,以Ⅰ级（最适宜）面积最大,占比44.94%;建设用地复垦方向和生态用地复垦方向适宜度呈“橄榄形”分布,以Ⅱ级（适宜）面积最大,分别占到76.54%和58.02%。综合复垦利用方向分析中,各复垦利用方向的评价单元个数和面积,均呈现出农业用地>生态用地>建设用地的状态,三者分别占总面积的46.29%、30.17%、23.54%。3）影响农业用地复垦利用方向的主要因素为土壤质地、公众复垦意愿和耕地比重,影响建设用地复垦利用方向的主要因素为地质灾害易发程度、公众意愿和非农产业发展潜力,影响生态用地复垦利用方向的主要因素则为林地比率、人均林地面积和土壤有机质含量。该研究可为煤矿临时建设用地复垦方向确定提供方法参考和决策依据。     

基于“双评价”的城镇开发边界划定技术——以湘潭县中心城区为例

构建"生态—农业—建设综合统筹"的城镇开发边界划定技术模型,即按"短板理论"计算空间约束下的县域建设开发建议规模,按指标权重计算综合得分进行国土空间开发适宜性评价,按生态优先、耕地保护优先原则确定地块规划功能,结合城镇建设现状、社会经济发展和城乡协调发展等因素划定城镇开发边界。以湘潭县中心城区为例进行实证,划定城镇开发边界4500 hm2。结果表明:与湘潭县土地利用总体规划规模边界、城市总体规划中心城区空间增长边界相比,本次划定的城镇开发边界中生态极重要或极敏感区域由3.49%、12.46%降为0,新增建设用地占用耕地的比例由53.26%、50.94%降低到21.02%,新增建设用地年均增速相比降低了45.65%。该技术模型对优化国土空间开发利用保护布局,促进绿色发展、高质量发展起到了积极作用。     

模糊评价数学模型在道路交通安全评价中的应用

以道路交通安全公认的三大因素———人、车、路为前提,依据系统工程学原理,确定了道路交通安全评价的指标体系,采用层次分析法确定评价指标的权重,对交通安全的影响进行模糊综合评价,并给出了算例。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.