中国海岸带灾害地质查询及风险评价系统的设计与实现

介绍了"中国海岸带灾害地质查询及风险评价系统"开发研制的GIS平台,VB为二次开发工具,利用OLE技术集成开发.系统实现了对中国海岸带灾害地质的可视化查询、空间分析和综合评价,并为实施海岸带灾害地质综合管理和决策提供了科学依据.     

空间多准则决策及其在资源环境领域中的应用

空间多准则决策是基于地理信息系统(GIS)和多准则决策分析(MCDA)发展起来的,是当前决策领域研究的热点,在实际生活案例中应用广泛.分析了国内外多准则决策分析到空间多准则决策分析的发展,研究了空间多准则决策分析的理论框架;重点论述了空间多准则决策在资源环境领域土地适宜性评价、设施选址问题、资源评价与管理和防灾四个方面的应用;探讨了空间多准则决策分析目前仍存在的问题及其在资源环境领域未来的发展方向,指出空间多准则决策分析需要进一步研究适用于资源环境领域的空间多准则决策方法,并在实践中不断完善,同时结合遥感等新技术,为空间多准则决策提供辅助作用.     

基于GIS技术的台风风暴潮灾害风险评估——以台州市为例

分析了台州市台风风暴潮灾害特征,根据台州市沿海区域的地理、水文、社会经济等特点,在台风风暴潮数值模型模拟基础上,实现了基于格网和GIS技术的台风风暴潮灾害风险评价。通过构建台风风暴潮灾害风险评价模型,对台州市区沿海地区的台风风暴潮灾害危险度、脆弱性和防灾减灾能力进行了分析,在GIS平台上进行淹没分析、叠置分析、以及格网拟合计算,最后绘制出了台州市台风风暴潮灾害高分辨率风险区划图,以期为我国风暴潮防灾减灾工作提供科学参考。     

基于ArcObjects的区域环境污染源分析评价系统

ComGIS在当今组件式软件技术潮流中应运而生,应用模型以及模型实现技术的研究是当前GIS领域深入研究的热点,基于COM和ArcObjects的区域环境污染源分析评价系统体现了GIS建模技术在地学领域的具体应用.文章探讨了COM和ComGIS 的基本原理以及基于ArcObjects组件库的二次开发技术方法,在分析环境污...     

福州市溪源江流域洪涝灾害风险地图设计研究

选取福州地区洪涝灾害风险突出的中小流域-溪源江流域作为研究区域,收集历史灾害资料、结合实地孕灾环境和承灾体调查,应用自然灾害风险理论和GIS空间分析方法,对研究区域洪涝灾害孕灾环境、承灾体、致灾因子、防灾减灾能力等因素进行综合分析。通过分析发现,流域内山洪、内涝灾害风险突出,城中村落、苗圃、根雕作坊手工园区等存在较大的洪涝灾害风险。根据分析的结果,从流域洪涝灾害形成和发展的机制出发,面向不同的地图读者对象,重点传达流域风险的特征、来源以及防御的方向上,提出洪涝灾害风险地图设计理念,并制作出四张洪涝灾害风险地图。设计思路可为类似中小流域洪水风险图编制提供参考。     

三维地学统计模型与放射性废物污染监测

地理信息系统(GIS)是一种基于计算机硬软件技术、结合应用系统工程和信息科学理论的空间数据管理分析系统.它诞生于60年代,现已趋成熟.近10年计算机技术及相关信息技术(如遥感技术、大地定位技术)高速发展,极大推动了地理信息技术的进步.该系统与目前正广泛应用的管理信息系统(MIS)的主要区别在于GIS将研究对象的信息域扩展到空间域,不仅考虑客体的内在属性特征,还考虑它们在自然界的空间分布特征.因此,在地理信息系统环境下可以实现客体的三维空间模拟分析,并采用图形图象显示技术将分析过程及结果动态地投影于二维平面,从更深的层次上揭示事物的内在实质,在很大程度上深化了人类对客观事物的认识,这也是GIS近年来为国民经济诸多领域所广泛引用的根本     

赤潮灾害风险评估系统的初步设计

分析了国内外各种自然灾害评估系统的研究现状以及赤潮灾害风险评估的研究成果,赤潮灾害风险评估的指标体系、评估模型已经初步建立,并获得了较好的可行性和正确性,建成了赤潮管理信息系统.在此基础上提出了建立赤潮灾害风险评估系统的初步设想.系统建成后,基于GIS的空间分析功能,结合赤潮灾害风险评估数据库,可以快速、实用、准确地提...     

基于GIS的造纸企业生态风险评价初探

造纸企业的生态危害问题是环保工作的热点,生态风险评价成为辅助决策过程的重要工具之一。本文应用GIS技术与层次分析法,以江苏省为研究区,对生态风险进行了定量综合评价和空间格局分析。结果为反映生态风险状况,优化防御措施以及进行预警决策提供了依据。     

公路景观生态环境风险评价体系的建立和应用:以315国道新疆依吞布拉克—且末段为例

应用景观生态学思想,依据层次分析模式建立了公路生态环境风险评价体系,在专家思想库的基础之上,为突出各评价指标的空间属性,规定其权重值由评价指标影响空间范围的大小来确定.其中环境因子的影响范围,即所占面积,利用GIS对相关图件解读获得,灾害因子影响路段的长度则在施工设计和路线勘测阶段实测而得.使用该评价体系对315国道新疆依吞布拉克且末段的生态环境风险性进行评价,结果表明,该路域生态环境风险指数ERA介于1.55～3.23之间.由于ERA包含的生态环境脆弱性指数∑x_iw_i和灾害系数∑y_iw_j存在空间异质性,故据其最终对路域内的8个景观生态单元,用4个风险级别进行了评价,较真实地反映了该路段生态环境风险特征.     

基于GIS的乡镇干旱灾害风险评估与区划——以河北省唐山市滦县为例

以河北省唐山市滦县为例,基于乡镇气象资料历史序列的构建,利用AHP决策分析法和加权综合评价法,结合GIS空间分析技术,对滦县干旱灾害风险进行评估与区划。结果表明,旱灾高风险区多发生在东部古马镇、雷庄镇、响嘡镇、油榨镇等;轻度旱灾风险区一般发生在西部及西北部的山丘地区,如杨柳庄镇、九百户等乡镇。通过实际历史数据验证,滦县干旱灾害风险评估模型比较客观,能够全面反映出滦县的干旱灾害风险水平。对不同的风险区域采取针对性的防治措施,能够最大限度地减少干旱灾害带来的损失。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.