富营养化水体除藻方法的研究

对我国富营养化湖泊藻类的去除方法进行了简要的阐述,主要有物理法、化学法以及生物法等.针对目前使用的除藻方法,提出了水体富营养化治理的研究方向.     

"去藻247"在除藻过程中对水体中氮磷的影响

随着目前水体藻类富营养化日益严重,国内外针对藻类的去除技术可分为物理、化学、生物法.实验采用国外引进的"去藻247"作为除藻剂,通过对滇池藻类去除效果进行试验和分析,研究"去藻247"中生物Cu2 通过改变水体中氮磷比例以及氮磷浓度的变化,以达到除藻的目的.结果表明,降低TP的浓度更易加大藻类的去除率,并且,其去除率随着藻类厚度(3～15 mm)的增加而提高,说明了"去藻247"具有一定的生物稳定性.     

不同类型富营养化微型水体藻华暴发期微生物群落结构变化分析

与藻华有关的微生物群落对水体中的氮、磷循环起着关键性的作用,了解富营养化水体中细菌和藻类演替的驱动因素以及规律对预防藻类暴发和控制水体污染具有重要意义.本研究以岩口水库上游点源污染和面源污染池塘为研究对象,分析了藻华暴发期水质参数之间的相关性,并采用16S和23S测序分析了不同微型水体中细菌和藻类的群落结构组成特征,对细菌和藻类群落结构与水质参数之间的偶联关系进行了分析.相关性分析表明,不同微型水体中的叶绿素a浓度与其他水质参数之间的相关性并不明显;高通量测序结果表明,变形菌门、放线菌门和拟杆菌门均为不同微型水体中相对丰度较大的细菌门类;蓝藻和硅藻是点源污染池塘中的相对丰度较大的优势藻类,而蓝藻和裸藻是面源污染池塘中的相对丰度较大的优势藻类.冗余分析结果表明,总磷、高锰酸盐指数和不同形态氮浓度是影响点源污染池塘中菌藻群落结构的主要因素;高锰酸盐指数和不同形态氮磷浓度是影响面源污染池塘中菌藻群落结构的主要因素.本研究对富营养化微型水体藻华暴发期细菌和藻类的群落结构变化及其主要驱动因素进行了探究,可为富营养化微型水体的藻华控制以及污染治理提供科学依据.     

藻类生物膜技术脱氮除磷效果研究

利用藻类生物膜去除水体氮磷为富营养化的防治提供了1种新途径,实验室条件下研究了以巨颤藻（Oscillatoria princeps）占优势的藻类生物膜对人工合成污水、污水处理厂二级污水和富营养化湖水氮（N）、磷（P）的去除效果.结果表明,通过5 d的处理,藻类生物膜对人工合成污水、污水处理厂二级污水和富营养化湖水总氮（TN）去除率分别为57.1%、94.5%和93.8%,对总磷（TP）去除率分别为93%、73%和79%.藻类产量达到3.7～7.2　g·(m²·d)^-1;收获藻体总凯氏氮（TKN）达5.7%～7.2%,TP达0.78%～2.44%,对污水N、P的回收率分别达20%～39%和65%～82%.     

国外新型药剂应用于滇池藻类污染治理的研究

滇池水藻类含量很高,现已属重富营养化水体。本实验选用国外一种新型除藻剂一去藻247来研究治理滇池水藻类污染,通过投加三个不同浓度的除藻剂,检测得出叶绿素α和总磷都有较好的去除效果,Cu^2＋的残留浓度也没有超标,其中当叶绿素的含量为1000mg/L时,除藻剂的最佳投加量为10mg／L。并用线性回归方程对滇池水体中叶绿素α和总磷的相关性进行了拟合。     

关于废水中氮和磷的去除研究

废水中存在的氮和磷一旦排入天然水体,就会造成藻类繁殖和水体的富营养化,因此将氮和磷从废水中有效去除是非常必需的.本文从污水处理厂提高脱氮除磷的工艺出发进行研究,对进一步强化仅通过生物作用去除氮、磷的二级污水处理厂的处理工艺,将深度处理单元加入到污水处理厂中,减少出水指标和对地表水的影响很有意义.     

二龙山水库水体变色原因初探

在对2005年7月至2006年5月二龙山水库相关水质指标进行监测分析的基础上,评价了水库的总体水质,鉴定和检测了水库的藻类和藻毒素,探讨了水库水体变色的原因。研究结果表明,二龙山水库总体水质为V类和劣V类,为中度污染和重度污染,主要污染物为总氮和总磷,已呈现富营养化状态,可能诱发水库水华的发生。水体的富营养化和铜绿微囊藻等藻类的大量繁殖是水库水体变色的主要原因。     

某市供水藻类污染及其毒性研究

藻类是反映水体富营养化最常用的生物监测指标.为弄清某城市供水水体的藻类污染状况,对该市主要供水水源的藻类进行了为期1年6次监测,并提取冷冻干藻细胞中的毒素成份进行生物学检测.结果发现,该市水源均受到藻类不同程度的污染,主要检测到4类藻.干藻细胞提取物经小鼠腹腔注射,发现具有肝毒性,其半数致死剂量为68.39-114.02mg干藻细胞/kg体重.建议今后将藻类作为水质监测的一个常规指标,为合理选择水源提供依据.     

污水生物处理工艺强化脱氮除磷的研究进展

近年来我国富营养化水体爆发水华和赤潮的水质恶化事件频频发生,众所周知,污水中的氮和磷是水体富营养化的罪魁祸首,为了避免造成对水体生态环境的进一步破坏,并考虑到水资源的再生循环利用,国家把污水排放氮、磷一级指标做了进一步的提高.国内现有的脱氮除磷工艺很少能使出水中的氮和磷同时达到理想的去除效果,为了出水水质能达标,通常引入深度处理工序,使工艺复杂化并增加了成本,此外,二级生物脱氮除磷工艺本身还存在着基建费用大、能耗高、剩余污泥排放量大等缺陷.对此,需要深入污水二级生物处理段进行分析研究,并时其进行全程的优化.基于生物脱氮除磷的机理,综述了国内外二级生物脱氮除磷工艺的研究进展,并对比了各工艺的优缺点,提出了优化二级生物处理工艺的发展趋势.     

光催化去除有害藻类的研究进展

水体富营养化及有害藻类水华严重威胁着水体生态环境和人类健康,如何有效防治藻类水华成为研究者面临的重大环境问题之一。光催化技术具有效率高、成本低、环境友好等特点,有望成为未来高新技术的新希望。文章阐述了光催化技术的原理及该技术应用于去除水华藻类的优势。综述了近年来TiO2和改性TiO2等几类催化剂应用于光催化除藻的研究进展,并分析和总结了光催化除藻技术的影响因素和一般性规律,指出了光催化除藻存在的问题和发展前景,为光催化技术应用于防治有害藻类水华的研究与实践提供理论依据。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.