便携式分光光度法快速测定水中铬方法研究

对3种便携式分光光度计快速测定水中铬的方法进行了优化和比对研究。结果表明:JH916检测仪快速测定水中铬的方法检出限(0.006 mg/L)低于ZZW-Ⅱ测试仪和PORS-15V光谱仪的方法检出限(分别为0.07 mg/L和0.03mg/L),在突发性环境污染事故应急监测中,JH916检测仪具有相对较高的灵敏度。ZZW-Ⅱ测试仪和JH916检测仪快速测定水中铬的方法精密度相近,其测定结果相对标准偏差(RSD)均未超过6.4%(n=6),PORS-15V光谱仪快速测定水中铬的方法精密度稍差,其相对标准偏差(RSD)最大值为13%。测定实际样品时,加标回收率分别为77.5%~110%(ZZW-Ⅱ测试仪)、78.0%~108%(PORS-15V光谱仪)、80.0%~95.0%(JH916检测仪)。3种便携式分光光度计与实验室分析方法相比,测定结果相对偏差较大,相对偏差最大值分别为-27%(ZZW-Ⅱ测试仪)、-11%(PORS-15V光谱仪)、-15%(JH916检测仪)。     

水质 石油类和动植物油类新旧标准测定方法比对

通过新(HJ 637-2012)旧(GB/T 16488-1996)标准方法测定环境标准样品和环境样品中的石油类的实验结果分析、比对,显示使用新旧标准方法,样品测定结果无显著性差异,准确度和精密度均满足实验室质量控制要求;且新标准方法操作步骤更为简化,萃取在相对密闭的体系中完成,使萃取更完全,即提高了样品分析的准确度还减少了有机试剂对操作人员的健康危害和对环境的污染。     

测汞仪测定固定污染源废气颗粒物中的总汞

选用MA-2000型测汞仪对固定污染源废气颗粒物中的总汞进行测定,将所采集的样品加入固体添加剂后,按设定模式直接进样进行分析.采用标准土壤样品(ESS-4)进行方法的准确度和精密度试验,同时进行了方法检出限和实样测试.结果表明该方法检出限为3×10-4 μg/m3,远低于标准排放限量要求;准确度和精密度均能满足分析质量控制要求.     

应用哈希便携式分光光度计快速测定水中锌

通过标准样品、实际样品测定、加标回收以及与标准方法的对比实验,验证哈希仪器比色法快速测定水中锌的准确度和精确度。结果表明：方法的线性范围为0～1．00mg／L;标样平行实验的相对标准偏差为0．72％,实际样品平均加标回收率104．5％,准确度、精确度和回收率均满足分析要求;与火焰原子吸收法测定结果比对,相对偏差均小于5％。因此,哈希便携式分光光度法适用于水中锌的应急监测。     

便携式GC/MS对空气中苯系物的定量分析方法研究

文章采用简单快速的采气袋配气方式,以苯系物为例,研究了便携式GC/MS对大气中痕量有机污染物的快速定量测定方法。分别在Full scan和建立的SIM扫描方式下对苯系物标准样品进行了测定。对比实验结果表明,Full scan和SIM两种扫描方式下苯系物测定结果的相对标准偏差分别在5.1%~28.4%和13%~19%之间,回收率范围分别为46%~186%和60%~110%,方法检出限范围分别为2.504~10.63μg/m3和0.494~2.399μg/m3。总体而言,SIM方式在测定结果的精密度与准确度上均优于Full scan方式。室内外空气样品的测试结果映证了SIM方式在对痕量有机污染物测定的优势。     

FIA技术在水质监测分析中的应用

通过使用Lachat流动注射分析仪测定环境水样中的四个常规项目总磷、总氮、挥发酚和总氰来介绍兀A技术在水质分析领域的应用。实验结果表明,各项目的标样测定值均在保证值范围之内,相对标准偏差在0．2％-3．7％之间。方法的精密度及准确度较好,加标回收率在91％-102％之间,满足水质监测实验室质量控制的要求。     

催化CODcr快速测法的精密度与准确度实验

化学需氧量标准分析方法测定时间长、操作繁琐。本实验采用CTL—BX3C型便携式COD快速测定仪能在20分钟获得COD数据，同时耗能低、省时省力、减少污染。催化CODcr快速法的精密度与准确度均能达到要求。     

流动注射仪测定农村土壤中氰化物

用流动注射仪对农村土壤中的氰化物进行了测定,并与传统分光光度法进行了比对.结果表明:流动注射法中准确度和精密度均满足监测要求;流动注射法和传统方法测试的结果相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于1％;该法具有分析速度快,稳定性好等特点,适合大批量土壤样品测定.     

应急监测中便携式顶空/GC-MS法测定水中VOCs的初步研究

通过对实验室加标水样和实际水样的测定,研究了便携式顶空/气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)与吹扫捕集/GC-MS法测定水中VOCs的性能比较,探讨了利用Loop环测定水中高浓度VOCs的准确度. 结果表明:便携式顶空/GC-MS测定水中54种低浓度VOCs的检出限略高于吹扫捕集/GC-MS系统,准确度和精密度分别为67.4%～136%和9.08%～19.80%,均满足环境应急监测分析的要求;利用Loop环,便携式顶空/GC-MS可对水中高浓度级(mg/L)VOCs进行较为准确地测定,回收率为100%～149%;复杂的实际样品基本不干扰便携式顶空/GC-MS的测定,与吹扫捕集/GC-MS法相比,二者对实际水样的测定结果相对偏差小于20%;便携式顶空/GC-MS在水污染事故现场可得到基本准确的结果,可为事故后续处理提供有效的数据支持.      

用化学荧光溶氧仪测定生化需氧量(BOD5)研究

文章介绍了化学荧光溶氧仪法测定生化需氧量的测定方法,用该方法测定生化需氧量标准样品,得到的精密度和准确度均较好.通过与传统碘量法进行实际样品比对,用数理统计的方法对两种方法测定结果进行了比较,对于地表水和污水的测定,两种方法的测定结果无显著差异.建立的化学荧光溶氧仪测定BOD5方法精密度和准确度可以满足实际样品的测定.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.