某典型餐厨垃圾综合处理项目实例

我国餐厨垃圾产量已占城市固体废物的50%以上,推进餐厨垃圾资源化利用和无害化处理是目前亟待解决的问题。某市餐厨垃圾综合处理试项目,由预处理系统、厌氧发酵系统、沼气净化储存系统、沼渣沼液处理系统及除臭系统5部分组成,占地面积19000 m2,总投资9978万元,处理规模200 t/d,平均沼气产量7740 m3/d,其中,甲烷含量在60%以上。该餐厨垃圾项目较好地实现了垃圾减量化、资源化,可为其他城市餐厨垃圾处置提供参考。     

富氢合成气生物甲烷化与餐厨垃圾厌氧消化耦合性能分析

提出利用餐厨垃圾轻物质生产富氢合成气,并将富氢合成气生物甲烷化与现有餐厨垃圾厌氧消化单元耦合的工艺路线,为评估其可行性,考察了耦合系统的长期运行性能,并分析了该系统提升现有甲烷(CH₄)产量的潜力。结果表明：在餐厨垃圾有机负荷(以挥发性固体质量计)为0.5～2.0 g/(L·d)、富氢合成气流量为0～5.28 L/d条件下,餐厨垃圾厌氧消化与富氢合成气生物甲烷化均能保持稳定运行,且沼气提纯效果明显,尤其在餐厨垃圾有机负荷为0.5,1.0 g/(L·d)时,产品气中CH₄的平均含量分别高达96.4%和86.6%;提高富氢合成气生物甲烷化速率以及优化调控反应体系的pH值、有效碱度和有机酸积累量有助于进一步提高该耦合系统的处理能力和运行稳定性;以300 t/d餐厨垃圾处理厂为例,该耦合系统预计能提高94.5%的CH₄产量,后续有必要结合成本效益分析,进一步评估该耦合工艺的工业化应用潜力。     

磷酸酯酶活性对餐厨垃圾单相厌氧消化抑制的预警作用

为了研究磷酸酯酶活性对餐厨垃圾单相厌氧消化抑制的预警作用,考察了单相CSTR反应器在容积负荷2.0~8.5kgVS/(m3·d)条件下的酸性和碱性磷酸酯酶活性,并同步分析了挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)、容积产气率、pH值的变化.结果表明,酸性和碱性磷酸酯酶活性在容积负荷为2.0~4.0kgVS/(m3·d)时,平均值为14.1,9.8μgNP/(h·mL);容积负荷为5.0~7.5kgVS/(m3·d)时,其平均值为138.4,23.6μgNP/(h·mL);容积负荷为8.5kgVS/(m3·d)的超负荷阶段达到峰值318.1,51.5μgNP/(h·mL)后快速下降.磷酸酯酶活性骤升的时间较VFAs、容积产气率骤降超前2d、较pH值的骤降提前1d.磷酸酯酶活性较常规指标VFAs、容积产气率和pH值等对单相厌氧消化抑制具有一定的预警作用.     

超声波预处理对餐厨垃圾产VFAs的影响

采用超声波预处理餐厨垃圾以提高产挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)产率.结果表明,在超声强度720W/L下处理15min后,餐厨垃圾SCOD含量比原样中SCOD提高了1倍,其中有机质中碳水化合物溶出量最大,由原样中8.2g/L提高到处理后的43.5g/L;在pH=6、温度35℃条件下,对含固率约为12%的餐厨垃圾进行厌氧发酵,未预处理和超声处理后的餐厨垃圾产生的VFAs最大值分别达到33.4,42.5g/L,经超声预处理的餐厨垃圾产VFAs的量提高了27.2%.     

湖州市餐厨垃圾产沼气发电生命周期评价

为实现餐厨垃圾资源化利用,通过实验探究了湖州市餐厨垃圾的产气性能,采用生命周期评价(LCA)方法分析了湖州市餐厨垃圾产沼气发电和火力发电的环境影响。结果表明:餐厨垃圾具有良好的产气性能,产气量为0.92 L/天;添加适当比例的污泥可促进产气,当餐厨垃圾与污泥比为9∶1时,体系产气高峰期可提前3～4天;与火力发电相比,沼气发电具有更高的环境影响潜力值;环境影响潜值由高到低依次为酸化(AP)、全球变暖(GWP)、人体健康(HTP)、富营养化(EP),酸化的环境减排能力比火力发电高93.26%。     

不同有机负荷下餐厨垃圾两相连续式厌氧发酵特征研究

在中试规模条件下,以餐厨垃圾为发酵底物,研究有机负荷对两相连续式厌氧发酵的影响。为实现餐厨垃圾资源化利用提供依据。结果表明:有机负荷(COD)在4.33,5.45,7.33,7.40,10.85,11.40 kg/(m3·d)时,发酵实验均顺利进行,COD平均去除率达到85%,平均沼气产率为463 mL/g,没有出现氨氮抑制现象。随有机负荷的增加,两个反应器中COD和VFA均呈上升趋势,氨氮和硫化物也在波动中呈上升趋势,且产酸发酵液COD和VFA含量均高于产甲烷发酵液,产酸发酵液氨氮和硫化物含量均低于产甲烷发酵液。     

电化学预处理对餐厨垃圾-污泥耦合厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸的影响

利用餐厨垃圾-污泥耦合厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸（volatile fatty acids,VFAs）具有广泛的经济和应用价值。本实验考察了在1 V电化学预处理条件下,研究餐厨垃圾占比（空白对照,0%,5%,10%,质量分数）对厌氧发酵生成VFAs产量的影响,从而得出产VFAs的最优条件。研究表明:经过60 min 1 V电化学预处理后,随着餐厨垃圾占比从0%增加到10%,水体中溶解性COD浓度随时间变化迅速增加,最高可达到969~1266 mg/L,随着厌氧发酵的进行转化成VFAs。其中,当餐厨垃圾占比为10%时,VFAs在15 d内最高浓度可达到132.2 mg/L。实验结果表明,电化学预处理可改善餐厨垃圾-污泥特性,加快厌氧发酵过程,同时餐厨垃圾可增加污泥中有机质含量,增加VFAs产量,实现餐厨垃圾-污泥产VFAs的资源化利用途径。     

餐厨垃圾接种酵母菌固态厌氧发酵产乙醇的可行性研究

餐厨垃圾可定向发酵产乙醇,但复杂的预处理导致处理时间长、工艺复杂度增加. 本文通过直接接种酵母菌和灭菌后接种酵母菌对比试验,分析发酵系统内乙醇、乙醇前体物还原糖、还原糖前体物淀粉的降解与产生规律,探讨餐厨垃圾直接接种酵母菌固态厌氧发酵产乙醇的可行性及规律. 结果表明:酵母菌的添加能够促进餐厨垃圾固体厌氧发酵产生乙醇,接种酵母菌后乙醇浓度为11.86~12.09 g/L,是空白对照的8.41~31.50倍,且高于灭菌预处理后接种的6.88~10.02 g/L;基于修正的Gompertz模型分析也证实了上述结果,接种酵母菌后,系统产乙醇潜力(P_m)和单位最大乙醇产率(R_m)也随之上升,但接种量对餐厨垃圾的P_m和R_m影响不大. 对乙醇前体物还原糖的分析表明,接种酵母菌能够在发酵初期就可以发挥作用,促使系统内还原糖在0~4 h内快速降为43.37~46.55 mg/g,从而加速了餐厨垃圾的稳定化进程,但在4~24 h内,由于次生代谢物的抑制作用,系统内还原糖未出现明显的产生和降解. 还原糖前体物淀粉的水解情况分析表明,接种酵母菌可将淀粉的水解率由19.36%提高到27.90%~37.57%,但淀粉含量在274.02~316.51 mg/g之间时已不再发生水解. 研究显示,直接接种酵母菌有助于餐厨垃圾固态厌氧发酵产乙醇含量的提高,体系中还原糖、淀粉含量并未成为餐厨垃圾固态厌氧发酵产乙醇量的限制性因素.      

利用餐厨垃圾浆液进行厌氧调试的试验研究

利用机械生物反应器(JSR)处理后产生的高浓度水解酸化相浆液对厌氧反应器进行调试试验研究。试验结果表明,餐厨垃圾浆液酸化程度较高,pH和VFA分别为4.9和15 720 mg/L。对这种浆液,采用0.5 kg COD/(m.3d)的启动负荷较合理,每3天增加0.5 kg COD/(m.3d),15 d后,系统运行稳定。厌氧出水sCOD平均值为870 mg/L,VFA从527 mg/L降低到407 mg/L,pH从6.8升高到7.3,而沼气中CH4百分含量从20.9%升高到77.3%。另外,氨氮和碱度在调试阶段出现累积效应,氨氮从58.1 mg/L升高到134 mg/L,碱度从780 CaCO3mg/L升高到1250 CaCO3mg/L。因此,启动负荷的选择以及整个调试过程中pH、VFA、碱度和CH4含量的监测对厌氧调试有着重要的影响。     

蒸汽爆破对污泥和餐厨垃圾联合厌氧消化的促进效果

鉴于蒸汽爆破（简称"汽爆"）预处理对污泥和餐厨垃圾联合厌氧消化的影响还鲜有报道,为探讨汽爆预处理对污泥和餐厨垃圾联合中温厌氧消化的促进效果及经济可行性,利用小型发酵罐在35℃下开展了未预处理污泥和餐厨垃圾联合消化、汽爆污泥单独消化、汽爆污泥和餐厨垃圾联合消化的试验,并进行能耗分析.结果表明,未预处理污泥与餐厨垃圾联合消化阶段,VS（挥发性固体）去除率为33.9%,沼气产率为311.0 mL/g（以投料VS计）;汽爆污泥单独消化阶段,VS去除率和沼气产率均略高于未预处理污泥与餐厨垃圾联合消化阶段,但反应器ρ（NH₄+-N）过高,影响产气稳定性,沼气φ（CH₄）较低.汽爆污泥与餐厨垃圾联合消化阶段,VS去除率和沼气产率分别达到49.5%和420.5 mL/g,显著优于未预处理联合消化阶段.能耗分析表明,预处理的升温过程使汽爆预处理整体能耗偏高,但若能有效回收70%的热量,则汽爆预处理可提高污泥-餐厨垃圾联合中温厌氧消化工艺3.34 kW·h/t（以污泥量计）的能量产率.研究显示,汽爆预处理可提高污泥和餐厨垃圾联合中温厌氧消化工艺35.2%的沼气产率,但由于预处理能耗较高,预处理过程中热能的有效回收是汽爆预处理应用于污泥和餐厨垃圾联合中温厌氧消化经济可行的关键.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.