下凹式绿地在降雨径流控制中的应用研究

下凹式绿地具有蓄渗雨水、削减洪峰流量、净化雨水、防止土壤侵蚀等优点,且投资少,是一种能同时满足环境、生态、经济等多重效应的新型雨水利用措施;它的应用将有效缓解城市水资源匮乏和降雨地表径流造成的面源污染,同时能在一定程度上防止城市内涝.在介绍下凹式绿地对降雨径流控制的基础上,着重综述了下凹式绿地对雨水的蓄渗、净化作用及其设计方面的研究进展.     

基于SUSTAIN模拟技术的低影响开发雨水设施规划应用研究

模拟技术是城市低影响开发雨水设施规划设计和研究的重要方法,采用城市暴雨处理及分析集成模型系统(SUSTAIN)对某市A地块的低影响开发雨水设施规划进行研究,分析了低影响开发雨水设施在不同降雨重现期条件下的峰值径流量、径流总量及径流系数的削减效果。结果表明,按照一定比例设置的绿色屋顶、透水铺装、下凹绿地、雨水花园、干草沟等低影响开发雨水设施可以通过下渗和滞蓄作用削减降雨峰值径流量和径流总量,降低了地面径流系数,其中1~5年一遇降雨的径流量和峰值流量基本达到100%削减,10~100年一遇的降雨则有不同程度削减,可显著减少下游渠道和市政管网的外排水量,缓解城市排水系统和河道泄洪的负荷,为城市低影响开发雨水设施的有效利用提供参考。     

基于模糊层次分析法的海绵城市措施研究

以低影响开发的理念为主导,提倡雨水的源头及分散控制,恢复用地开发前的水文状态.合理地选择海绵城市措施是海绵城市建设的重要内容.海绵城市建设通过加强城市规划建设管理,发挥建筑、道路、绿地和水系等对雨水的吸纳、蓄渗和缓释作用,有效控制雨水径流,实现雨水自然积存、渗透、净化.针对海绵城市决策方案优选问题,根据实例情况建立海绵城市措施决策指标体系.应用模糊层次分析法对该指标体系进行评价,引入Delphi法将定性指标及权重值进行量化,计算各方案的评分,从而得到决策结果.结果表明,该方法计算方便,操作性强,为决策提供了可靠的依据.     

绿色雨水基础设施在低影响开发模式下的应用

低影响开发是建设生态城市的必然要求,绿色雨水基础设施是低影响发开的重要手段之一,本文对下凹式绿地、雨水花园、植被浅沟、雨水生态湿地及透水路面等常见绿色雨水技术设施进行了介绍。     

下凹式绿地径流污染控制与径流量消减影响因素分析

通过搭建下凹式绿地装置,人工配水模拟地表降雨径流污染物,考察了下凹式绿地中不同植被种类、基质厚度、不同重现期下对径流污染物的去除效果,同时通过监测短历时和长历时降雨事件,考察了下凹式绿地对径流量的消减效果。研究结果表明,在降雨重现期为1 a的情况下,当植被种类选取百喜草,基质厚度为60 cm,下凹式绿地污染物去除效率最好、并且有很强的滞留径流的能力,对COD、TP、TN、SS的平均去除率分别为56.3%、72.1%、47.1%、74.3%,在降雨过程中,下凹式绿地延缓径流峰值的时间为24~30 min。随着降雨重现期的增大,径流污染负荷增大,1 a重现下的COD、TP、SS的平均去除率比5 a、10 a重现期的污染物消减率高出2.9%~43%。研究结果以期为提高下凹式绿地径流污染控制和径流总量消减效率及推广应用提供参考。     

探讨低影响开发技术在沣西新城的应用

以沣西新城为例,介绍了沣西新城为建设海绵城市采取的综合举措,分析了沣西新城暴雨管理和雨水综合利用的LID设施,得出雨水花园、生态滤沟、植生滞留槽、下凹式绿地、集料蓄水沟、中心绿廊等形成的四级雨水利用系统可有效削减雨水径流量、净化污染物、充分利用雨水。在满足绿地生态、景观、游憩和其他基本功能的前提下,建设沣西新城成为西北首个国家海绵城市建设试点示范城市。     

下凹式绿地对模拟道路径流中磷削减效果研究

该文根据下凹式绿地的原理设计构建了实验室小试装置,以人工配水模拟道路径流,研究下凹式绿地对径流雨水中总磷(TP)、溶解性磷(DP)和溶解性无机磷(DIP)的削减效果,探讨了设计暴雨重现期、雨水管超高、进水污染物负荷对下凹式绿地削减道路径流中各形态磷的影响规律。研究结果表明,下凹式绿地对磷具有明显的削减效果,总磷(TP)、溶解态磷(DP)、溶解态无机磷(DIP)的总量削减率平均为86.28%、77.02%、78.17%。设计暴雨重现期和雨水管超高对下凹式绿地削减磷的效果有一定影响,重现期越小,雨水管超高越大,磷的削减效果越好。经下凹式绿地处理后的径流中TP的去除率在两种进水污染物负荷条件下基本相等,DP、DIP的去除率受进水污染物负荷的影响,高负荷进水的去除率大于低负荷进水。     

基于LID措施的城市设施绿地对雨水径流及污染阻控的研究

文章对不同LID设施绿地在雨水径流的接收、传送到蓄存过程中的功能进行综述的基础上,总结出城市设施绿地作为系统的整体去除污染物主要机理,展望了城市设施绿地在海绵城市建设中的应用前景,为设施绿地在城市雨洪控制提供理论和技术支持。     

低影响开发理念下海绵校园改造设计

以浦江学院校园为研究对象,从低影响开发角度出发,进行海绵校园改造和雨水收集与回用方案设计。针对校园地面区域进行透水铺装改造,结合地貌地理环境建立下凹式绿地、雨水花园;校园屋面区域铺设绿色屋顶,不适宜改造的屋面设置雨水收集管道。雨水收集回用系统采用创新低碳一体化设备,通过智能平台监测与运行。最终回用水将用于建筑冲厕、冲洗道路、绿化灌溉、景观用水和补充杂用水等。可提高校园水资源利用率,在节约水资源方面有较大意义。     

基于在线监测+模型的海绵城市建设径流水量控制效果研究

以青岛市海绵城市典型项目区为研究区,通过收集、整理和概化汇水区资料,构建了研究区降雨径流模型——SWMM模型。利用2018年雨季的降雨-径流实时监测数据,进行了模型关键参数的率定和模型验证,研究了海绵城市建设在削减径流量、增加入渗与滞蓄雨量方面的定量效果。结果显示:海绵改造后,不同降雨强度下形成径流的雨量占总雨量的平均比例由56%下降至29%;下渗雨水的平均比例由40%增加至60%,滞蓄深度由0.63 mm增加至5 mm。海绵改造前后研究区场降雨径流总量控制率变化显著,当以1~10年一遇的短历时（120 min）设计降雨作为模型边界条件进行模拟时,海绵化改造后场次降雨径流总量控制率提高了26%~34%,认为研究区基本达到了海绵城市关于水量控制的建设要求。     

冲裁模CAD中凹模外形的自动设计

提出一种简便实用的方法并编程,使计算机可以自行分辨冲裁件的相似外形,进而设计出冲裁凹模。     

冷挤压组合凹模的寿命估算

冷挤压组合凹模的失效主要是凹模内腔疲劳裂纹的出现,在模具设计的前期较为准确的估算出组合凹模的疲劳寿命是模具优化设计的前提。通过对组合凹模的应力分析后,采用Mises屈服准则的方法把凹模所受的多轴应力转化成单轴应力,再利用局部应力应变法找到了估算冷挤压组合凹模寿命的途径。     

涡凹气浮机在炼油污水处理中的应用

对涡凹气浮机在炼油污水气浮工艺的改造的应用进行了总结，改造后该气浮机具有投资省、运行费用低、操作维护简单、工作效率高等优点，且运行稳定，效果比较理想，应用前景十分广阔。     

某基坑土钉支护结构阴角和阳角效应分析

土钉支护结构中,基坑的阴角和阳角部位空间效应较明显,存在明显的三维效应。一般分析往往对基坑进行简化,将基坑中剖面的分析结果应用于基坑角部部位,结果与实际情况存在差异。通过基坑监测和三维有限元分析,证实了土钉支护结构角部部位具有明显的空间效应,基坑阴角处较阳角处具有较高的安全性。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.