熵权多目标决策模型在水环境质量综合评价中的应用

介绍了熵和熵权的概念与性质,在此基础上结合多目标决策模型建立熵权多目标决策评价方法,并对水环境质量进行综合评价,评价结果与物元分析模型、属性识别理论方法、模糊隶属函数法进行对比,结果表明,利用熵权多目标决策评价法进行水环境质量综合评价是可行的。     

熵权多目标决策模型在水环境质量综合评价中的应用

介绍了熵和熵权的概念与性质,在此基础上结合多目标决策模型建立熵权多目标决策评价方法,并对水环境质量进行综合评价,评价结果与物元分析模型、属性识别理论方法、模糊隶属函数法进行对比,结果表明,利用熵权多目标决策评价法进行水环境质量综合评价是可行的。     

模糊物元模型在焦化厂大气环境质量综合评价中的应用

随着焦化行业的快速发展,其环境污染问题也日益暴露出来,以大气污染最为严重。将熵值理论与模糊物元分析法相结合,建立了焦化厂大气环境质量评价的模糊物元模型,并根据焦化厂的大气环境质量现状提出了反映其污染程度的Ⅰ-Ⅳ级质量分级标准。研究结果表明,运用模糊物元模型评价大气环境质量状况是可行的,焦化厂各测点的大气环境质量均达到安全级（Ⅲ级）。     

基于物元分析法的河流水环境质量评价

由物元分析理论导出了水环境质量评价的新模型,将水质标准、评价指标及其特征值作为物元,通过对评价级别和实测数据归一化后,得到模型的经典域、节域、权系数及关联度,建立了水质评价的物元模型,并以某河流水环境质量为例,选取具有代表性的BOD5、CODCr NH3-N、石油类、粪大肠茵群五项指标为待评物元,取I至V类水质标准对应的取值范围构造经典域物元矩阵,按照污染贡献率法确定各特征（评价因子）的权重,应用建立的水质评价物元模型计算出关联度0．14,得出该河流水环境质量属于Ⅱ级。实例研究表明,运用物元模型评价水环境质量,评价结果符合客观实际,具有较好的实用性。     

基于熵权的模糊物元法对福建省大气环境质量的综合评价

大气环境质量的综合评价是城市环境质量考核的重要内容,鉴于大气环境质量评价中客观存在的不确定性和模糊性,采用熵值理论与模糊物元分析相结合的方法对福建省大气环境质量进行综合评价,结果表明:模糊物元法的评价结果与传统的空气污染综合指数法的评价结果基本一致,并且模糊物元法具有明显的优势.     

基于熵权模糊物元的辽宁省生态环境承载力研究

生态环境质量的下降影响着辽宁省社会经济的可持续发展。综合分析辽宁省生态环境的特点,选取18项指标,构建辽宁省生态环境承载力的评价指标体系,并划分各评价指标的等级。从近15年中选取8年的数据作为研究对象,构建熵权模糊物元模型,计算各评价指标的客观权重,并应用加权欧式距离对这8年生态环境的承载力水平做出评价。分析评价结果可知：辽宁省近15年生态环境承载力水平从“一般”转变为“较好”,整体水平提高。结果与辽宁省实际情况相符,证明了熵权模糊物元模型在评价问题上的可行性和合理性。最后为辽宁省生态环境的可持续开发利用提供了一些建议。     

模糊物元法综合评价福州市大气环境质量

大气环境质量的综合评价是城市环境质量考核的重要内容,鉴于大气环境质量评价中客观存在的不确定性和模糊性,将熵值理论与模糊物元分析法相结合应用于大气环境质量综合评价中,可有效解决这种不确定性和模糊性。应用该模型对福州市的大气环境质量进行综合评价,将评价结果与属性识别理论模型的评价结果相比较,二者基本吻合,结果证明该方法可行。     

模糊数学法在兰州市地表水环境质量评价中的应用分析研究

根据模糊数学理论,建立了水环境质量模糊综合评价数学模型.选取兰州市地表水为研究对象,对兰州市地表水(黄河岸门桥断面)2009年-2014年全年各项水质平均值进行水环境质量评价,更加综合的评价兰州市地表水环境质量变化趋势及主要污染物,科学的分析兰州市地表水环境质量现状和存在的问题.结果表明:兰州市地表水2009年-2014年环境质量呈日益改善的状态,2009年-2010年兰州市地表水环境质量综合评价结果属于V类,2010年-2014年兰州市地表水环境质量综合评价结果属于Ⅰ类,水体中主要污染物为总氮.     

基于标识指数与敏感性分析的洞庭湖滨湖区地下水重金属污染评价

以洞庭湖滨湖区城西垸为例,采用基于熵权的综合标识指数模型,探讨了滨湖区地下水中各重金属污染现状,分析了综合评价结果对各评价因子的敏感性程度,并针对不同评价方法的评价结果进行了对比. 结果表明:基于GB/T 14848—1993《地下水水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类水质标准,研究区ρ(Pb)、ρ(Fe)、ρ(Mn)的超标率均达到67%,最差水质类别分别为劣Ⅴ类、Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类;地下水重金属污染空间变异明显,其中湘江西支地下水污染最为严重,综合标识指数(4.126)最大,属于Ⅳ类水质,洞庭湖区次之,湘江东支地下水污染程度最轻(3.515),并且两支流地下水由上游至下游呈污染逐渐减轻的趋势;敏感性分析表明,综合评价结果对ρ(Pb)和ρ(Mn)的敏感性较强,敏感性系数分别为0.0539和0.0479,说明Pb、Mn是影响城西垸地下水水质变化的主要重金属污染物.      

物元模型及其在区域水环境质量评价中的应用

将灰色关联聚类法引入评价指标权重的确定，在物元分析的基础上，建立了基于聚类权重的区域水环境质量综合评价物元模型。通过实例分析将该模型与其它评价方法进行比较。结果显示，该模型弥补了模糊综合评判法、灰色聚类法的不足，评价结果合理，信息利用率高。     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.