水和废水中2,4—滴,2,4—二氯酚,2,4,6—三氯酚的测定

用Ｕｌｔｒａ－２，３２０μｍ柱分离２，４－滴，２，４－二氯酚肽２，４，６－三氯酚，保证了检测结果有足够的精确度，用直接进水样技术而不必处理水样，使检测结果趋精确。     

哈密建材中镭—226,钍—232,钾—40含量及所致居民剂量评价

用放射化学分析方法对哈密地区109份建材中天然放射性核素镭-226、钍-232、钾-40含量进行分析测定.结果表明,内、外照射指数分别为0.04-0.38和0.08-0.67,炉渣和花岗岩石最高,大理石和石灰、石膏最低.混合建材中镭-226、钍-232、钾-40含量(Bq/ kg)分别为 43.8, 40.0,594.0.建材所致居民内、外照射年有效剂量当量为 0.70mSv/ a,是我国《放射卫生防护基本标准》中规定公众个人年剂量当量限值5mSv的14.0％,不会对广大居民的健康造成有害的影响.     

Degradation of polyethylene by Trichoderma harzianum—SEM,FTIR, and NMR analyses

Trichoderma harzianum was isolated from local dumpsites of Shivamogga District for use in the biodegradation of polyethylene. Soil sample of that dumpsite was used for isolation of T. harzianum. Degradation was carried out using autoclaved, UV-treated, and surface-sterilized polyethylene. Degradation was monitored by observing weight loss and changes in physical structure by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. T. harzianum was able to degrade treated polyethylene (40 %) more efficiently than autoclaved (23 %) and surface-sterilized polyethylene (13 %). Enzymes responsible for polyethylene degradation were screened from T. harzianum and were identified as laccase and manganese peroxidase. These enzymes were produced in large amount, and their activity was calculated using spectrophotometric method and crude extraction of enzymes was carried out. Molecular weight of laccase was determined as 88 kDa and that of manganese peroxidase was 55 kDa. The capacity of crude enzymes to degrade polyethylene was also determined. By observing these results, we can conclude that this organism may act as solution for the problem caused by polyethylene in nature.     

以N,N—二甲基苯胺为偶联试剂示波极谱法测定水中NO2^——N

研究了ＮＯ２＾－－磺胺重氮盐与Ｎ,Ｎ－二甲基苯胺偶联反应的条件及产物在乙醇,ＮＨ３－ＮＨ４Ｃｌ（ｐＨ＝１０）介质中的极谱行为。二阶导数波高与ＮＯ２＾－－Ｎ浓度在０．０００６－０．０７ｍｇ／Ｌ内呈良好线性关系,回收率为９７％－１０２％,已用于环境水中ＮＯ＾－２－Ｎ的测定。     

气相色谱法测定废水中N,N—二甲基甲酰胺

用气相色谱法氢烃检测器，ＰＥＧ－２０Ｍ毛细管柱测定废水中的Ｎ，Ｎ－二甲基甲酰胺（ＤＭＦ），结果表明与分光光度法基本一致。     

Distribution, correlation, and source apportionment of selected metals in tannery effluents, related soils, and groundwater—a case study from Multan, Pakistan

The short-term responses of H₂O₂-depletion-related parameters in moss Hypnum plumaeforme to the combined stress induced by Pb and Ni were investigated. The results showed that the Pb and Ni stress induced dose-dependent accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). The increase of peroxidase (POD) activity and decrease of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity were observed under the combined heavy metal application. The antioxidants, ascorbate (AsA) and proline content, increased significantly when the metals were applied together. The study indicated that the cell damage caused by Pb stress was higher than that caused by Ni stress, Pb and Ni had synergistic effect in inducing the oxidative stress in moss H. plumaeforme, especially under the combination of high concentration of Ni (0.1 and 1.0 mM) and Pb. Content of proline, H₂O₂ and the activity of POD, all showed a dose-dependent increase under Pb and Ni stress, suggesting their practical value as biomarkers in moss biomonitoring, especially in the case of light pollution caused by heavy metals without the changes in the appearance of mosses.     

Noise mapping of densely populated neighborhoods—example of Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro—Brazil

Copacabana is one of the most famous neighborhoods of the city of Rio de Janeiro/Brazil but suffers from a high inhabitant density. One of the many environmental problems faced is related to noise pollution. In order to assess not only the noise levels, to which the population is exposed, but also to quantify the influence of architectural aspects, the paper presents the steps taken towards a simulation of the noise emission and propagation in this area. The results of the simulation are compared to measurements in different locations and daily-hours. The discrepancies are analyzed and the methodology is discussed in view of its application to a huge urban center like the city of Rio de Janeiro.     

在线富集进样—火焰原子吸收法测定水中低含量Cu,Pb,Cd

用在线富集进样火焰原子吸收法测定水中低含量Ｃｕ,Ｐｂ,Ｃｄ,富集倍数分别烟１２２、１３６和９４倍,相对标准为１６％、１５％和４．６％,检测限为１．６μｇ／Ｌ和０．１８μｇ／Ｌ。探讨了分析精密度差的原因;改进了富集进样方法。     

Karst aquifers on small islands—the island of Olib, Croatia

Water supply is a major problem in the Adriatic islands, especially during the summer tourism season, and represents a limiting factor to the islands' further economic development. Much attention has been given to water supply solutions, primarily in terms of attempting to use the existing island water. Unfortunately, few islands have favourable hydrological conditions to accumulate significant quantities of surface water or groundwater. In the period from 2001 to 2004, investigations were conducted on many islands to define their own freshwater or partially brackish water resources since desalinisation technology could resolve a significant part of the water supply demand on small and distant islands. Due to the specificity and complexity of research in karst areas, the study was conducted in phases and included the geological and hydrogeological reconnaissance of the island, aimed at locating possible areas on the island where the necessary quantities of groundwater of adequate quality could be captured; a detailed hydrogeological mapping of the specified areas, geophysical investigation and test drilling; and, over several days, test pumping of the most promising borehole. One of the islands investigated was the island of Olib. The conducted surveys indicated that it is possible to pump about 3.5 L/s of groundwater from the karst aquifer of the island of Olib, which fully complies with the sanitary quality of drinking water.     

Generating Synthetic Rainfall on Various Timescales—Daily, Monthly and Yearly

The main objective of this paper is to present a model for generating synthetic rainfall totals on various timescales to be applicable for a variety of uses. Many large-scale ecological and water resource models require daily, monthly and yearly rainfall data as input to the model. As historical data provides only one realisation, synthetic generated rainfall totals are needed to assess the impact of rainfall variability on water resources systems (Srikanthan, In: MODSIM2005, Melbourne, Dec. 2005, pp. 1915–1921, 2005). Thus, our preferred model should simulate rainfall for yearly, monthly and daily periods. We believe that, for water supply issues, no higher resolution is needed, although higher resolution would be useful in models designed to measure the risk of local flooding. The critical factors are daily, monthly and yearly totals and daily, monthly and yearly variation. A model for generating yearly totals will be described using traditional time series methods. This model, along with a similarly constructed daily generation model by Piantadosi et al. (A New Model for Correlated Daily Rainfall, 2008), will be cascaded to start with a synthetic yearly total, then generate a synthetic sequence of monthly totals (through selection from a large number of realisations) that match the yearly total, and subsequently perform a similar operation for sequences of daily totals to match the required monthly totals. We present a new model for the generation of synthetic monthly rainfall data, which we demonstrate for Parafield in Adelaide, South Australia. The rainfall for each month of the year is modelled as a non-negative random variable from a mixed distribution with either a zero outcome or a strictly positive outcome. We use maximum likelihood to find parameters for both the probability of a zero outcome and the gamma distribution that best matches the observed probability density for the strictly positive outcomes. We describe a new model that generates correlated monthly rainfall totals using a diagonal band copula with a single parameter to generate lag-1 correlated random numbers. Our model preserves the marginal monthly distributions and, hence, also preserves the monthly and yearly means. We show that, for Parafield, the correlation between rainfall totals for successive months is not significant, and so, it is reasonable to assume independence. This is, however, not true for daily rainfall. We describe a new model that generates correlated daily rainfall totals using a diagonal band copula with a single parameter to generate lag-1 correlated random numbers. This is an extended version of a paper presented at the 17th Biennial Congress on Modelling and Simulation, Christchurch, New Zealand, December 2007.     

Atmospheric aerosols at a regional background Himalayan site—Mukteshwar, India

Continuous aerosol measurements were made at a regional background station (Mukteshwar) located in a rural Himalayan mountain terrain from December 2005 to December 2008 for a period of 3 years. The average concentrations of particulate matter less than or equal to 10 μm (PM₁₀), particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) and black carbon (BC) are 46.0, 26.6 and 0.85 μg/m³ during the study period. Majority of the PM₁₀ values lie below 100 μg/m³ while majority of the PM_2.5 values lie below 30 μg/m³. It is further seen that during the monsoon months, especially July and August, the average values are comparatively low. It is also noted that the PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratios between 0.50 and 0.75 have the maximum frequency distribution in the data set. Furthermore, the monthly mean ratio of BC to PM_2.5 mass lies between 3.0 and 7.5 % during the study period. Though the average PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations during the study period are less than the respective Indian ambient air quality standards, however, they are still above the WHO guidelines and would have adverse health impacts. This shows that even in rural/background regions that are far away from major pollution sources or urban areas, the aerosol concentrations are significant and require long-term monitoring, source quantification and aerosol model simulations.     

BOD5的测定要点及C—BOD,N—BOD的估算：论BOD之一

该文讨论了BOD_5测定中有关恒温方式、稀释水的质量、稀释技术及操作要点等四方面的问题,着重介绍了我省在稀释技术方面较成功的经验,另外并推荐了C—BOD_5及N—BOD_5的估算方法,有关BOD_5方法原理、模式应用、质量控制等问题,将陆续发表,     

气相色谱法测定废水和废气中N‘,N—二甲基甲酰胺

以气相色谱石英毛细管柱分离,ＦＩＤ检测,测定废水和废气中Ｎ’,Ｎ－二甲基甲酰胺（ＤＭＦ）,在１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ￣１８８１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内有良好的线性关系,检测限：废水为０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ;废气为０．８ｍｇ／ｍ＾３,样品测定的相对标准差为４％￣８％,回收率在７６％￣１１２％之间,精密度和准确度均较好。     

Sampling for landscape elements—a case study from Lower Saxony,Germany

The estimation of coverage, i.e., the proportion of the total area in a study region covered by a given target class, is essential to many aspects of environmental monitoring. We analyze and compare the efficiency of different sample-based approaches for the estimation of coverage of different land cover classes from aerial imagery in a case study in Lower Saxony, Germany on the basis of the estimated standard errors. A complete delineation of vegetation classes in n?=?279 aerial photo plots of 400 × 400 m thrown onto the study region of 1,117.7 km² in accordance with a systematic grid is compared to different configurations of line intercept sampling and clusters of points. The observation designs under study are characterized by different complexity and total size of the observation units and therefore also to the efforts related to yield a single observation. Especially for those classes that cover a relatively large proportion of the sampling frame, our results show that difference in performance between the different designs are negligible. A cluster of four transects of 200 m each allows estimating the area of land cover classes with high coverage with nearly similar precision as a complete mapping of fixed area plots of 16 ha each. Clusters of points show unexpected high precision for the estimated coverage of land cover classes with relatively high coverage.     

Water and sediment quality of Ashtamudi estuary, a Ramsar site, southwest coast of India—a statistical appraisal

Ashtamudi estuary, situated on the southwest coast of India, is enormously affected by anthropogenic interventions. Physicochemical quality of water and sedimentological features of the estuary are evaluated during monsoon and nonmonsoon seasons to elucidate its quality variations and to link the same with existing environmental scenario. The whole data has been factorized using principal component analysis for extracting the total variability and linear relationships existing among a set of different physicochemical parameters of the backwater system. In PCA, high loadings were obtained for conductivity, salinity, fluoride, calcium, magnesium, sulfate, boron, and pH. The results were revealed that all the physicochemical processes depend upon seasonal fluctuation of freshwater input and seawater intrusion. Wide spatial concentration fluctuations of organic carbon and iron in bottom sediment have been noticed and both constituents reveal good correlation with sediment texture. The results showed high deterioration of the physicochemical quality of water during nonmonsoon season with respect to monsoon season.     

Scots pine needles macronutrient (N, P, K, CA, MG, and S) supply at different reclaimed mine soil substrates—as an indicator of the stability of developed forest ecosystems

A main objective of restoration and afforestation at post-mining sites is establishing a long-term sustainable ecosystem which depends on adaptations of tree species and which in turn depends on the soil nutrient flux. The nutrient concentration (nitrogen (N), P, K, Ca, Mg, and sulfur (S)) of Scots pine needles was investigated in reclaimed mine soils (RMS) located at the following post-mining sites: a sand mine pit, spoil heap from a lignite mine, spoil heap from a S mine, and a carbonaceous spoil heap from an underground coal mine. The control plots were arranged on natural forest sites adjacent to the post-mining sites. A higher level of foliar nutrients was noted in the carbonaceous RMS, while lower levels were found in RMS on the spoil heap following lignite mining. The characteristics of the substrate were found to exert greater effect than mineral fertilization (performed at the onset of reclamation) on the tree stand characteristics, needle length and foliar nutrient concentration. While the soils and trees were most deficient in N, negative symptoms have not been noted to this date in tree stands at reclaimed mine sites. Trophic ratings were recommended based on statistical correlations and groupings between N and P contents in needles and needles length (mean length of 300 needles) while nutrient ratings were recommended from statistical differences and groupings of the RMS substrates.     

Water monitoring and treatment for drinking purposes in 2004 tsunami affected area—Ban Nam Khem, Phang Nga, Thailand

University of Brescia and Mahidol University of Bangkok developed a project in Phang Nga province (Thailand), the most damaged by 2004 tsunami. In particular, the study, performed between April and May 2006, dealt with the surface and ground water monitoring in Ban Nam Khem village and the experimental evaluation of possible drinking treatment alternatives. The monitoring highlighted that saline content in the tsunami affected area is decreasing but still very high (conductivity presented values up to 2,600 and 6,230 microS/cm in ground and surface water, respectively); hence, advanced and complicated processes such as reverse osmosis should be adopted to treat such water for drinking purposes. Waiting for ground water salinity to assume acceptable values, activities for the reduction of its organic and microbiological contamination will be started. However, it has to be underlined that the diffusion of drinking water to a greater part of population can be obtained only through the realization of new centralised treatment plants and the improvement of existing ones (serving at the moment about 20% of inhabitants).     

TMK—SLS光度法测定含银废水,水生植物及底泥中微量银

随着电影、照相及电子工业的迅速发展银的需求量愈来愈大,同时也引起了“白银的不断流失,造成环境污染。由于银是有毒元素,也是一种致癌物质,因而在生物对含银废水净化过程中,不仅要对含银废水进行检测,而且也要对生物(如水生植物),及底泥进行银的检测。 过去对银的测定主要采用双硫腙萃取比色法和原子吸收分光光度法,但前者操作繁琐,后者仪器昂贵,而且新的方法研究进展不快,远不能满足实用上的需要。本文研究了TMK-SLS体系测银,操作简便,快速,灵敏度高,银的标准系列显色后,其稳定性可达72小时。研究结果表明:在pH4.0