间歇曝气对垂直潜流人工湿地脱氮效果的影响

采用单级垂直潜流湿地处理城镇污水厂沉砂池出水,通过提高湿地出水水位控制淹没水深作为缺氧区;并在湿地反应柱下部安装穿孔曝气管,从而在湿地上部创造好氧环境.通过优化间歇曝气的曝气时间与间歇时间比例(间歇曝气比例)以及间歇曝气周期两个参数来提高湿地脱氮效率.结果表明,随着间歇曝气比例增大,湿地对COD和NH~+_4-N的去除率逐渐升高,而TN去除率有先升高后下降的趋势,当曝气比例为3∶1时,缺氧段污水碳氮比(C/N)值达到4.8,TN去除率达到最高为62.1%,较连续曝气提高了12.7%,出水质量浓度为15.8 mg·L~(-1).随着间歇曝气周期的延长,出水DO质量浓度逐渐降低,COD和NH~+_4-N去除率也逐渐降低,TN去除率在周期为6 h时达到最大为65.5%,当曝气周期超过湿地缺氧段水力停留时间时,TN去除率迅速下降.     

生物预处理对微污染地表水中有机物的去除

采用膜过滤法对某江水、生物滤池出水和常规处理出水进行了分子量分析 ,考察了 2个单元对不同分子量区间有机物的去除率。结果表明 :原水中分子量小于 1K的有机物占总DOC的 80 % ;生物滤池对分子量小于 0 .5K、0 .5～ 1K及 >60K的有机物去除率分别为 2 7.2 %、2 6 .9%和 1 6 .3% ;常规处理对以上分子量区间有机物的去除率分别为 39.2 %、30 .3 %和 2 9.6 %。     

MBR在屠宰废水处理中的工程应用

采用AAO＋MBR工艺处理屠宰废水,运行结果显示,针对屠宰废水的高浓度有机物污染,该工艺能够稳定运行,对CODcr,BOD5的去除率超过95%,TN去除率80%以上,出水水质达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）中的一级A标准,出水经过消毒进入企业后可循环使用。     

复合曝气生物滤池运行参数的试验研究

以宜兴市华骐污水处理厂的二级出水作为研究对象,研究碳氮比、水力负荷和气水比对复合曝气生物滤池运行的影响。研究发现,以葡萄糖作碳源,当碳氮比6:1时,滤池对总氮的去除率能达到80%以上,出水亚硝酸盐浓度很低。保持碳氮比为6,随着水力负荷的增大,滤池对总氮的去除率会有所下降,但增大到3.5 m/h时,去除率仍保持在60%以上;水力负荷对于浊度和COD的去除率影响不是很大。随着气水比的增大,好氧段对于COD的去除率呈上升趋势。     

膜生物反应器法处理模拟印染废水

针对人工模拟的印染废水,设计了缺氧/好氧膜生物反应器相结合的处理装置。系统经过165 d的运+行,结果表明:系统对COD和氨氮一直有很好的去除效果,稳定期COD的去除率可以达到95.0%,NH4+-N平均去除率为96.5%,TP的平均去除率低于50%,TN的去除率处在60%⁸0%之间,活性艳红染料X-3B的去除率在60%80%之间,活性艳红染料X-3B的去除率在60%⁷3%之间,出水含有少量色度。水样中长链的壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚NP10EO的去除率可以达到99%,出水仅含有少量的NP1EO,NP2EO和NP。     

电化学氧化法处理垃圾浓缩液影响因素研究

垃圾渗滤液膜过滤浓缩液含盐量高,色度和有机污染物浓度高,处理难度大。采用批式试验,以Ti/RuO2-IrO2为阳极、不锈钢为阴极对垃圾渗滤液膜过滤浓缩液进行电化学氧化处理,研究电解时间、电流密度和极板间距对浓缩液色度、COD、氨氮去除率和电导率的影响。结果表明:电流密度为6 A/dm2,电解3 h时,色度去除率达94%,出水色度为15倍;电解5 h,氨氮去除率为99.67%,出水氨氮为1.4 mg/L;电解6 h,COD去除率为60.43%,出水COD浓度为1156 mg/L。以Ti/RuO2-IrO2为阳极电化学氧化技术对垃圾浓缩液色度和氨氮的去除效果较好,适宜的电流密度和极板间距分别为6 A/dm2和4 cm。     

硫自养生物反应器对水中锑酸盐的去除效能和反应机理

为了探究硫自养生物过程对水中锑酸盐的去除效能,建立升流式硫自养固定床生物反应器,考察水力停留时间（HRT）对Sb（Ⅴ）和总Sb去除性能的影响,监测分析出水pH值、碱度消耗量变化规律和含硫副产物的产生趋势,利用扫描电镜和拉曼光谱分析表征推测反应机理.结果表明：（1）当进水锑酸盐Sb（Ⅴ）浓度为（1028.07±43.39）μg·L^-1,HRT为8 h时,经过10～15 d的适应期,反应器对Sb（Ⅴ）去除率可达到94.37%±0.57%,总Sb去除率为47.03%±1.54%,当HRT由8 h缩短为6 h时,反应器对Sb（Ⅴ）去除率可达到90.60%±1.09%,总Sb去除率为12.79%±1.65%.（2）反应器出水硫酸盐超过理论值,表明有硫歧化反应发生,当HRT由8 h缩短为6 h时,碱度消耗量下降至（66.83±6.31）mg·L^-1,对应pH值降低至7.29±0.09;出水SO₄^2-浓度出现大幅下降,SO₄^2-增量由（80.02±1.62）mg·L     

新型一体化装置处理村镇污水试验研究

依据我国村镇污水处理的技术要求及村镇污水水质、水量特点,提出了一种新型一体化装置。该装置采用活性污泥法与厌氧/缺氧相结合,并运用一体化的设计理念,集好氧、缺氧、厌氧于同一反应池。通过模拟村镇污水的运行,研究了新型一体化装置曝气/搅拌交替运行的最佳条件。结果表明:在水力停留时间为6 h,当曝气/搅拌交替运行的循环周期和时间比例分别为120 min和40∶80条件下,装置能同时实现对COD、TN、TP的去除,COD、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为86.1%、84.3%、77.4%,且出水水质保持稳定,出水COD、TN达到GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准,出水TP达到一级B标准。     

污水生物处理装置改造与运行

介绍污水生物处理装置的改造和运行情况.运行结果表明:采用浮选-氧化-SBR工艺处理合成油脂废水,技术可行、抗冲击负荷强、运行稳定,COD去除率≥94%、石油类去除率≥88%,出水COD、石油类低于排放标准.     

污水处理厂SNAD工艺小试

在污水处理厂室外,以A/O除磷工艺出水为基质,启动全程自养脱氮(CANON)生物滤柱反应器.反应器启动成功后,进水中投加葡萄糖作为有机碳源,启动同步短程硝化、厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化(SNAD)工艺,研究SNAD生物滤柱处理城市生活污水的效果.结果表明,第119～128 d,CANON工艺氨氮去除率大于95%,最大出水总氮浓度为13. 0 mg·L~(-1),超过了北京市地标一级A排放标准.第129 d在进水中投加葡萄糖30 mg·L~(-1)启动SNAD工艺,第133～187 d时SNAD工艺总氮去除率在85%左右,出水总氮浓度为5. 5～7. 3 mg·L~(-1).第195d观察到滤柱出现堵塞现象,在第196 d对反应器进行反冲洗,反冲洗后的30d期间,反应器总氮去除率大于85%,出水总氮浓度维持在6. 2～7. 2 mg·L~(-1).与CANON工艺相比,SNAD工艺提高了总氮去除率,将出水总氮浓度降低了6 mg·L~(-1),使出水氨氮和总氮浓度达到北京市地标一级A标准.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.