山区小流域可持续发展初探

1前言山区小流域的可持续发展就是在时间和空间上，自然—经济—社会的连续、稳步、协调发展，其意义在于持久和永续。随着社会主义市场经济体制的建立，小流域可持续发展如何适应新形势，以达到改善山区生态环境、发展山区经济的目的，对此，笔者提出了以下建议。2建议山区小流域的可持续发展应重视；①解决经济开发的滞后性．追求近、远期效益的兼容性和持续性．目前在小流域的治理过程中，只注重生态效益，大搞生态建设．而忽视资源开发的经济效益，造成群众长期得不到实惠，影响了治理的积极性，不利于巩固、完善和提高治理成果。因此在…     

潍坊市山丘区生态清洁型小流域建设的探索与实践

通过对潍坊市小流域生态环境现状的分析,提出了新形势下小流域治理面临的主要问题,归纳了现阶段开展清洁型小流域治理的思路与对策.全面总结了潍坊市开展生态清洁型小流域建设的实践经验,提出在山丘区开展生态清洁型小流域建设的对策建议.     

基于“三生共赢”的小流域水环境综合治理对策研究

小流域是实现重点流域精准化治理的基本单元,"三生共赢"是指要把解决环境问题的目标定位于生活、生产与生态的协调发展,是实现小流域环境改善和可持续发展的根本路径。本研究立足于流域水环境质量改善,以"三生共赢"和可持续发展理念为指导,提出了基于"三生共赢"的小流域水环境综合治理理论架构,即立足于水环境质量改善和水资源的优化配置,强化流域水环境约束,以尽可能小的环境代价支撑流域经济结构优化、新型城镇化发展,以资源高效和循环利用为核心,大力发展循环经济体系和循环社会体系,并通过创新流域治理体制机制构建成本共担利益共享格局,最终实现小流域社会经济可持续发展。本研究基于以上理论架构设计了生态环境、绿色经济、优质宜居三大类指标体系24项具体指标,并重点从优化流域空间开发格局、构建产业绿色发展体系、改善城乡居民生活环境、提升流域生态系统功能、健全流域治理体制机制等方面分析了小流域水环境综合治理对策。本研究可为各级政府创新流域治理模式、制定小流域水环境综合治理规划提供较为可行的理论支撑和技术体系。     

综合治理:让小流域变为良田

正我国小流域面积约200万平方公里,占国土面积1/5。小流域水土流失严重,自然灾害多发,耕地相对贫瘠,投入高回报低,经济欠发达。我国贫困人口大部分生活在小流域,绝大部分自然灾害源于小流域。因此,对小流域区域的治理,需要统筹考虑、科学规划,多规融合形成系统综合治理,坚持水土保持耕作标本兼治,拓宽渠道吸引社会资本参与,在国家层面战略布局开展示范工程,小流域不仅可以有效治理,还可以再造良田。     

实施小流域综合整治 努力改善环境质量

本文分析了在工业污染治理达标排放后，影响小流域水环境质量的原因，提出了开发小流域环境综合整治是确保经济社会可持续发展的需要，是恢复小流域水体功能的有效措施，是深化环境工作，实现污染控制方式的转变，提高环境质量的重要载体。     

城市工业生态经济持续发展中存在的问题及对策

本文根据城市工业生态经济系统的构成及特点，分析了城市工业生态经济系统进行持续发展的现实意义，针对城市工业生态经济持续发展中存在的主要问题进行原因剖析，并提出了相应的治理对策及措施，以达环境与经济及城市生态经济优化决策之目的     

城市工业生态经济持续发展中存在的问题对策

本文根据城市工业生态经济系统的 成及特点，分析了城市工业生态经济系统进行持续发展的现实意义针对城市工业生态经济持续发展中存在的主要问题进行原因剖析，并撮邮相应的治理对策及措施，以达环境与经济及城市生态经济优化决策之目的。     

水生态环境保护回顾与展望：从污染防治到三水统筹

水生态环境保护事关美丽中国目标的实现。本文阐释了我国从水污染防治向水环境、水生态、水资源“三水”统筹转变的新时代水生态环境保护内涵，从国内视角梳理我国水污染防治实践取得的成效，识别美丽中国水生态环境保护面临的制约性问题，首次在全国层面与欧美发达国家的水环境质量、水生态保护和水资源保障情况进行国际对标分析，提出以水生态系统保护目标为指引、以流域生态环境空间管控为基础、以“三水”统筹系统治理为路径、以治理体系和治理能力现代化为保障的水生态环境保护战略建议。     

推进中国环境治理体系和治理能力现代化——PACE 2019学术年会会议综述

环球中国环境专家协会（PACE）于2019年6月27~29日在中国人民大学组织召开第四届中国环境治理学术年会，主题为推进国家环境治理体系和治理能力现代化，国内外环境公共治理领域顶级专家以及国家和地方相关政府官员出席了会议，并分理论方法、实践应用、行政执法、社会治理、经济政策以及全球环境治理等专题进行了深入研讨。会议认为，作为国家治理体系的重要组成部分，我国环境治理体系，在生态文明建设框架下，已取得长足进步，特别是以目标为导向的治理战略，已形成鲜明国际特色。中国环境治理模式正从传统的自上而下的政府行政管理转向政府主导、企业主体、社会参与和市场调节相结合并由自下而上机制相补充的多元共治现代公共治理模式，治理能力近年来显著加强，但在环境社会治理以及参与全球环境治理等方面仍存在显著薄弱环节，在政府执法机制以及经济政策使用等方面仍有许多需要改进的地方。     

巫山县培训第三期水土保持“土专家”

最近,巫山县水保办在大庙区举办了第三期水土保持技术培训班,参加培训的来自全县各治理小流域的水保员、财会、统计员、治理村水保负责人等。通过培训提高了水保技术,为常年开展标准化施工创造了技术条件。巫山县自开展“三化”标准常年施工以来,水土治理取得了显著成绩。1993年为该县首批治理片区验收期,时间紧,任务重,要求严,标准高。为适应治理形势的迅速发展,县水土保持委员会安排举办这期技术培训     

达县百节"水保生态园区"水土流失治理与生态环境保护

本文反映了严重的水土流失是导致达县百节河小流域生态环境恶化的主要原因。阐述了通过实施水土流失治理三大措施：工程措施、生物措施、农耕措施,有效地控制了水土流失等生态问题,极大地改善了当地生态环境,取得了显著的三大效益：经济效益、生态效益和社会效益。同时陈述了百节河小流域生态园区的建设特色：组织协调部门资金捆绑使用,集中投入：业主参与,责、权、利统一,投资渠道多元化,为水土保持和生态环境建设注入了生机与活力。     

两种不同生态区坡改梯对土壤氮磷含量影响的研究

分别在干热河谷生态区和华西雨屏生态区的坡改梯地区设置试验小区和对照试验区,通过采集土壤样品进行室内分析,研究在不同的坡位、不同的季节变化下两种生态区实施坡改梯措施对土壤养分保持的效果.干热河谷生态区以清溪小流域为例,华西雨屏生态区以凤鸣小流域为例.试验结果表明,在两个生态区的坡改梯工程试验区,空间上,各个坡位氮磷养分的...     

塔里木河中下游生态移民的意义及模式探讨

塔里木河流域生态环境综合治理工作仍然在积极地进行着。生态脆弱区的移民政策对缓解塔里木河流域生态质量恶化,维持绿色走廊生机,改善生态环境现状,提高农牧民生活水平,发展当地经济都有着积极的作用和深远的影响。本文阐述了塔里木河流域生态环境现状,揭示了生态移民的意义,并对生态移民应当采取的模式进行了探讨,以有助于新疆生态环境的保护与建设工作。     

A MULTI-TIER APPROACH FOR AGRICULTURAL WATERSHED MANAGEMENT1

A multi-tier approach for agricultural watershed management has been proposed. The approach involves identification of a watershed management issue/problem, selection or development of simple conceptual model suitable for the exploration of the issue/problem identified and appropriate to the database available, and application of the model the address the identified issue/problem. The procedure is repeated by increasing the complexity in the conceptual model until the identified issue/problem has been addressed satisfactorily. An application of the procedure to an example watershed in southern Ontario conditions is shown. The application example has revealed that for identification of temporal pattern of runoff and sediment loads a simple conceptual model is adequate. For identification of spatial location of the sediment source areas and for the development of a monitoring program for the evaluation of remedial strategies a more complex distributed agricultural watershed model is necessary.     

论系统论视域下的流域生态环境行政治理

流域及其生态环境问题的特殊性引发行政治理体系的变革,系统论为流域生态环境行政治理体系的建构指明了方向,流域生态环境行政治理体系的建构是系统化的工程。在系统论指引下,结合相关规范性文件,流域生态环境行政治理系统的建构需从建立协调机制、规范职权行使与推进治理协同三方面切入,并分别明确三者在流域生态环境行政治理系统中的作用,通过建立议事协调机构发挥协调机制的统筹协调功能、通过整合与上收行政机关职权明确规范职权行使的实施功能、通过建立治理协同机制发挥推进治理协同的支持与保障功能。     

Some community socio-economic benefits of watershed councils: A case study from Oregon

One of the most significant junctures in natural resource planning and management in recent years has been the emergence of community-based natural resource management (CBNRM). The central focus of CBNRM is the environment, of course. However, it explicitly considers the local economy and community as well. It is a highly participatory approach to local, place-based projects, programs and policies aimed simultaneously at environmental and community health. This paper is an attempt to shed light on what happens in the local economy and community as a result of pursuing a CBNRM strategy. Oregon has been in the vanguard in putting CBNRM into operation. A key example is the state's experience with local watershed councils and the state agency that supports them, the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board (OWEB). Drawing from a larger study of Oregon's watershed councils, we ask and answer the questions: ‘What direct contribution do watershed councils make to the local economies of Oregon?’; ‘Do watershed councils contribute to ‘civic engagement’ in Oregon?’ and ‘Do they enhance individuals' and communities’ capacity to engage in public issues beyond watershed council activities?’     

新安江流域生态补偿财政支出效率研究

在水环境保护长期受到高度重视的背景下,开展流域生态补偿试点是我国保护流域水环境的重要手段。目前我国多为政府主导型流域生态补偿,补偿资金全部来源于财政资金,提高财政支出效率可以让有限的财政资金发挥其最大效用。为明确流域生态补偿试点中的财政支出效率,本文以我国首个跨省界流域生态补偿试点——新安江流域生态补偿试点为案例对象,构建流域生态补偿财政支出效率评价模型,并建立评价指标体系。通过选取试点在2012—2017年的生态补偿财政支出进行效率测算与效率评价,结果显示,财政支出纯技术效率6年均值处在0.9以上的高水平,总体表现较好,但仍有改进空间;规模效率值较低是造成财政支出效率表现不佳的主要原因,生态补偿财政资金的配置规模急需完善。建议提高财政资金的管理水平,有针对性地实施生态补偿项目,建立流域和区域相结合的流域治理体系。     

Should restoration of small western watersheds be public policy in the United States?

Additional research is needed to determine whether restoration of degraded watersheds in the western United States should become large-scale public policy. Numerous small projects have demonstrated that vegetation can be restored, sediment losses halted, and, in some cases, formerly ephemeral streams made perennial. But if all watersheds in a basin were restored, what would be the overall effects both ecologically and economically? For example, if large-scale restoration of small watersheds were conducted in a western river basin, what would be the effects on water yield and quality for the basin as a whole? Would implementing basin-wide watershed restoration be cost-effective? A means of examining this question is to monitor a watershed prior to and during the restoration process and to compare the results to a control watershed. The watersheds would be instrumented such that the ecological processes and water balance could be monitored both instream and within the associated groundwater system. Overall effects would then be subjected to economic and policy analysis, and modeling would be used to extrapolate the new information over the entire basin. These results would then be available to political leaders and government agencies for determining whether large-scale watershed restoration should be public policy.     

Applying Ecological Risk Principles to Watershed Assessment and Management

Considerable progress in addressing point source (end of pipe) pollution problems has been made, but it is now recognized that further substantial environmental improvements depend on controlling nonpoint source pollution. A watershed approach is being used more frequently to address these problems because traditional regulatory approaches do not focus on nonpoint sources. The watershed approach is organized around the guiding principles of partnerships, geographic focus, and management based on sound science and data. This helps to focus efforts on the highest priority problems within hydrologically-defined geographic areas. Ecological risk assessment is a process to collect, organize, analyze, and present scientific information to improve decision making. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sponsored three watershed assessments and found that integrating the watershed approach with ecological risk assessment increases the use of environmental monitoring and assessment data in decision making. This paper describes the basics of the watershed approach, the ecological risk assessment process, and how these two frameworks can be integrated. The three major principles of watershed ecological risk assessment found to be most useful for increasing the use of science in decision making are (1) using assessment endpoints and conceptual models, (2) holding regular interactions between scientists and managers, and (3) developing a focus for multiple stressor analysis. Examples are provided illustrating how these principles were implemented in these assessments.