北方村镇生活垃圾MBT技术及物料平衡分析

中国北方村镇生活垃圾组分复杂,对鄂尔多斯市某村镇生活垃圾的实测发现有10余种垃圾组分,其中渣土(包括石块)38%、有机质30%、可回收物24%。根据村镇垃圾特点,设计了旨在有效分离有机物和可回收物的MBT分选工艺流程,建设了生产线并构建了可自动计算的Excel物料平衡图。根据鄂尔多斯市某村镇生活垃圾综合处理厂的实测数据得到各工段主要设备分选率为:一级滚筒筛80%、人工分拣房73%、二级滚筒筛70%、磁选机89%、卧式风选机68%、张弛筛65%、捞砂机61%、破碎分选一体机72%,MBT分选有机质综合分选率达到75%～85%。整套工艺系统可较好地完成生活垃圾的机械分选,为有机固体废弃物联合厌氧发酵MBT工艺的完善和推广提供技术支撑。     

城市垃圾处理前分选技术在工程中的应用

本文结合城市生活垃圾综合处理的工程实践,介绍了组合分选线上的设备及其控制,环境保护的措施.正在研制的专用分选设备将会进一步完善分选技术,有助于组合分选法的推广应用.     

奥运垃圾处理引入近红外分选技术

奥运期间,北京环卫工程集团第一清洁分公司小武基大型固废分选转运站投入使用,这是我国首座小区分类垃圾精分选车间,同时,也是我国第一条针对分类垃圾进行精细分类的分选线,采用最先进的近红外分选技术。据悉,北京环卫工程集团第一清洁分公司小武基垃圾精分选线项目投资1300万元,日处理能力150t,主要采用了滚筒分选、磁选、分选以及引进德国最先进的近红外分选技术,对生活垃圾中有较高回收利用价值的塑料袋、纸类等物料进行超细化分选回收。整个分选线为电脑控制,预设的光分选参数可满足分选20多种可回收物的要求,分拣出来的物品纯度可达到90％以上。     

生活垃圾分选技术与综合利用

本项目技术采用了垃圾分选技术把生活垃圾从"污染源"的位置还原摆正到"资源"的位置,把垃圾几乎全部转化为再生资源,循环利用,真正实现生活垃圾资源化.     

生活垃圾中废塑料分选回收技术概述

近年来,废塑料在城市生活垃圾中占有相当大的比例,其含量正呈逐年上涨的趋势,因此对塑料进行分选和资源化利用势在必行。塑料分选技术是摆在我们中间的一项难题,目前生活垃圾废塑料的分选技术五花八门．由于在全国各地废塑料在垃圾中的还水量等因素的影响,现实中能实现废塑料的分选还不成熟。因此,研究一套适合废塑料的分选技术迫在眉睫。     

城市生活垃圾卧式气流分选特性研究

利用处理能力100 kg/h的卧式气流分选机开展生活垃圾中塑料分选实验。实验结果表明:进风角度为10°、15°时,分别对应存在>8.5 m/s、7.7～9.3 m/s的风速范围,使塑料的纯度和分选效率达到80%以上;利用Fluent软件模拟,结果表明:进风角度>15°时,分选机内气流复杂,塑料纯度和分选效率的波动性大,仅存在较窄的风速范围可使总纯度和分选效率同时达到80%以上。     

生活垃圾废塑料分选技术与资源化工艺综述

对国内外生活垃圾废塑料分选技术和资源化工艺进行了简单介绍,列举并分析了生活垃圾组分特征、废塑料分选技术和资源化利用方法,以及阐述了废塑料分选技术和资源化利用的联系性。提出了三种垃圾废塑料资源化与分选技术的优化组合工艺。建议环保企业需综合国内生活垃圾特点,合理组织生活垃圾废塑料资源化利用分选工艺和设备的组合方式得出最佳产品和最大资源化。且需考虑国情、国家环保政策、生产投资成本、市场需求、工艺组合、设备选型等因素合理组织实施。     

生活垃圾塑料分选及利用技术研究

分析了我国城市生活垃圾的组成成分 ,阐述了对我国城市生活垃圾中的废旧塑料进行分选和资源化利用的必要性。提出了从城市生活垃圾中分选塑料和对分选出的塑料进行资源化制板的新技术 ,给出了塑料分选过程的运动参数和板材的性能参数 ,解决了垃圾破碎、缠绕、变重和塑料相容性等关键技术问题 ,制作的板材技术指标符合建筑材料的应用要求。     

城市垃圾处理前分选技术在工程中的应用

本文结合城市生活垃圾综合处理的工程实践，介绍了组合分选线上的设备及其控制，环境保护的措施。正在研制的专用分选设备将会进一步完善分选技术，有助于组合分选法的推广应用。     

生活垃圾生物预处理后筛分及分选特性试验研究

堆肥化技术作为垃圾预处理方式在国内外已得到了广泛认可.本文通过现场试验,研究了生物预处理对垃圾筛分和分选特性的影响.结果表明,预处理后垃圾含水率降低了7.69%,堆体的体积从275 m~3减少到183 m~3,垃圾的容重从最初的356 kg·m~(-3)增加到470 kg·m~(-3).经过生物预处理,有机物不断被降解.预处理可以提高筛分后筛下物比例,预处理后的筛下物百分比提高了17%.预处理对可回收成分(金属、塑料、纸张、玻璃和布匹等)分选效率都较新鲜垃圾有不同程度的提高,对金属分选效果提高最显著,达到22.01%.本研究表明,生物预处理对垃圾筛分和分选均具有积极的作用,可以提高后期资源回收利用率.     

Environmental impacts of a large-scale incinerator with mixed MSW of high water content from a LCA perspective

Large-scale incinerators are applied widely as a result of the heavy burden of municipal solid waste(MSW) generated, while strong opposition is arising from the public living nearby. A large-scale working incineration plant of 1500 ton/day was chosen for evaluation using life cycle assessment. It was found that the corresponding human toxicity impacts via soil(HTs), human toxicity impacts via water(HTw) and human toxicity impacts via air(HTa)categories are 0.213, 2.171, and 0.012 personal equivalents(PE), and global warming(GW100)and nutrient enrichment(NE) impacts are 0.002 and 0.001 PE per ton of waste burned for this plant. Heavy metals in flue gas, such as Hg and Pb, are the two dominant contributors to the toxicity impact categories, and energy recovery could reduce the GW100 and NE greatly. The corresponding HTs, HTw and HTa decrease to 0.087, 0.911 and 0.008 PE, and GW100 turns into savings of- 0.007 PE due to the increase of the heating value from 3935 to5811 k J/kg, if a trommel screener of 40 mm mesh size is used to pre-separate MSW. MSW sorting and the reduction of water content by physical pressure might be two promising pre-treatment methods to improve the combustion performance, and the application of stricter standards for leachate discharge and the flue gas purification process are two critical factors for improvement of the environmental profile identified in this work.     

Fractal analysis of polyferric chloride-humic acid (PFC-HA) flocs in di erent topological spaces

The fractal dimensions in di erent topological spaces of polyferric chloride-humic acid (PFC-HA) flocs, formed in flocculating di erent kinds of humic acids (HA) water at di erent initial pH (9.0, 7.0, 5.0) and PFC dosages, were calculated by e ective densitymaximum diameter, image analysis, and N2 absorption-desorption methods, respectively. The mass fractal dimensions (Df) of PFC-HA flocs were calculated by bi-logarithm relation of e ective density with maximum diameter and Logan empirical equation. The Df value was more than 2.0 at initial pH of 7.0, which was 11% and 13% higher than those at pH 9.0 and 5.0, respecively, indicating the most compact flocs formed in flocculated HA water at initial pH of 7.0. The image analysis for those flocs indicates that after flocculating the HA water at initial pH greater than 7.0 with PFC flocculant, the fractal dimensions of D2 (logA vs. logdL) and D3 (logVsphere vs. logdL) of PFC-HA flocs decreased with the increase of PFC dosages, and PFC-HA flocs showed a gradually looser structure. At the optimum dosage of PFC, the D2 (logA vs. logdL) values of the flocs show 14%–43% di erence with their corresponding Df, and they even had di erent tendency with the change of initial pH values. However, the D2 values of the flocs formed at three di erent initial pH in HA solution had a same tendency with the corresponding Df. Based on fractal Frenkel-Halsey-Hill (FHH) adsorption and desorption equations, the pore surface fractal dimensions (Ds) for dried powders of PFC-HA flocs formed in HA water with initial pH 9.0 and 7.0 were all close to 2.9421, and the Ds values of flocs formed at initial pH 5.0 were less than 2.3746. It indicated that the pore surface fractal dimensions of PFC-HA flocs dried powder mainly show the irregularity from the mesopore-size distribution and marcopore-size distribution.     

Experimental Evaluation of Cutter Orientation When Ball Nose End Milling Inconel 718™

High-speed machining (HSM), specifically end milling and ball end cutting, is attracting interest in the aerospace industry for the machining of complex 3D aerofoil surfaces in titanium alloys and nickel-based superalloys. Following a brief introduction on HSM and related aerospace work, the paper reviews published data on the effect of cutter/workpiece orientation, also known as engagement or tilt angle, on tool performance. Such angles are defined as ±β_fN and ±β_f.Experimental work is detailed on the effect of cutter orientation on tool life, cutting forces, chip formation, specific force, and workpiece surface roughness when high-speed ball end milling Inconel 718™. Dry cutting was performed using 8 mm diameter PVD-coated solid carbide cutters with the workpiece mounted at an angle of 45° from the cutter axis.A horizontal downward (-β_fN) cutting orientation provided the best tool life with cut lengths ∼50% longer than for all other directions (+β_fN, +β_f, and –β_f). Evaluation of cutting forces and associated spectrum analysis of results indicated that cutters employed in a horizontal downward direction produced the least vibration. This contributed to improved workpiece surface roughness, with typical mean values of ∼0.4 μm Ra as opposed to ∼1.25 μm Ra when machining in the vertical downward (–β_f) direction.     

体积溶氧传递系数在好氧颗粒污泥系统中的变化特性初步分析

取成熟的好氧颗粒污泥,在同一测试装置中采用相同的曝气条件进行体积溶氧传递系数(kLa)的测试,当传统活性污泥和成熟好氧颗粒污泥浓度MLSS为2 000、4 000、6 000、8 000 mg·L-1时,其kLa(min-1)值分别为0.586 1±0.009 5、0.586 1±0.027 2、0.555 6±0.016 8、0.533 8±0.026 8和0.645 5±0.027 6、0.632 0±0.075 5、0.618 5±0.062 5、0.640 6±0.055 5,表明颗粒污泥kLa值高于同浓度条件下的絮体污泥,且随浓度增加,絮体污泥氧传递效率下降而颗粒污泥无明显变化.对好氧颗粒污泥进行筛分后,大颗粒和小颗粒在污泥浓度相同、体积相同、表面积相同以及个数相同的情况下二者的kLa值均无明显差别,由此可以推断,这些因素对好氧颗粒污泥kLa的影响可以忽略.研究结果对于污水处理厂节能运行具有一定的参考价值.     

一体化氧化沟固液分离和回流机理探讨

论述了一体化氧化沟中固液分离和污泥回流的基本原理，提出了固液分离器的表面负荷ＳＯＲ与污泥层厚度、回流污泥浓度等有关，计算模型为ＳＯＲ＝１１＋Ｒ·ＨｗＴ·ＣｕＣ０．固液分离器与二沉池的功效显著不同，所需面积远低于二沉池，在固液分离器内不发生污泥压缩、回流及时，不易受污泥沉降性能影响，是值得推荐的一体化氧化沟固液分离方式．     

Preparation of MnO2 decorated Co3Fe1Ox powder/monolithic catalyst with improved catalytic activity for toluene oxidation

In this paper, KMnO₄ was used to pre-treat Co₃Fe-layered double hydroxides (LDH) precursor to prepare MnO₂ decorated Co₃Fe₁O_x catalyst. The toluene oxidation performance of the catalyst was investigated systematically. The optimized 0.1MnCF-LDO catalyst exhibited the best catalytic performance, and the temperatures of 50% and 90% toluene conversion (T₅₀ and T₉₀) were 218 and 243°C, respectively. The apparent activation energy (E_a) was 31.6 kJ/mol. The characterization results showed that the pre-redox reaction by KMnO₄ could increase the specific surface area, Co³⁺ species amount and oxygen defect concentration of the catalyst, which are the main reason of the improved toluene catalytic activity. Besides, this method was also applied to enhance toluene oxidation of iron mesh based monolithic catalyst. The 0.1MnCF-LDO/Iron mesh (IM) catalyst showed a 90% toluene conversion at around 316°C which was much lower than that of without MnO₂ addition (359°C). In addition, the water resistant of all the catalysts was studied as well, all the samples showed relatively good water resistance. The toluene conversion still remained to be over >80% even in the presence of 10 vol.% water vapor.     

基于虚拟撞击原理的固定源PM10/PM2.5采样器的研制

目前我国尚无固定源PM2.5采样标准方法,现有商业化的固定源PM2.5采样器在使用中存在明显不足,因此本研究开发了一种固定源PM10/PM2.5双级虚拟撞击采样器.经实验室标定,该采样器切割效率曲线优于国际标准ISO 7708:1995对采样器的规定,采样器横截面直径为74 mm,满足我国固定源采样口尺寸要求.采样器既可以安装滤膜,也可以安装滤筒,适用于不同浓度的烟尘采样.虚拟撞击器的切割点与次流所占比值呈负相关,比值减小时,切割点增大.为降低颗粒物损失,虚拟撞击器喷嘴距收口的距离至少应为喷嘴直径的1.5~2倍.     

Optimising yield and resource utilisation of summer maize under the conditions of increasing density and reducing nitrogen fertilization

The inefficient use of resources always poses risks of maize (Zea mays L.) yield reduction in China. We performed this research to monitor the effects of increasing plant density and reducing nitrogen (N) rate on radiation-use efficiency (RUE), N efficiency traits, grain yield (GY) and their inter-relationships. Besides, whether GY and resource-use efficiency can both be maximized was examined. Hence, a 2-year field experiment was conducted using a widely grown variety “Denghai 618” in Shandong, China. Treatments contained two different plant densities [67,500 (D₁) and 97,500 (D₂) plant ha^?1] and three N levels [0 (N_?2), 180 (N_?1), 360 (N_ck) kg ha^?1], set D₁N_ck as control. Significant increases in grain yield, biomass, RUE, above-ground N uptake (AGN) and N efficiency were observed when density increased from D₁ to D₂. Declining N application was accompanied by reductions in yield, RUE and AGN especially under high density, yet an obvious improvement in N recovery efficiency (NRE), agronomic N efficiency and N partial factor productivity. The increased GY was positive related with population biomass (r = 0.895**), RUE (r = 0.769**) and AGN (r = 0.923**), whereas it has no significant correlation with N efficiency. In this study, D₂N_ck obtained 18.8, 17.9, 24.8 and 29.7% higher grain yield, RUE, AGN and NRE respectively, compared to control, optimizing both yield and the efficiencies of radiation and N use. Furthermore, higher yield and RUE with more desirable N efficiency may be possible via optimizing density and N rate combination.     

Alkali resistance promotion of Ce-doped vanadium-titanic-based NH3-SCR catalysts

The effect of K deactivation on V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 and Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 catalysts in the selective catalytic reduction(SCR) of NOxby NH_3 was studied.Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 showed significantly higher resistance to K deactivation than V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2.Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 with K/V = 4(molar ratio) showed 90% NOxconversion at 350°C,whereas in this case V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 showed no activity.The fresh and K-poisoned V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 and Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 catalysts were investigated by means of in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS),NH_3-temperature progress decomposition(NH_3-TPD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and H2-temperature program reduction(H_2-TPR).The effect of Ce doping on the improving resistance to K of V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 were discussed.     

阿魏酸和香豆素对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用

通过对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)的藻液D680、叶绿素a、电导率(EC)值以及超氧阴离子自由基O.2-含量的测定,研究了不同浓度的阿魏酸和香豆素对铜绿微囊藻的生长抑制作用及其机制.结果表明,阿魏酸和香豆素对铜绿微囊藻的生长均产生"低促高抑"作用,浓度高于100 mg.L-1的阿魏酸和香豆素对铜绿微囊藻表现出明显的抑制作用,200 mg.L-1的阿魏酸和香豆素第6 d的平均抑藻率分别为80.3%和58.0%.在高浓度阿魏酸和香豆素抑制作用下,铜绿微囊藻的叶绿素a含量迅速降低、EC值和O.2-含量明显增大,说明化感物质可能通过破坏细胞膜、增加O.2-含量、降低叶绿素a含量等作用抑制藻细胞的生长.此外,种子发芽实验结果表明,阿魏酸较香豆素毒性小.