SO2和NO2在高岭石表面的反应和协同效应

高岭石是一种含铝的层状硅酸盐矿物,研究大气中常见的气体在其表面的非均相反应具有一定的实际意义,在一定程度上可揭示大气环境中化学反应过程。文章采用自行搭建的原位漫反射红外傅里叶光谱(DRIFTS)检测系统,考察了在干态和湿态条件下,对照SO_2和NO_2分别在高岭石颗粒物表面发生的非均相反应过程,以及SO_2和NO_2协同反应效应。实验结果表明,SO_2与高岭石颗粒物的非均相反应均较弱,仅在干态下检测到亚硫酸盐物种,并且存在较大的CO_2的红外吸收峰。NO_2在干态和湿态条件下均检出了硝酸盐物种,适宜的湿度有利于硝酸盐的生成。在SO_2和NO_2共同与高岭石反应的过程中,发现四氧化二氮(N_2O_4)取代了亚硝酸盐成为反应的中间体,同时亚硫酸盐被氧化为硫酸盐。SO_2和NO_2在高岭石颗粒物表面的反应中相互影响,协同作用。     

大气颗粒物表面非均相反应的模式研究

在CBM-Ⅳ机理中添加了非均相反应机理,运用盒子模型研究了颗粒物表面非均相反应对大气中气态物种及颗粒态物种浓度的影响.结果表明,非均相反应使得NO₂、N₂O₅ 和NO₃ 浓度最大值分别下降了2%、11%和4%,硝酸盐和硫酸盐最大值分别增加了7%和36%,HONO的浓度则增加了4.6 倍.各个非均相反应对物种浓度的作用程度受反应摄取系数大小的影响很大.非均相反应的影响程度与颗粒物质量浓度呈正相关,与颗粒物粒径及稀释系数呈负相关.     

内蒙古温带草原氮沉降的观测研究

在内蒙古太仆寺旗对温带草原地区的氮沉降进行了为期1 a(2011年11月～2012年10月)的观测.在线分析大气NH3和NO2浓度,用CMAQ模型计算的干沉降速率计算了气体干沉降量;采集降水、降尘和穿透雨样品并测定NH4+和NO3-浓度,分别得到湿沉降、颗粒物干沉降和穿透雨沉降量.观测结果表明该地区的氮沉降量已经高达3.43 g.(m2.a)-1,有可能对草原生态系统产生危害.其中,湿沉降占44%,气体干沉降占38%,颗粒物干沉降占18%.干沉降对氮沉降的贡献大于湿沉降,必需重视干沉降的测定,而穿透雨沉降明显小于总沉降,说明穿透雨法不适合于草原地区.从组分上看,还原态氮(包括NH4+和NH3)对氮沉降的贡献为71%,而氧化态氮(NO3-和NO2)的贡献仅29%,因此在控制氮沉降时,不应只针对NOx排放进行削减,NH3减排同样重要.     

HONO来源及其对空气质量影响研究进展

综述了HONO来源(源排放、均相反应和非均相反应生成)、HONO模拟研究以及HONO来源对空气质量的影响.指出均相反应中激发态NO2与水汽作用形成HONO的机制在高NOx排放地区具有重要作用,但反应速率需进一步证实.非均相反应中水解反应可能是HONO最主要来源,空气质量模式模拟结果也支持该观点;soot表面的光照催化反应在soot高排放地区对HONO贡献较大,但仍需大量外场实验证实;土壤排放机理的外场实验研究极少,亟待加强.     

HONO来源及其对空气质量影响研究进展

综述了HONO来源(源排放、均相反应和非均相反应生成)、HONO模拟研究以及HONO来源对空气质量的影响.指出均相反应中激发态NO2与水汽作用形成HONO的机制在高NOx排放地区具有重要作用,但反应速率需进一步证实.非均相反应中水解反应可能是HONO最主要来源,空气质量模式模拟结果也支持该观点;soot表面的光照催化反应在soot高排放地区对HONO贡献较大,但仍需大量外场实验证实;土壤排放机理的外场实验研究极少,亟待加强.     

308 nm光作用下α-Fe2O3表面HNO3的光解

采用紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)及离子色谱(IC)技术对HNO3在α-Fe2O3表面暗反应和308nm下光解反应进行了研究.考察了时间、HNO3浓度、相对湿度(RH)等条件对反应的影响.结果表明,随着HNO3浓度、光照时间的增加,HNO3在气相与α-Fe2O3表面光解产物浓度均呈指数增加;HNO3在α-Fe2O3表面光解产生的NO2、NO分别为气相产生的3.27及3.87倍,而无论气相还是表面光解的NO2浓度均约为NO的2倍.随着RH的增加,HNO3光解产生的HONO的浓度随之呈指数增大,其产率从RH 20%时的0.023增加到90%时的0.087.α-Fe2O3的表面效应在HNO3的表面光解反应中起主导作用.     

相对湿度对光催化净化含H_2S污染气体的影响

在1台自制的光催化反应器中,研究不同相对湿度条件下H2S浓度随时间的变化情况。结果显示:当相对湿度约为20%时,TiO2光催化剂净化H2S有较高的效率,在较高相对湿度条件下,由于H2O分子在反应中参与和H2S气体的竞争吸附,降解H2S并不彻底;经SO42-表面修饰的TiO2具有较好的反应活性和抗湿性,这种抗湿性能够更稳定地净化不同湿度下的H2S气体。     

大气模拟烟雾箱中HONO的表征

NO2与H2O在烟雾箱表面生成HONO的异相反应是导致烟雾箱实验数据不确定性增加的主要原因之一,因此.必须对该反应进行表征.本研究采用烟雾箱实验与箱式模型模拟相结合的方法,确定实验系统特有的HONO释放速率.实验在室内烟雾箱实验系统完成,通过NO、NO2沉积实验获得的气态反应物在烟雾箱壁面(Teflon膜)上的沉积速率分别为0.0026 h-1及0.0025 h-1;光解实验得到NO2的光解速率为0.21min-1,在此基础上利用量子产率、吸收截面积、光谱分布计算出其它6个光解反应的速率常数.将实验获取的速率常数与CB-Ⅳ反应机理联合使用建立箱式模拟系统,利用c0一NO实验数据对模拟参数进行优化,得到该系统的HONO的释放速率为1.65×10-5cm3·mol-1·s-1.由此提供了一种表征实验与箱式模型联合使用确定烟雾箱系统HONO释放速率的有效方法.     

团絮状双效催化聚苯硫醚滤料反应参数及机理

以N-油酰基多肽表面活化聚苯硫醚滤料,以酸性KMnO₄在60~80℃操作温度下正向滴定,在氧化作用下实现活性组分氧化.实验研究了催化滤料的低温NO还原和Hg⁰氧化性能,并通过SEM、EDX及TPD表征手段对催化滤料物化结构进行分析.分别考察了（0.9）Mn-Ce-Fe-Co-O_x/PPS反应体系温度、气相O₂浓度、初始NO浓度、氨氮比（NSR）、入口SO₂浓度的最佳反应参数.结果表明,有效组分MnO_x、CeO_x、CoO_x、Fe₂O₃以团絮状均匀分散在纤维表面;在反应温度170℃、O₂≥5%、NO≤500×10^-6、氨氮比1.0、SO₂≤100 500×10^-6条件下,催化滤料对NO还原及Hg⁰氧化效率基本达到80%左右;程序升温脱附实验Hg-TPD结果表明SO₂的Hg⁰氧化促进作用机理于SO₃与Hg⁰非均相反应优于SO₂硫酸化反应,而NO-TPD结果则表明NO与O₂在PPS表面相互作用类型以吸附态亚硝酸盐为主,吸附态NO₂次之.     

silicalite-1全硅分子筛常温催化氧化NO性能

针对低温NO氧化催化剂抗水性和抗硫性能差等问题,采用silicalite-1分子筛为催化剂,在NO进口浓度为0.06%条件下,考察了相对湿度(0%~100%)、空速、氧气浓度(5%~20%)与二氧化硫浓度(0%~0.04%)等因素对NO催化氧化的影响.研究结果表明,在30℃,空速为14400h~(-1)条件下,相对湿度从0%增大到100%时,NO氧化率从56%下降到42%,并可以一直保持稳定,SO_2浓度在0%~0.04%均不会对NO氧化反应造成影响.60h催化剂稳定性实验结果表明,在30℃,NO进口浓度为0.06%,空速为7200h~(-1),SO_2浓度为0.01%时,饱和水汽下的NO氧化率能稳定地维持在52%,说明silicalite-1分子筛具有良好的NO氧化稳定性、抗水汽和抗硫性能.     

Heterogeneous reaction of NO2 on the surface of montmorillonite particles

The studies on heterogeneous reactions over montmorillonite, which is a typical 2:1 layered aluminosilicate, will benefit to the understanding of heterogeneous reactions on clay minerals. Montmorillonite can be classified as sodium montmorillonite or calcium montmorillonite depending on the cation presented between the different layers. Using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), the heterogeneous reaction mechanism of NO₂ on the surface of montmorillonite was firstly investigated. Results showed that the reaction of NO₂ on the surface of sodium and calcium montmorillonite fit a first-order kinetics, and the reaction duration of calcium montmorillonite was longer than that of sodium montmorillonite under the dry condition. For either sodium or calcium montmorillonite, the uptake coefficient decreased as humidity increased.     

Photocatalytic removal of NO and NO2 using titania nanotubes synthesized by hydrothermal method

In this study, the photocatalysts of titania nanotubes(TNTs) were synthesized at different calcination temperatures using commercial Degussa TiO2(P25) as a precursor. The materials were then characterized by BET, SEM, TEM, and XRD analyses. The photocatalytic reactions with NO and NO2 under UV-A irradiation were both performed. The results showed that the photocatalytic reaction rate of NO was much faster than that of NO2, and the conversion of NO2 to nitrate was the rate-limiting step for photocatalytic removal of NOx if the nitrate produced cannot be removed continuously from the photocatalyst surface. For TNTs calcined at different temperatures, a significant enhancement was observed on the total NOx removal efficiency by TNT calcined at 500°C for both NO and NO2 photocatalytic reaction, which could be attributed to its high anatase crystallinity as well as high surface area. These two factors affect primarily on the NO2conversion step in which the high anatase crystallinity could be responsible for the high efficiency at the beginning, while the high surface area could be accounted for retaining this high efficiency from nitric acid poisoning during the test period.     

化学沉淀分离-置换法提纯Al13的工艺研究

采用AlCl₃溶液和Na₂CO₃粉末在不同温度下制备了不同浓度的聚合氯化铝(PACl). 以选定的中等浓度、高Al₁₃含量的PACl为原液,研究了Al₁₃与硫酸盐沉淀反应过程中SO₄/Al摩尔比、反应体系起始总铝浓度的影响以及Al₁₃硫酸盐与Ba(NO₃)₂置换反应过程中的Ba/SO₄摩尔比、超声、温度等因素的影响. 实验结果表明,在制备温度为50℃条件下,浓度在0.4～0.6　mol/L范围的PACl含有较高的Al₁₃. 沉淀分离反应的最佳SO₄/Al摩尔比为0.6∶1;生成的 Al₁₃硫酸盐沉淀物为正四面体状晶体. 在Al₁₃硫酸盐与Ba(NO₃)₂溶液置换反应过程中,Ba/SO₄的最佳摩尔比为1∶1,反应温度及超声作用对置换反应的影响较小;提高Ba(NO₃)₂的起始浓度可以得到相应较高浓度的纯化Al₁₃溶液. 所得Al₁₃纯度的统计平均值为92.1％.     

Effects of support acidity on the reaction mechanisms of selective catalytic reduction of NO by CH4 in excess oxygen

The reaction mechanisms of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide (NO) by methane (CH₄) over solid superacid-based catalysts were proposed and testified by DRIFTS studies on transient reaction as well as by kinetic models. Catalysts derived from different supports would lead to different reaction pathways, and the acidity of solid superacid played an important role in determining the reaction mechanisms and the catalytic activities. Higher ratios of Br?nsted acid sites to Lewis acid sites would lead to stronger oxidation of methane and then could facilitate the step of methane activation. Strong Br?nsted acid sites would not necessarily lead to better catalytic performance, however, since the active surface NO_y species and the corresponding reaction routes were determined by the overall acidity strength of the support. The reaction routes where NO₂ moiety was engaged as an important intermediate involved moderate oxidation of methane, the rate of which could determine the overall activity. The reaction involving NO moiety was likely to be determined by the step of reduction of NO. Therefore, to enhance the SCR activity of solid superacid catalysts, reactions between appropriate couples of active NO_y species and activated hydrocarbon intermediates should be realized by modification of the support acidity.     

Fe2O3 particles as superior catalysts for low temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3

Fe203 particle catalysts were experimentally studied in the low temperature selective catalytic reduction （SCR） of NO with NH3. The effects of reaction temperature, oxygen concentration, [NH3]/[NO] molar ratio and residence time on SCR activity were studied. It was found that Fe203 catalysts had high activity for the SCR of NO with NH3 in a broad temperature range of 150-270℃, and more than 95% NO conversion was obtained at 180℃ when the molar ratio [NH3]/[NO] = 1, the residence time was 0.48 seconds and 02 volume fraction was 3%. In addition, the effect of SO2 on SCR catalytic activity was also investigated at the temperature of 180℃. The results showed that deactivation of the Fe2O3 particles occurred due to the presence of SO2 and the NO conversion decreased from 99.2% to 58% in 240 min, since SO2 gradually decreased the catalytic activity of the catalysts. In addition, X-ray diffraction, Thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the fresh and deactivated Fe2O3 catalysts. The results showed that the deactivation caused by SO2 was due to the formation of metal sulfates and ammonium sulfates on the catalyst surface during the de-NO reaction, which could cause pore plugging and result in suppression of the catalytic activity.     

氧化铁催化甲烷脱硝的实验研究

文章使用固定床反应器在350℃~850℃范围内对氧化铁催化甲烷脱硝进行了实验研究。研究结果发现在有2%氧气存在条件下,氧化铁催化甲烷脱硝的效果最高只有20%,而且在350℃~750℃范围的氧化铁催化甲烷脱硝反应机理与850℃时的脱硝反应机理并不相同。在高温的850℃~950℃范围无氧气条件下,NOx转化率随着温度升高而单调增加,随CH4/NO摩尔比的增加而升高,氧化铁催化甲烷脱硝的最佳效果可以达到将近100%。通过进一步分析发现高温850℃~950℃无氧气条件下的脱硝反应机理是在催化剂表面进行了氧化还原反应,即首先发生了CH4与Fe2O3的气固反应,将Fe2O3还原为Fe3O4,而后Fe3O4再与NO反应将其还原为N2。     

针铁矿-高岭石复合体的表面性质和吸附氟的特性

采用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、红外(FT-IR)光谱、质子电位滴定、比表面及微孔分析等方法对针铁矿、高岭石及其复合体的基本性质进行了表征;研究了供试样品对氟的吸附容量及吸附模型.结果表明,在悬浮液体系中,针铁矿可包被在高岭石表面形成二元复合体.复合体的孔径主要分布在0.42 nm和0.61 nm左右,BET表面积为34.08 m2/g,表面分形度D=2.726,质子电荷零点(pHPZNPC)位于5.50～6.50间.初始pH=6.00时,针铁矿对氟的吸附容量(qmax)为4.506 mg/g,高岭石的吸附容量为0.608 mg/g,复合体的吸附容量为3.520 mg/g.用Langmuir和Freundlich方程拟合了针铁矿、高岭石及复合体对氟的等温吸附数据,其中Langmuir方程拟合的相关系数(R2)分别为0.964、0.991和0.799,Freundlich方程拟合的相关系数分别为0.925、0.886和0.995.3种矿物吸附氟的主要机制有阴离子配体交换、表面配位和静电作用;此外,"F-键桥"对复合体吸附氟也有重要贡献.与2种单体的平均值比较,针铁矿-高岭石复合体的孔体积和孔径分布无明显变化,比表面积和表面分形度增加,表面羟基含量和质子电荷量减少,吸附氟的能力增强.针铁矿和高岭石单体对氟的吸附属于单层吸附模式,适合用Langmuir方程拟合;多层吸附模型Freundlich方程可很好地描述复合体对氟的吸附.     

非热等离子体结合CuO催化剂或Ca(OH)2吸收剂去除氮氧化物

采用非热等离子体结合催化或现场化学吸收的2种方法来去除气流中的NO_x.结果表明,非热等离子体结合催化,反应器内的CuO催化剂能有效地促进NO的还原反应;相对于催化还原NO而言,脉冲电晕作用下能有效地降低NO催化还原的反应温度.当催化剂为CuO,脉冲电压为18kV,反应温度为200℃,还原剂为1%CO及NO进口浓度为719 mg/m³条件下,NO的去除率达到了100%.非热等离子体结合现场化学吸收方法,是一种在常温下从气流中净化氮氧化物的有效方法,NO的去除率远远高于反应器内没有吸收剂的情况.可以认为反应器内的Ca(OH)₂吸收剂通过与NO的氧化产物NO₂或NO₃的吸收反应促进了NO的去除.当反应器内有Ca(OH)₂吸收剂存在时,在脉冲电压为18kV,O₂浓度为2%及NO进口浓度为1 050 mg/m³条件下,NO的去除率达到了100%.     

NOx和/或NH3气氛下SO2在高岭土表面非均相转化的实验研究

利用自制气溶胶反应器研究了NO_x和/或NH_3气氛下SO_2在高岭土表面的非均相转化过程,应用扫描电镜(SEM)对高岭土颗粒物形貌进行了表征.结果表明:高岭土颗粒表面的SO_2非均相转化致使其成分和形貌产生了较大变化.相同实验条件下,SO_2转化的协同作用程度由高到低依次为NH_3、NO_x/NH_3和NO_x气氛,相对湿度40%、有光照条件下,SO_2转化量增幅最高可分别达125%、75%和50%.所有气氛下,协同作用在无光照时在高相对湿度(40%~70%)区间更为突出,有光照时其显著性则体现在低相对湿度(20%~40%)区间.SO_2、NO_x、NH_3三者共存时,在高岭土颗粒表面发生的非均相反应过程既有协同作用又存在竞争反应.     

Effect of Ce doping of TiO2 support on NH3-SCR activity over V2O5-WO3/CeO2-TiO2 catalyst

CeO2–TiO2composite supports with different Ce/Ti molar ratios were prepared by a homogeneous precipitation method, and V2O5–WO3/CeO2–TiO2catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction（SCR） of NOx with NH3 were prepared by an incipient-wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were characterized by means of BET, XRD, UV–Vis,Raman and XPS techniques. The results showed that the catalytic activity of V2O5–WO3/TiO2 was greatly enhanced by Ce doping（molar ratio of Ce/Ti = 1/10） in the TiO2 support.The catalysts that were predominantly anatase TiO2 showed better catalytic performance than the catalysts that were predominantly fluorite CeO2. The Ce additive could enhance the surface adsorbed oxygen and accelerate the SCR reaction. The effects of O2 concentration, ratio of NH3/NO, space velocity and SO2 on the catalytic activity were also investigated. The presence of oxygen played an important role in NO reduction. The optimal ratio of NH3/NO was 1/1 and the catalyst had good resistance to SO2 poisoning.