连云港海底底泥及青海湖底泥细菌多样性研究

通过对不同盐环境连云港海底底泥和青海湖底泥样品构建细菌16S rRNA克隆文库,对2个环境样品中细菌群落的多样性、丰富度和优势度等进行了比较,并对其群落组成结构进行了分析.结果表明,连云港海底底泥文库的多样性指数Shannon diversity（H）达到3.53,青海湖底泥文库的Shannon diversity（H...     

16S rDNA克隆文库分析高含盐生物脱硫系统细菌多样性

采用分子生物学手段16S rDNA克隆文库方法研究连续运行1 a的生物脱硫反应器中细菌的多样性.从16S rDNA克隆文库中随机挑选40个克隆子进行序列测定(约1 400 bp),对测序结果进行了Blast对比.结果表明,脱硫系统中存在比例较高的优势菌种,有33个克隆子分属于3个不同的细菌类群,1个克隆子属于未知类群,优势细菌类群为Proteobacteria类群(变形菌类群),占85.3%.细菌类群优势顺序为:γ-Proteobacteria类群(55.9%),β-Proteobacteria类群(17.6%),Actinobacteridae类群(8.8%),δ-Proteobacteria(5.9%),α-Proteobacteria(5.9%),Sphingobacteria(2.9%).其中盐生硫杆菌属的Halothiobacillus sp. ST15和硫杆菌属的Thiobacillus sp.UAM-I是系统中的主要脱硫细菌.     

16SrDNA克隆文库方法分析MDAT-IAT同步脱氮除磷系统细菌多样性研究

采用分子生物学手段16S rDNA克隆文库方法对高效同步脱氮除磷系统MDAT-IAT(modified demand aerationtank-intermit aerationtank)的IAT池中的细菌进行了多样性研究.从16S rDNA克隆文库中随机挑选59个克隆子进行序列测定(约500bp),对测序结果进行了BLAST比对.结果表明,MDAT-IAT系统中IAT池的细菌群落具有高度多样性,有55个克隆子分属6个不同的细菌类群,3个克隆子属于未知类群,优势细菌类群为Proteobacteria类群(变形菌类群),占55.17%;细菌类群优势顺序为γ-Proteobacteria类群(34.48%)、Bacteroidetes类群(似杆菌类群,20.69%)、β-Proteobacteria类群(12.07%)、Candidate division TM7类群(12.07%)、α-Proteobacteria类群(5.17%)、δ-Proteobacteria类群(3.45%)、Firmicutes类群(厚壁菌类群,3.45%)、Candidate division OP11类群(1.72%)、Planctomycetes类群(浮霉状菌类群,1.72%).用clustalx软件从测序的58个克隆子中选出32个OTU进行系统发育分析,同样表明IAT池的细菌多样性较强.     

同时产甲烷反硝化颗粒污泥中微生物群落结构

在UASB成功运行同时产甲烷反硝化小试基础上,针对反应器内颗粒污泥,通过构建古菌和细菌的16SrDNA基因文库、RADAR遗传变异分型和测序比对等技术进行了微生物系统发育关系和群落结构分析.结果表明,在颗粒污泥的古菌中,产甲烷髦毛菌和产甲烷杆菌是主要菌群,随机选出的88个古菌克隆子,这两类古菌的16SrDNA序列分别占古菌总量71.59%和22.73%;而颗粒污泥中细菌的多样性要高于古菌,低GC革兰氏阳性菌和ε变型菌纲分支的细菌是细菌的主要菌群,在随机选出的133个细菌克隆子中,这2类细菌的16SrDNA序列分别占细菌总量的49.62%和12.03%.     

饮用水深度处理活性炭池中微生物群落分布研究

采集2种炭龄饮用水深度处理活性炭池表面生物膜,提取微生物总DNA,构建细菌16S rDNA克隆文库,并通过16S rDNA序列的系统发育分析,对样品中的细菌种群多样性以及群落结构进行了研究.结果表明,5 a炭龄炭样克隆文库中阳性克隆的16S rDNA序列分属11个细菌类群,分别为α-Proteobacteria(26....     

同步硝化反硝化系统中反硝化细菌多样性研究

采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和分子克隆构建nirS克隆文库对同步硝化反硝化系统好氧池中反硝化细菌多样性进行了研究.从克隆文库中随机挑选75个克隆子进行序列测定,对测序结果进行了BLAST比对.结果表明,有74个克隆子分属于3个不同的细菌类群,包括β-Proteobacteria、γ-Proteobacteria和Uncultured bacterium. β-Proteobacteria纲为好氧池内优势菌群,占文库比例的54.41%;其次是γ-Proteobacteria纲,占文库比例的25%.对测序得到的12个OTU用MEGA软件进行系统发育分析,结果显示Thauera属为该系统中最主要的脱氮菌属.     

垃圾填埋场中真细菌群落16S rRNA基因的分析

回灌式垃圾填埋场渗滤液中真细菌群落的多样性同样通过不依赖于微生物培养的分析而获得。利用特异性的引物对,选择性地扩增渗滤液DNA中的真细菌16S rRNA基因片断(16S rDNA),并用于构建16S rDNA克隆文库。文库内真细菌16S rDNA的遗传多样性通过限制片断长度多态性分析(RFLP,限制性内切酶Hin PII和Msp I)而获得。初步的结果表明,随机选出的200个真细菌克隆子被分为147个不同的RFLP型(组),当中丰度最高的两个型均仅含有9个克隆子,两者共占所有被分析克隆子的不到10%;克隆子数≥2的型共有21个(包括以上2个丰度最高的型),它们共代表74个克隆子,占所有被分析克隆子的37%;而剩下的126个型均只含有1个克隆子,它们共占整个基因文库的63%。由此可见,李坑垃圾渗滤液中的真细菌具有非常复杂的群落结构。     

克隆文库方法分析厌氧氨氧化反应器中细菌群落结构

为了认识低基质浓度污水厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)脱氮过程的生物学机制,为ANAMMOX脱氮工艺的优化提供理论依据,通过构建细菌16S rDNA(约1 500 bp)克隆文库和浮霉菌特有16S rDNA(约830 bp)克隆文库对ANAMMOX脱氮反应器中活性污泥的细菌群落结构进行分析。从细菌16S rDNA克隆文库中随机挑选到160个克隆子,共31个分类单元(OTU),与GenBank数据库比对结果表明,厌氧颗粒污泥中的细菌群落具有丰富的多样性,包括:变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidete)、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospira)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、Candidate division OP10、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)和未知菌,其中,变形菌门和拟杆菌门为优势菌群,分别占41.9%和34.2%。在浮霉菌特有16S rDNA克隆文库的40个克隆子中,34个克隆子属于CandidatusKuenenia属的厌氧氨氧化细菌,它们是ANAMMOX脱氮过程的主要功能菌。     

上海大气降水中细菌气溶胶的多样性研究

采用分子生物学技术16S rRNA克隆文库方法,以上海市2012年不同月份的大气降水样品为模板构建细菌16S rRNA克隆文库,对连续5个月的大气降水样品中细菌群落结构组成及多样性进行了研究,并对其群落结构的生物多样性、物种丰度及覆盖率等进行了分析比较.结果表明,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(α-,β-,γ-)是上海市降水样品中细菌的优势菌群(32.5%~94.1%),另外还包括拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、异常球菌-栖热菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)共7个主要门类的细菌,以及未定菌(TM7).多样性指数分析结果显示,不同月份降水样品的细菌群落结构组成与多样性均存在着差异性,夏季6月样品的细菌群落生物多样性及物种丰度明显高于其它样品,其次是秋季8月的样品.     

鄱阳湖水体细菌群落组成及遗传多样性

利用建立细菌16S rRNA基因文库和限制性内切酶长度多态性(RFLP)分析的方法,对鄱阳湖南、北湖区水体的细菌多样性进行了研究. 结果表明,鄱阳湖水体细菌多样性较高,且南湖区2007年水体的细菌多样性明显高于其2006年水体和北湖区水体. 主要细菌组成分析表明,鄱阳湖水体中的349个阳性克隆代表的167种基因型分别属于十大细菌类群,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)在4个克隆文库中占据了47%～81%,数量极其丰富,尤其是亚型的β-变形菌为优势菌群; 拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)也广泛分布,且有2.9%～17.1%的克隆数属于未分类细菌. 研究结果进一步提示鄱阳湖水体有一定程度的富营养化.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.