富营养化景观水体优势菌修复研究

研究了优势菌对富营养化景观水体修复作用。结果表明,投加优势菌4d后出现修复效果,20d修复效果达到最佳状态,浊度、NH3-N、CODMn、TN、TP和叶绿素a都大幅下降,溶解氧从7．2mg／L提高到10．4mg／L,叶绿素a与CODMn、TN、TP、NH2-N有较好的相关性。     

利用沉水植物生长期收割进行富营养化水体生态管理的实地研究

在以再生水为补水水源的圆明园玉玲珑水域进行沉水植物收割实验,自2011年4—12月间每隔半个月监测一次水质。结果表明,通过在生长期收割沉水植物,玉玲珑水体TP、SRP、TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N和COD的平均浓度可维持在0.1、0.04、0.86、0.1、0.32和18 mg/L左右,水质保持在Ⅲ类至Ⅳ类地表水之间;与之对照的不收割沉水植物的玉玲珑进水口水域,9月沉水植物开始死亡腐烂,TP、SRP、TN、NH4+-N最高分别可达0.5、0.1、2.4和0.60 mg/L;作为对照的另一以挺水植物为主的水域,水质普遍劣于有大量沉水植物生长的水域,TP、SRP、TN、NH4+-N最高分别可达1.2、0.60、6.1和0.61mg/L。圆明园的实地实验表明,沉水植物有很强的净化水质作用,通过生长期收割,能够进一步强化其水质净化作用,可以作为一项对富营养化水体进行生态管理的有效措施进行推广。     

低动力复合净水系统净化生态农庄景观池水质

采用生物填料、阿科蔓生态基和生态浮盆等材料构建低动力复合净水系统(LCWPS)进行生态农庄人工景观池水质净化技术示范研究。系统稳定运行后的周年监测结果表明,整体系统使人工景观池的CODMn、TN、NH4+-N、TP和浊度分别下降61.1%～62.8%、36.0%～39.9%、14.3%～35.7%、66.7%～79.5%和76.8%～79.8%,水质溶解氧浓度(DO)上升72.7%～126.0%,景观池水质达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)中景观水域需要的V类水质标准,并能长期保持稳定。从管理维护成本角度考虑,利用LCWPS净化生态农庄人工景观池水质能达到节能节水的目的。     

低温下水芹浮床对氨氮类富营养水体的连续小试净化

利用连续小试装置研究了6.9～8.8℃水温下水芹浮床自由表面流人工湿地对NH4 -N类富营养水体的处理效果和相关运行参数.试验结果表明,在HRT从6 d到2 d的过程中,COD平均去除率分别为(61.9±3.5)%和(40.1±0.7)%,TN平均去除率分别为(32.0±4.9)%和(20.1±4.1)%,TP平均去除率分别为(37.8±7.2)%和(19.9±3.1)%.出水中COD、TN与TP浓度随着进水负荷的增加而增加.     

高效垂直流人工湿地+多级生态塘深度处理污水厂尾水

采用高效垂直流人工湿地+多级生态塘组合工艺对污水厂尾水进行深度处理。研究发现,组合工艺进水流量为900 m3·d-1时为最优工况;在最优运行工况下组合工艺对污水处理厂尾水有显著的净化效果,对COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的去除效果可高达59.22%、81.06%、93.11%和55.81%,出水达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)Ⅳ类标准;生态塘能强化NH3-N和TN去除效果,可进一步除磷,降低富营养化风险;运行一年至少减少COD排放量9.85 t·a-1,NH3-N排放量1.73 t·a-1,TN排放量4.96 t·a-1,TP排放量0.16 t·a-1,具有良好的环境效益和经济效益。     

疏浚对巢湖双桥河水环境容量的影响

双桥河是巢湖受污染较为严重的入湖河流之一,其入湖口距巢湖市自来水厂取水口仅500 m,同时也是巢湖市的主要行洪河道,为了改善水质状况并提高河道行洪能力,于2010年3—5月对双桥河进行了疏浚。本文作者于2009年12月—2010年10月对双桥河监测断面及排污口进行了监测,在分析双桥河水质及现有污染源的基础上,选择CODMn、TP、NH3-N和TN作为水质敏感参数,对疏浚前后双桥河的不同河段污染物质的水环境容量进行了模拟计算,并调查了水生植被覆盖度及沉积物氮磷含量的变化。结果表明,疏浚后整个河道水生植被的覆盖度由40%降低到5%左右,各污染物的降解系数都有较大程度的降低,同时疏浚后短期内CODMn和TP的环境容量均有一定程度的降低,而NH3-N和TN的环境容量变化较小。分析认为,这一方面是由于疏浚后河道内水生植物覆盖度的降低导致水体的自净能力降低,另一方面是由于疏浚过程中的扰动引起大量沉积物的再悬浮及污染物的释放。所以在减少外来污染的前提下,对重富营养化水体底泥进行疏浚并开展水生植被恢复工程应是控制富营养化的有效途径。     

利用沉水植物生长期收割进行富营养化水乍生态管理的实地研究

在以再生水为补水水源的圆明园玉玲珑水域进行沉水植物收割实验,自2011年4—12月问每隔半个月监测-次水质。结果表明,通过在生长期收割沉水植物,玉玲珑水体TP、SRP、TN、NH4-N、NO3--N和COD的平均浓度可维持在0．1、0．04、0．86、0．1、0．32和18mg／L左右,水质保持在Ⅲ类至Ⅳ类地表水之间;与之对照的不收割沉水植物的玉玲珑进水口水域,9月沉水植物开始死亡腐烂,TP、SRP、TN、NH4＋-N最高分别可达0．5、0．1、2．4和0．60mg／L;作为对照的另-以挺水植物为主的水域,水质普遍劣于有大量沉水植物生长的水域,TP、SRP、TN、NH4＋-N最高分别可达1．2、0．60、6．1和0．61mg／L。圆明园的实地实验表明,沉水植物有很强的净化水质作用,通过生长期收割,能够进-步强化其水质净化作用,可以作为-项对富营养化水体进行生态管理的有效措施进行推广。     

浦阳江干流河流生态缓冲带土地利用类型对水质和底栖动物的影响

为揭示河流生态缓冲带土地利用变化对水质和水生生物多样性的影响,以浦阳江干流为研究对象,通过底栖动物野外采集、水质分析和河岸带土地利用解译,分析其干流河流生态缓冲带土地利用类型与河流水质和底栖动物多样性之间的关系.结果 表明,高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、氨氮(NH3-N)和总磷(TP)与林业用地呈负相关,但与农业用地显著...     

龙形水系中心区水体富营养化评价与成因分析

龙形水系是北京奥林匹克公园内的主要景观水体,以再生水为主要补水水源.采用综合营养状态指数法对龙形水系中心区(简称中心区)水体富营养化状态进行评价.结果表明:(1)中心区水体全部为富营养状态,汛期的综合营养状态指数总体呈逐渐降低的趋势,即水体在汛期初期至中期为中度富营养,后期为轻度富营养;汛期结束后水质较差,综合营养状态指数上升,中心区水体达到重度富营养化状态.(2)再生水为中心区水体污染物的主要污染源,其TN、TP、COD和NH4+-N年输入量占各类污染物年总输入量的85％以上;在汛期,其主要污染物输入量占总输入量的70％以上.中心区水体在汛期没有明显的污染物集中输入现象.(3)中心区水体富营养化主要成因为氮磷等营养物质的输出量小于输入量,造成氮磷等营养物质大量累积.(4)在汛期,外界的适宜温度、饱和光照、水体的弱碱性和缓慢流速加大了中心区水体水华暴发风险.     

低温条件下生态槽深度处理农村生活污水的日变化特性

针对农村生活污水处理设施出水水质偏高污染环境的现状,构建了以水生植物为主体的生态槽深度处理农村生活污水,研究了低温条件下生态槽深度处理生活污水过程中DO、pH、COD、NH4+-N、TP等指标的日变化特性。结果表明,生活污水COD为37.67～60.23 mg/L、NH4+-N为13.66～16.76 mg/L、TP为1.32～1.78 mg/L、水温为9～11℃,HRT为5 d时,生态槽出水COD、NH4+-N和TP平均为21.07 mg/L、0.99 mg/L和0.19 mg/L,均可达《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)之Ⅳ类水标准。各级生态槽内DO浓度夜间低于昼间。夜间植物对NH4+-N和TP具有较强的吸收作用,平均去除率分别达94.83%和89.87%;而TN去除效果稍差,平均去除率为59.9%。     

Biodegradation of phenanthrene in river sediment

The aerobic biodegradation potential of phenanthrene (a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon [PAH]) in river sediment was investigated in the laboratory. Biodegradation rate constants (k1) and half-lives (t1/2) for phenanthrene (5 microg/g) in sediment samples collected at five sites along the Keelung River in densely populated northern Taiwan ranged from 0.12 to 1.13 l/day and 0.61 to 5.78 day, respectively. Higher biodegradation rate constants were noted in the absence of sediment. Two of the sediment samples were capable of biodegrading phenanthrene at initial concentrations 5-100 microg/g; lower biodegradation rates occurred at higher concentrations. Optimal biodegradation conditions were determined as 30 degreesC and pH 7.0. Biodegradation was not significantly influenced by the addition of such carbon sources as acetate, pyruvate, and yeast extract, but was significantly influenced by the addition of ammonium, sulfate, and phosphate. Results show that anthracene, fluorene, and pyrene biodegradation was enhanced by the presence of phenanthrene, but that phenanthrene treatment did not induce benzo[a]pyrene biodegradation during a 12-day incubation period.     

Biodegradation of nonylphenol in river sediment

We investigated the biodegradation of nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO) and nonylphenol (NP) by aerobic microbes in sediment samples collected at four sites along the Erren River in southern Taiwan. Aerobic degradation rate constants (k1) and half-lives (t1/2) for NP (2 microg g(-1)) ranged from 0.007 to 0.051 day(-1) and 13.6 to 99.0 days, respectively; for NP1EO (2 microg g(-1)) the ranges were 0.006 to 0.010 day(-1) and 69.3 to 115.5 days. Aerobic degradation rates for NP and NP1EO were enhanced by shaking and increased temperature, and delayed by the addition of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, phthalic acid esters (PAEs), and NaCl, as well as by reduced levels of ammonium, phosphate, and sulfate. Of the microorganism strains isolated from the sediment samples, we found that strain JC1 (identified as Pseudomonas sp.) expressed the best biodegrading ability. Also noted was the presence of 4'-amino-acetophenone, an intermediate product resulting from the aerobic degradation of NP by Pseudomonas sp.     

Fate of selected pharmaceuticals in river waters

The aqueous environmental fate of two antibiotics, lincomycin and clarithromycin, and an antiepileptic drug, carbamazepine, was investigated by monitoring drugs decomposition and identifying intermediates in Po river water (North Italy). Initially, control experiments in the dark and under illumination were performed on river water spiked with drugs to simulate all possible transformation processes occurring in the aquatic system. Under illumination, these pharmaceuticals were degraded and transformed into numerous organic intermediate compounds. Several species were formed and characterised by analysing MS and MS ⁿ spectra and by comparison with parent molecule fragmentation pathways. River water was sampled at three sampling points in an urban area. The selected pharmaceuticals were detected in all samples. Eight transformation products identified in the laboratory simulation were found in natural river water from carbamazepine degradation, three from clarithromycin and two from lincomycin. Their transformation occurring in aquatic system mainly involved mono- and poly-hydroxylation followed by oxidation of the hydroxyl groups.     

Nematode communities in contaminated river sediments

Nematode communities of eight sites from three river catchments were investigated in terms of the genera composition, feeding types, and life-history strategists. The sampling sites showed a gradient of anthropogenic contamination with heavy metals and organic pollutants being important factors in differentiating the sites. Nematode community structure was related to sediment pollution and the hydro-morphological structure of the sampling sites. Heavily contaminated sites were characterized by communities with high relative abundances of omnivorous and predacious nematodes (Tobrilus, c-p 3; Mononchus, c-p 4), while sites with low to medium contamination were dominated by bacterivorous nematodes (Monhystera, Daptonema; c-p 2) or suction feeders (Dorylaimus, c-p 4). The relatively high Maturity Index values in the heavily polluted sites were surprising. Nematodes turned out to be a suitable organism group for monitoring sediment quality, with generic composition being the most accurate indicator for assessing differences in nematode community structure.     

河流重金属污染底泥的稳定化实验研究

以实现河道疏浚底泥中富含的重金属Cu、Zn、Ni的稳定化为目标,选用EDTA、DTCR、Na_2S、Na_2S_2O_3、膨润土、水泥及自主研发的特殊胶凝材料作为稳定剂,对底泥中的重金属进行固化稳定,通过分析稳定后重金属浸出液浓度及赋存形态变化,探讨各药剂稳定效果,并寻求稳定剂的最佳投加量。研究表明,7种稳定剂对3种重金属的综合稳定化效果由好到差依次为:水泥胶凝材料膨润土DTCR硫化钠硫代硫酸钠EDTA;对Cu、Zn、Ni单种重金属而言,稳定效果最好的药剂分别为膨润土、胶凝材料及DTCR,而EDTA则使重金属浸出液浓度升高。除EDTA外,其他药剂对重金属Cu和Zn的稳定效果要明显优于Ni。根据稳定后重金属赋存形态变化结果,EDTA可使重金属可交换态比例升高,而膨润土对重金属4种形态分布基本无影响,其他药剂使重金属可交换态比例降低。     

水泥潜入河道底泥对重金属镉的拦截作用

基于水泥可潜入河道淤积基质,并可在基质内堆积和凝聚的机理,通过室内土柱积水入渗实验,揭示水泥潜入河床基质阻塞基质孔隙,削减地面水中污染物进入地下水的作用与规律。结果表明,水泥潜入河床基质,对砂壤土质河道淤泥含镉污水中重金属镉累积运移量有抑制作用,且抑制效果显著;水泥潜入砂壤土质河道淤泥对含镉污水中重金属镉浓度也有一定程度的减少作用,减少程度相对明显。该结果可以为抑制河道污染物通过地表向地下水迁移提供技术支撑,同时,为地下水环境污染治理工程选择有效、省时、低成本措施提供理论依据。     

本源微生物菌剂修复城市污染河流

通过丰湖河投菌过程中和总投菌后两周的各水质指标分析,对本源微生物菌剂作用城市重污染河流过程进行了探讨和研究。结果表明,在2010年11月20日全河布菌后,以COD下降后上升的情况作为补菌时间的判断依据,实现菌种效力最大化。继2010年11月25日、27日和30日3次补菌后上游至下游硐桥、久泰桥和益民水闸处COD的去除率分别达到52.7%、68.8%和61.6%,氨氮和总磷有所去除。水色由深灰绿色转变为深绿色,浮油减少,臭味明显消除。表明此法在冬季水温较低的天然河流条件下,不需大型设备便可较快修复水质,具有较好的经济环境效益。     

A nitrogen budget of the Changjiang river catchment

Based on 1997-1998 field investigations in the Changjiang river mouth, rain sampling from the river's upper reaches to the mouth, historical data, and relevant literature, the various sources of Total Nitrogen (TN) and Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN) in the Changjiang river catchment and N transport in the Changjiang river mouth were estimated. The export fluxes of various form of N were mainly controlled by the river runoff, and the export fluxes of NO3-N, DIN and TN in 1998 (an especially heavy flood year) were 1438 10(3) tonnes (t) yr(-1) or 795.1 kg km(-2) yr(-1), 1746 10(3) t yr(-1) or 965.4 kg km(-2) yr(-1) and 2849 10(3) t yr(-1) or 1575.3 kg km(-2) yr(-1), respectively. The TN and DIN in the Changjiang river came mainly from precipitation, agricultural nonpoint sources, N lost from fertilizer and soil, and point sources of industrial waste and residential sewage discharge, which were about 56.2% and 62.3%, 15.4% and 18.5%, 17.1% and 14.4%, respectively, of the N outflow at the Changjiang river mouth; maximum transport being in the middle reaches.