微塑料对农田土壤理化性质、土壤微生物群落结构与功能的影响

微塑料作为一种新污染物普遍存在于各类环境介质中,土壤环境中的微塑料污染已受到全球的广泛关注。该研究围绕农田土壤中微塑料污染这一主题,在总结分析国内外最新研究进展的基础上,综述了微塑料对农田土壤理化性质、土壤微生物生物量以及微生物群落结构与功能的影响。通过农业活动等途径进入农田土壤的微塑料会在非生物和生物作用下发生风化和降解,并对土壤理化性质、养分循环和污染物相互作用产生影响,进而影响微生物生物量、微生物群落结构与多样性、土壤酶活性,以及碳、氮循环和污染物降解等土壤生物地球化学过程,且微塑料对上述指标的影响与微塑料自身性质、土壤类型和暴露条件等多种因素有关。最后,对未来土壤微塑料的研究方向做了展望,以期为后续研究提供参考和思路。     

常见微塑料的自然光解老化

微塑料是一种新型环境污染物,对生态环境有重要的影响.本研究分析了几种常见塑料产品的主要成分,并探究了自然光解老化前后微塑料红外光谱的变化情况,通过与标准谱图比对,所选塑料样品分别属于聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET).红外结果表明,微塑料老化基本都伴随苯环、羰基与羟基的生成.此外,微塑料自然...     

老化聚氯乙烯微塑料与镉对小麦的联合毒性

微塑料是一种广受关注的新型污染物.本研究探讨了老化前后的聚氯乙烯(PVC)微塑料(PVC微塑料)与镉(Cd)对小麦的联合毒性.自然光解老化后的PVC微塑料表面发生C—Cl键断裂并伴随C=O的生成,而C=O的出现提高了PVC微塑料表面的亲水性,进一步提高了老化PVC微塑料对Cd的吸附量.根据小麦生长发育期间叶和根生物量的...     

土壤微塑料对微生物及温室气体排放影响研究进展

由于塑料制品被大量使用,微塑料已广泛存在于土壤环境中,因其具有尺寸小、难降解、可随食物链转移等特性,已成为近年来国内外研究的热点。基于已有研究,讨论了微塑料通过改变土壤理化性质、微生物酶活性和基因功能等方式影响微生物多样性和群落组成以及微塑料降解和代谢活性,并针对土壤微塑料影响CO₂、N₂O和CH₄这3种典型温室气体排放的效应进行详细论述。在综合现有研究进展后针对土壤温室气体排放机制、不同微塑料种类造成的影响、进一步加强实际土壤条件下微塑料认知等方面进行讨论。     

微塑料模拟老化及其对污染物吸附行为影响研究进展

微塑料在环境中被广泛检出,进入环境中的微塑料普遍发生着缓慢而复杂的老化过程,影响其与环境中其他污染物的相互作用。该文从微塑料的老化方法、理化性质变化、污染物吸附能力及相互作用机制等几个方面进行了归纳总结。微塑料的老化方法主要涉及物理方法、化学方法、生物方法等。物理老化方法有人为作用、光催化老化、侵蚀作用等;化学老化方法主要包括酸、碱、氧化处理等;生物老化方法主要是动植物、微生物、降解酶等对微塑料的作用。不同方法具有各自的特点和适用性。各种老化处理对微塑料表面物理性质都有不同程度的影响。老化后的微塑料表面出现更多褶皱,比表面积增加,孔隙度、结晶度等都发生变化;大多老化方法对微塑料的化学性质无明显影响,但UV（紫外光）老化、自然风化等对微塑料的性质影响较大,表面含氧官能团增加,促进了其对污染物的吸附作用。老化微塑料能与环境中的重金属、有机污染物发生吸附作用,微塑料性质、老化方法、污染物性质和环境因素等都会影响微塑料的吸附行为。老化后微塑料吸附性能普遍增强,主要通过疏水作用、静电作用、络合作用、氢键、范德华力、π–π相互作用吸附其他污染物。针对目前微塑料老化及其与污染物的相互作用研究中存在的...     

农田土壤微塑料污染及其对植物的影响研究进展

微塑料(microplastics, MPs)是一种新型环境污染物,不仅危害海洋生态系统,也广泛存在于陆地生态系统,可以通过土壤进入植物体,进而危害人类健康。该文系统综述了农田环境中MPs的研究进展及未来方向。详细介绍了国内外土壤中MPs的形态、来源、积累过程及MPs对土壤结构和功能的影响;重点阐述了MPs对生物、植物的生态影响以及MPs和金属镉复合污染对植物的影响;并展望了农田环境中的MPs研究的未来方向及重点,以期为全面了解农田中MPs研究现状及未来研究提供信息和科学指导。     

恩诺沙星残留对土壤微生物数量及群落功能多样性的影响

对不同浓度恩诺沙星作用于土壤后三大类微生物数量及群落功能多样性进行了研究. 结果表明,恩诺沙星残留对它们影响强弱顺序为:细菌>放线菌>真菌,其影响作用随浓度从每克土 0. 01μg至 10μg的增加而加大,药物作用活性维持期为 6~8d,但对真菌作用不明显. 相对较低浓度的恩诺沙星残留(每克土中 0. 1μg, 1μg)不影响土壤微生物群落功能多样性,而相对较高浓度的恩诺沙星残留 (每克土中 10μg)则降低了其微生物群落功能多样性.图 2表 2参 9     

生物炭对设施土壤中聚氯乙烯微塑料植物毒性的影响研究

聚氯乙烯(polyvinyl chloride, PVC)微塑料广泛分布于设施土壤中,具有较强的植物毒性,对农作物生长发育构成严重威胁,因此,亟需采取措施降低土壤微塑料的植物毒性。生物炭具有较强的吸附能力,能有效钝化土壤污染物,被广泛应用于污染土壤修复。此外,生物炭在改土增产方面表现出巨大潜力。为了探究生物炭对土壤中PVC微塑料植物毒性的影响,对比分析了单一PVC微塑料暴露以及PVC微塑料和不同浓度生物炭复合暴露条件下生菜的生长指标和生理生化指标。结果表明,单一PVC微塑料暴露下生菜叶片叶绿素含量较对照组显著增加(P<0.01),然而,生菜地下部和地上部生物量却分别降低23.54%和12.04%。这可能是因为PVC微塑料附着在生菜根系表面,诱导根部过氧化氢(H₂O₂)积累并产生氧化损伤,从而影响根系的正常生理功能。向PVC微塑料污染土壤中添加质量分数w为0.5%～2.5%的生物炭,降低了生菜根部和叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量,并使得生菜生物量较单一PVC微塑料处理组有所增加。但是,高浓度(w=5.0%)生物炭加剧了生菜根部的氧化损伤,其对生...     

微塑料的老化技术、特征及其毒性效应研究进展

环境中的微塑料通常会受到紫外辐照、热辐射、化学氧化、生物降解等环境因素的影响,进而经历光老化、热老化、化学老化、生物老化等过程,并且其物理化学性质均发生一定程度的改变.环境中微塑料的自然老化过程需要很长的时间,极大限制了对老化微塑料的研究.本文综述了微塑料的实验室加速老化技术,包括紫外老化、化学老化和生物降解等技术,阐述了老化后微塑料的表面形貌与官能团的变化及对吸附污染物的影响,并总结了老化微塑料对生物的发育毒性、生殖毒性、神经毒性和氧化应激等效应.本文旨在使人们更了解微塑料实验室加速老化技术及其对生物的潜在风险效应.     

Adsorption behavior of imidacloprid pesticide on polar microplastics under environmental conditions: critical role of photo-aging

● Small molecular chains formed on photo-aged polylactic acid microplastics (MPs). ● Oxygen-containing functional groups generated on photo-aged polyamide MPs. ● Photo-aging has the opposite influence on the imidacloprid adsorption on two MPs. ● Electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds were the main mechanisms. ● High pH value and low ionic strength increase the adsorption capacity. The photo-aging behavior of microplastics (MPs) in natural environment has become a global concern. The ultraviolet radiation has enough energy to change the polymer structure and physical-chemical properties of MPs. Less attention has focused on the interactions of the photo-aged polar and biodegradable MPs with organic pollutants. This work investigated the structural properties of aged polar polyamide (PA) MPs and biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) MPs exposed to ultraviolet irradiation and their adsorption behavior and mechanism for neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid (IMI). The results showed that the MPs had extensive changes in surface morphology and chemical properties after photo-aging. The C–N bond of PA MPs was disrupted to form more carbonyl groups. The oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of aged PLA MPs were broken and generated relatively smaller molecules. The adsorption capacity of IMI on PA MPs decreased by 19.2 %, while the adsorption capacity of IMI on PLA MPs increased by 41.2 % after photo-aging. This depended on the natural structure of the MPs and their ability to absorb ultraviolet light. The electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals interactions, and polar-polar interactions were the main adsorption mechanisms of IMI on MPs. High initial solution pH and low ionic strength favored the adsorption of IMI by altering charge distribution on the MPs surface. The formation of the humic acid-IMI complexes decreased the concentration of IMI in the water phase and further decreased the adsorption on MPs. These results are enlightening for a scientific comprehension of the environmental behavior of the polar MPs.     

Effect of rhizosphere on soil microbial community and pyrene biodegradation

To access the influence of a vegetation on soil microorganisms toward organic pollutant biogegration, this study examined the rhizospheric effects of four plant species (sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa, and fescue) on the soil microbial community and in-situ pyrene (PYR) biodegradation. The results indicated that the spiked PYR levels in soils decreased substantially compared to the control soil without planting. With equal planted densities, the efficiencies of PYR degradation in rhizosphere with sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa and fescue were 34.0%, 28.4%, 27.7%, and 9.9%, respectively. However, on the basis of equal root biomass the efficiencies were in order of white clover >> alfalfa > sudan > fescue. The increased PYR biodegradation was attributed to the enhanced bacterial population and activity induced by plant roots in the rhizosphere. Soil microbial species and biomasses were elucidated in terms of microbial phospholipid ester-linked fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed significant changes in PLFA pattern in planted and non-planted soils spiked with PYR. Total PLFAs in planted soils were all higher than those in non-planted soils. PLFA assemblages indicated that bacteria were the primary PYR degrading microorganisms, and that Gram-positive bacteria exhibited higher tolerance to PYR than Gram-negative bacteria did.     

Effect of rhizosphere on soil microbial community and in-situ pyrene biodegradation

To access the influence of a vegetation on soil microorganisms toward organic pollutant biogegration, this study examined the rhizospheric effects of four plant species (sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa, and fescue) on the soil microbial community and in-situ pyrene (PYR) biodegradation. The results indicated that the spiked PYR levels in soils decreased substantially compared to the control soil without planting. With equal planted densities, the efficiencies of PYR degradation in rhizosphere with sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa and fescue were 34.0%, 28.4%, 27.7%, and 9.9%, respectively. However, on the basis of equal root biomass the efficiencies were in order of white clover >> alfalfa > sudan > fescue. The increased PYR biodegradation was attributed to the enhanced bacterial population and activity induced by plant roots in the rhizosphere. Soil microbial species and biomasses were elucidated in terms of microbial phospholipid ester-linked fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed significant changes in PLFA pattern in planted and non-planted soils spiked with PYR. Total PLFAs in planted soils were all higher than those in non-planted soils. PLFA assemblages indicated that bacteria were the primary PYR degrading microorganisms, and that Gram-positive bacteria exhibited higher tolerance to PYR than Gram-negative bacteria did.     

马铃薯连作对土壤微生物群落结构和功能的影响

采用BIOLOG技术,研究马铃薯连作对土壤微生物群落结构和功能的影响。研究发现：连作土壤湿热灭菌后,细菌、放线菌及微生物总量都明显升高,真菌数量显著降低。连作土壤添加马铃薯残茬后,细菌数量降低,真菌数量增加。连作土壤中微生物对多聚化合物和碳水化合物的利用能力较高;湿热灭菌后,土壤微生物对6类碳源的利用率有升有降,表现为对羧酸类化合物、芳香化合物的利用率升高,对多聚化合物、碳水化合物、氨基酸、胺类化合物的利用率降低,微生物丰富度和均匀度降低。土壤病源微生物可能是马铃薯连作障碍发生的原因之一。     

Cu、抗生素协同污染对土壤微生物活性的影响

随着畜禽养殖业的规模化发展,重金属和抗生素在土壤环境中协同污染的几率不断升高。为分析和评价重金属、抗生素协同污染对土壤微生物生态系统的影响,以Cu、磺胺甲基嘧啶为添加毒物,其中,Cu的添加质量分数为0、100、500mg·kg-1;磺胺甲基嘧啶的添加质量分数为0、5、25、50、100mg·kg-1,采用室内培养试验的方法研究分析了cu、磺胺甲基嘧啶协同污染对土壤微生物微生物基础呼吸、微生物量碳、微生物量氮、硝化势、尿酶以及脱氢酶等土壤微生物指标的影响。结果表明,与磺胺甲基嘧啶单独污染处理相比,在Cu的质量分数为100mg·kg。协同污染污染下土壤微生物呼吸,土壤微生物量碳、氮以及土壤尿酶等指标的活性均明显增加;即表明它们对Cu与磺胺甲基嘧啶的协同污染表现出不同程度的交互抗性;在cu的协同污染质量分数为500mg·kg-1,Cu与磺胺甲基嘧啶对土壤各微生物指标则基本表现为协同抑制作用;在不同剂量Cu的协同污染处理下,当磺胺甲基嘧啶处理质量分数≥10mg·kg-1时,各土壤微生物指标的活性随着其处理质量分数的增加而显著降低,表现出很好的剂量依赖效应。因此,低剂量的Cu．磺胺甲基嘧啶协同污染可能会诱导土壤微生物对二者产生交互抗性;而高剂量协同污染则对土壤微生物生态功能产生较为严重的协同抑制作用。     

双季稻区冬种覆盖作物对土壤微生物量的影响

利用氯仿熏蒸浸提法研究了南方双季稻区4种冬季覆盖作物对土壤微生物量碳、氮周年动态的影响.结果表明:冬季种植紫云英(Astragalus sinicus L.)、黑麦草(Lolium multiflroum Lam.)和马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)土壤微生物量碳含量分别为:248.8mg·kg-1、256.7mg·kg-1和238.9mg·kg-1均显著高于冬闲田的218.3 mg·kg-1(P<0.05),增幅为9.43%～17.59%;冬季种植油菜(Brassica campestris L.)土壤微生物量碳比冬闲田提高了0.63%,没有显著性差异.4种覆盖作物土壤微生物量氮含量分别为:紫云英,100.3 mg·kg-1、黑麦草,153.8 mg·kg-1、马铃薯,99.9 mg·kg-1和油菜,86.2 mg·kg-1,均显著高于冬闲田,73.5 mg·kg-1(P<0.05).对比冬闲田,各个覆盖作物均显著提高土壤有机质含量(P<0.05).说明种植冬季覆盖作物可以提高土壤有机质含量和有效养分含量,促进了土壤微生物的活动,有利于保持土壤肥力.     

玉米免耕秸秆覆盖对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了研究免耕对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响,本项试验运用Biolog-ECO检测手段,对连续2年的玉米（Zea mays L.）保护性耕作试验全部秸秆覆盖免耕和常规耕作2种耕作处理的土样进行了土壤微生物功能多样性研究。试验表明：（1）免耕土壤微生物对碳源利用率以及不同碳源利用率高于常规耕作,免耕对总体碳源利用率平均值比常规耕作高53.1%;（2）免耕土壤微生物丰富度指数、多样性指数显著高于常规耕作,免耕微生物群落丰富度指数22.33±0.57,多样性指数3.02±0.04,常规耕作微生物群路丰富度指数14.33±1.15,多样性指数2.56±0.12。免耕秸秆覆盖耕作措施促进了土壤微生物活性、增加土壤微生物数量。     

Polypropylene microplastics alter the cadmium adsorption capacity on different soil solid fractions

• PP-MPs reduced the adsorption capacity of the bulk soil for Cd in aqueous medium. • The responses of the POM, OMC and mineral fractions to PP-MPs were different. • PP-MPs reduced the adsorption of POM and OMC fractions to Cd. • PP-MPs increased the adsorption of mineral fraction to Cd. • Effect of MPs on soil may be controlled by proportion of POM, OMC and mineral fractions. Microplastics (MPs) are widely present in a variety of environmental media and have attracted more and more attention worldwide. However, the effect of MPs on the the interaction between heavy metals and soil, especially in soil fraction level, is not well understood. In this study, batch experiments were performed to investigate the adsorption characteristics of Cd in bulk soil and three soil fractions (i.e. particulate organic matter (POM), organic-mineral compounds (OMC), and mineral) with or without polypropylene (PP) MPs. The results showed that the addition of PP-MPs reduced the Cd adsorption capacity of the bulk soil in aqueous solution, and the effects varied with PP-MPs dose and aging degree. Whereas, the responses of the three fractions to PP-MPs were different. In presence of PP-MPs, the POM and OMC fractions showed negative adsorption effects, while the mineral fraction showed positive adsorption. For the bulk soil, POM and OMC fractions, the adsorption isotherm fitted to the Langmuir model better than the Freundlich model, whereas, the Freundlich isotherm model is more fitted for the mineral fraction. Combined with the comprehensive analysis of the partitioning coefficients, XRD and FTIR results, it was found that OMC fraction extremely likely play a leading role in the bulk soil adsorption of Cd in this study. Overall, the effect of MPs on adsorption capacity of the bulk soil for Cd may be determined by the proportion of POM, OMC, and mineral fractions in the soil, but further confirmation is needed.     

间作与接种AMF对连作土壤微生物群落结构与功能的影响

为了探明间作种植模式和接种AMF对连作土壤的影响,试验选取马铃薯连作10年土壤为基质,采用两因素随机区组盆栽实验设计,研究间作及接种AMF对连作土壤微生物群落结构及功能的影响。结果表明：在不同间作模式及AMF接种后,连作土壤微生物群落结构、功能均有不同程度的差异。间作调控后马铃薯｜｜玉米｜｜蚕豆处理土壤细菌比例最高,放线菌次之,真菌最低;Biolog Eco板平均颜色变化率（AWCD）比对照高36.77%。间作并接种AMF（Gloumus etunicatum）后,土壤微生物功能多样性增强,土壤真菌的比例上升,细菌、放线菌的比例下降;马铃薯｜｜蚕豆、马铃薯｜｜玉米｜｜蚕豆土壤孢子密度与其他处理有显著差异（P〈0.05）;马铃薯｜｜玉米｜｜蚕豆处理在培养96 h后的平均颜色变化率（AWCD）值比单作高48.96%。各处理土壤根际微生物群落在2种方式的调控下对碳水化合物、氨基酸碳源利用强度较高,对芳香化合物的利用能力较弱;调控后碳源利用类型开始从碳水化合物、胺类化合物向胺类化合物和多聚化合物利用类型转变。间作调控和AMF调控对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的增加可能存在一定的叠加效应。土壤微生物群落结构、功能多样性的变化是多种因子综合作用的结果。     

镁碱化对土壤微生物活性和水解酶的影响

研究了镁碱度对土壤微生物生物量及其活性的影响,研究地点位于甘肃河西走廊疏勒河中游昌马洪积冲积扇缘。从10个具有不同镁碱化程度的采样点,采集土壤样品30个,测定了土样的pH、镁碱度、Mg2＋/Ca2＋、HCO3-＋CO32-、钠碱度、有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量碳、微生物熵、精氨酸氨化率、β-葡萄糖苷酶、磷酸酶、蛋白酶-casein、蛋白酶-BAA、脲酶等指标。结果表明：土壤pH和钠碱度没有明显的相关性,而和镁碱度、Mg2＋/Ca2＋、HCO3-＋CO32-显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.70、0.69和0.72。镁碱度和Mg2＋/Ca2＋显著正相关,相关系数为0.84。有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量碳、微生物熵、精氨酸氨化率的变化范围分别是6.4-18.5 g·kg-1、0.28-1.20 g·kg-1、23.1-351.9 mg·kg-1、0.37-2.52%、0.77-1.83μmol.g-1.d-1,和Mg2＋/Ca2＋之间显著负相关,相关系数分别是-0.52、-0.50、-0.59、-0.62、-0.65。β-葡萄糖苷酶、磷酸酶、蛋白酶-casein、蛋白酶-BAA、脲酶的变化范围分别是6.68-27.79μmol.g-1.h-1、7.03-25.99μmol.g-1.h-1、0.11-0.76μg.g-1.h-1、0.05-0.48μmol.g-1.h-1、0.07-0.61μmol.g-1.h-1吗,和微生物生物量碳之间显著正相关,相关系数分别是0.73、0.71、0.78、0.87、0.81,和Mg2＋/Ca2＋之间显著负相关,相关系数分别是-0.59、-0.58、-0.60、-0.56、-0.54。可见,镁碱化会造成土壤有机质含量下降、微生物生物量变小、微生物活性降低、水解酶活性低下,镁碱化是导致土地生产力低下的原因之一。