碳源对含盐废水短程硝化反硝化的影响

分别采用醋酸钠、甘油、乙醇和葡萄糖作为外加碳源,研究不同碳源对含盐废水短程硝化反硝化的影响.结果表明:(1)利用醋酸钠作为碳源,逐步增加NaCl盐度可以实现短程硝化反硝化,TN平均去除率高于95％.当NaCl盐度为14.2 g/L时,采用醋酸钠、甘油、乙醇和葡萄糖作为碳源时,NO2- -N的累积率分别为98.7％、86...     

DO和pH值在短程硝化中的作用

在SBR反应器中对DO和pH值在短程硝化和半亚硝化过程中的作用进行试验研究,结果表明,控制低DO和适宜的pH值在短程硝化过程中起着重要的作用.本试验条件下,当DO为0.5～1.0 mg/L、pH值为7.5～8.0时,在SBR反应器中很容易实现短程硝化;当DO＞0.3 mg/L时,DO越低,出水NO2--N积累率越高;当pH值＞6.8时,不会影响系统NO2--N积累的稳定性.另外,研究结果还表明,通过控制DO和pH值可以实现半亚硝化.本试验条件下,当进水氨氮浓度为120 mg/L时,控制DO为0.3～0.4 mg/L可实现出水半亚硝化;当进水氨氮浓度为200 mg/L时,控制DO为0.5～0.6 mg/L或pH值为6.8也可以实现出水半亚硝化.     

基于溶解氧和缺氧时长调控的间歇曝气策略对短程硝化脱氮工艺的影响

短程硝化的实现可推动能源节约型脱氮工艺的应用.通过阐述间歇曝气策略实现短程硝化的机理,分析了应用间歇曝气策略实例中的运行参数,总结了 DO协同缺氧时长分别在单独短程硝化工艺、短程硝化-反硝化(PN/D)工艺以及短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化(PN/A)工艺中的影响效果,如对功能菌活性和系统脱氮效率的影响;提出了以功能菌种、污泥存...     

控制DO及FA条件下短程硝化过程系统稳定性研究

采用SBR工艺以水产品加工废水为研究对象,同时控制进水游离氨（FA）为0．96～1．25mg!L,溶解氧（DO）为1～2mg／L,实现了稳定的短程硝化过程。在此条件下,亚硝化率及氨氮去除率分别大于95％和88％,有机物（COD）去除率在90％以上,亚硝化速率维持在0．9666×10^-3-1．0375×10^-3mgNO2-N／（mgMLSS·h）之间。研究结果表明,同时控制DO及FA在适当范围之内可以获得稳定的短程硝化过程,并可降低系统能耗。本实验采用较低的FA浓度与较高的DO浓度（与OLAND工艺比较）得到了稳定的短程硝化过程,对水产品加工废水处理具有重要应用价值。     

实时控制序批式膜生物反应器处理养猪废水的短程硝化

采用实时控制序批式膜生物反应器(sequencing batch membrane bioreactor,SMBR)工艺处理某种猪场的养殖粪尿污水,通过pH实时曲线上的"氨谷点"对曝气时间进行实时控制实现短程硝化。小试反应器10个月的连续运行结果表明,利用曝气时间实时控制实现了稳定的亚硝态氮累积。短程硝化启动后,SMBR对COD和TN的平均去除率分别达到95.5%和92.4%,亚硝态氮积累率可维持在85%以上。高通量测序与OTU分类的结果表明,实时控制下SMBR内NOB逐渐被淘洗,而AOB得到了富集。从反应器启动初期到获得稳定短程硝化(反应器运行200 d),AOB丰度提高了55倍,而对应的NOB丰度降低了2倍。此外,AOB的绝对数量与DO呈显著负相关(r=-0.846,0.01p0.05),而与出水NH+4-N浓度呈显著正相关(r=0.45,0.01p0.05),表明较低的DO及NH+4-N的积累有利于AOB的富集。因此,利用曝气时间实时控制实现短程硝化是一种面向群落结构优化的控制方法,有利于短程硝化系统长期稳定的运行,具有实际应用价值和工程意义。     

硝化颗粒污泥的快速培养及其硝化特性分析

以好氧颗粒污泥接种小试柱形SBR,采用自配无机氨氮废水为进水,在中温（28～30℃）条件下通过逐步提升进水NH4^＋-N浓度（100～650mg／L）和缩短水力停留时间（8～4h）快速培养硝化颗粒污泥。实验结果证实,以好氧颗粒污泥接种可以促使硝化颗粒污泥快速形成,36d时粒径〉0．21mm的颗粒污泥占总数的93％,颗粒污泥NH4-N比去除速率为50．53mgNH4^＋-N／（gSS·h）。硝化颗粒污泥具有良好的短程硝化性能,亚硝酸盐产生速率和累积率分别保持在3．3kgNO2-N／（m^3·d）和85％以上。反应初期高FA和反应末期高FNA的共同抑制是该研究中实现和维持稳定短程硝化的关键因素。     

纳米氧化锌粒径效应对人工湿地运行性能的影响

为考察ZnO NPs粒径效应对人工湿地运行性能的影响,在进水COD约为216.00 mg·L-1、总氮约为11.10 mg·L-1和总磷约为3.84 mg·L-1的条件下连续运行126 d,对暴露于不同粒径ZnO NPs(10.00mg·L-1)的人工湿地脱氮除磷性能、填料渗透系数、胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)产量和特性以及微生物群落结构和多样性的变化进行了研究.结果表明:与对照组(未投加ZnONPs)相比,进水中投加15、50和90nm ZnO NPs后,人工湿地对COD的去除率分别下降了8.73％、7.55％和6.97％;氨氮和总氮的去除率分别下降了21.96％和10.95％、17.75％和10.00％以及15.34％和3.78％.高通量测序结果表明,ZnO NPs粒径越小,对硝化菌属Thauera的抑制作用越明显.投加Zn ONPs后,其释放的Zn2+会与水中磷酸盐结合生成磷酸锌等不溶物,同时会增加异养硝化菌Acinetobacter的相对丰度,从而导致总磷的去除率比对照组提高了42.49％～56.38％.此外,与对照组(97.18 mg·g-1)相比,投加15、50和90 nm的ZnO NPs后EPS的产量分别增加到212.97、156.30和128.53 mg·g-1.EPS分泌量的增大,导致填料渗透系数快速降低,在运行83 d后分别下降了71.17％、67.83％和37.50％.     

控氧生物膜系统对微污染水体的脱氮性能

通过控制生物膜系统溶解氧(DO)浓度分别为0.5~1 mg/L(Ⅰ)、1~2 mg/L(Ⅱ)、2~3 mg/L(Ⅲ),研究在微污染城市河道水体中实现短程硝化反硝化的可行性。研究表明,在3个系统中,化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH+4-N)和总氮(TN)的平均去除率分别稳定在62.3%、38.6%和38.2%(工况Ⅰ),65.5%、59.4%和28.2%(工况Ⅱ),66.1%、77.3%和22.8%(工况Ⅲ)。系统中各形态氮素含量及其变化情况分析表明,在具有一定NH+4-N去除率前提下,控制体系处于低DO浓度(1 mg/L),亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)生长及活性受到抑制,NO-2-N明显累积,经反硝化作用直接转化为氮气(N2),实现了微污染城市河道水体中的短程硝化反硝化。     

盐度和曝气时间对包埋颗粒短程硝化启动的影响及其动力学分析

针对短程硝化反应器启动时间长、效果不稳定等问题,使用水性聚氨酯(WPU)制作硝化污泥包埋颗粒,利用SBR设置盐度梯度以及不同曝气时间进行批次实验,启动短程硝化;通过控制最佳反应条件启动UASB短程硝化反应器,同时进行动力学分析。结果表明:在批次实验过程中,随着盐度的增加,氨氮去除率(η_A)及NO_2~--N积累率(R_(NAR))先上升后下降。当NaCl浓度为10 g·L~(-1)时,短程硝化效果最佳,η_A为55%,R_(NAR)为90%;不同曝气时间对短程硝化的稳定性有较大的影响,曝气时间为8 h时短程硝化效果最稳定,η_A和R_(NAR)分别达到56%和96%。控制NaCl浓度为10 g·L~(-1),HRT为8 h,成功实现了UASB短程硝化反应器的启动;包埋颗粒对氨氮的动力学特性符合Haldane基质抑制动力学模型,具有优良的动力学特性。研究可为包埋颗粒与短程硝化工艺的耦合脱氮提供参考,并为含盐废水的处理提供技术支持。     

启动方式对养殖废水短程脱氮低温运行的影响

采用优化控制SBR工艺,建立短程硝化反硝化过程,对北京某种猪场的养殖粪尿污水进行脱氮处理研究.在2个平行的SBR中,分别通过优化曝气时间和控制自由氨累积的方式实现短程硝化反硝化的过程,在温度由25 ℃逐步降低至15℃的情况下,考察这2个SBR活性污泥系统对温度变化的稳定性.结果表明:通过优化曝气时间建立的短程硝化反硝化过程,亚硝化率在30％左右,在温度降低至1 5℃时,亚硝化过程受到严重影响;通过控制自由氨累积建立的短程硝化反硝化过程,亚硝化率可达到80％左右,在温度降低至15℃时,亚硝化过程仍较为稳定.采用聚合酶链式反应—变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术对两反应器生物相变化的分析结果表明,低温运行条件下2种启动方式的生物相呈现较大差异.     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.