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《安全与环境学报》2016,(6)
通过TCLP毒性程序浸出试验,以砷、铬浸出质量浓度为控制指标,对含砷、铬废水处理产生的沉渣稳定性进行了研究,并结合废水中砷、铬去除率,确定该废水的最佳处理条件。在常温下,通过调节pH值、Fe~(2+)/Cr~(6+)物质的量比、Ca/As物质的量比、曝气时间等条件对处理工艺进行优化,考察不同处理条件对废水砷、铬去除率及沉渣砷、铬浸出质量浓度的影响。结果表明,pH值为6、Fe~(2+)/Cr~(6+)物质的量比为8、Ca/As物质的量比为5、曝气时间为50 min时,不仅Cr(Ⅵ)、总铬、总砷的排放质量浓度达到了GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》的要求,总砷、总铬的浸出质量浓度也分别降低到0.78 mg/L、0.59 mg/L,远低于GB/T 5085.3—2007《危险废物鉴别标准:浸出毒性鉴别》规定的质量浓度,达到了安全堆放要求。对曝气产生的絮体进行XRD测试,结果表明,余留的Fe~(2+)经曝气氧化后产生的絮体是一种无定型态的氢氧化铁或水合氧化铁,其富含阳离子空位和OH-基团,能增加砷、铬的去除率。对优化前后的沉渣进行SEM扫描,结果表明,对各因素进行优化能增大沉渣的粒径,提高沉渣的稳定性。 相似文献
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以重庆市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰为研究对象,分析飞灰浸滤的初始pH值、液固比(L/S)及浸出时间对飞灰中重金属浸滤特性的影响.同时,采用分级提取法(BCR法)对浸滤进行形态分析.结果表明,飞灰浸滤呈弱碱性(飞灰浸滤pH值未超过腐蚀性鉴别标准pHi≥12.5或≤2.0,不具有腐蚀性);但Pb的浸出质量浓度(5.19 mg/L)超过国家限定标准(5 mg/L),具有浸出毒性,属危险废物.飞灰中Cr、Ni和Mn主要以残渣态为主,而Cd和Cu主要以弱酸提取态为主.重金属的浸出量与初始pH值密切相关,易在酸性条件下浸出.重金属的浸出量基本上随液固比和浸出时间的增加而增加,且在浸出时间为24 h时达到最大浸出量(Cd除外).本研究为焚烧飞灰的污染防治与合理处置提供了依据. 相似文献
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垃圾焚烧飞灰中As和Hg的粒径分布及浸出特性研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究重庆市某垃圾焚烧发电厂不同粒径飞灰中As和Hg的分布特性及飞灰中As和Hg的浸出毒性,探讨浸出液初始pH值、液固比及浸出时间对飞灰中As和Hg浸出的影响.结果表明,飞灰粒径<100 μm时,As含量随粒径的增大而增大,粒径>100 μm时,As含量则随粒径的增大而减小;飞灰粒径<1 000 μm时,Hg明显表现出向小颗粒富集的趋势.其中,75~100 μm灰飞中As含量最高,是粒径<38 μm飞灰中As含量的10.73倍;粒径<38 μm飞灰中Hg含量最高,是250~1 000 μm飞灰中Hg含量的3.68倍.垃圾焚烧厂飞灰中As和Hg的浸出质量浓度分别为(2.85±0.87)mg/L和(0.20±0.06)mg/L,其中Hg的浸出毒性超过国家限定标准(0.10 mg/L),是危险废物.As和Hg的浸出量随浸出液初始pH值的减小而增大,随液固比的增大而增大;As和Hg在浸出液初始pH<4时的浸出质量浓度较大,表明飞灰中As和Hg较易在酸性环境下浸出.随着浸出时间的增加,As的浸出量总体上呈上升趋势,而Hg的浸出量总体上呈下降趋势.本研究为垃圾焚烧飞灰的无害化处理和资源化利用提供了依据. 相似文献
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氯代酚和烷基酚类化合物对斑马鱼胚胎发育影响的研究 总被引:17,自引:1,他引:17
为研究氯代酚和烷基酚类化合物的毒性,采用斑马鱼胚胎发育技术,观察这两类化合物对不同发育阶段斑马鱼卵的影响.结果显示,在受精卵产出后立即染毒,胚胎对这些化合物最敏感的毒理学终点分别为: 五氯酚--48 h心律、色素和水肿的EC50值均为0.2 mg/L; 对-壬基酚--72 h孵化EC50为0.5 mg/L; 对-辛基酚--72 h畸形EC50为0.5 mg/L; 对-氯酚--48 h色素EC50为1.5 mg/L; 染毒时刻的不同对胚胎所造成的毒性效应也不同.几种氯代酚和烷基酚对发育24 h胚胎染毒,五氯酚毒性最大,对-辛基酚和对-壬基酚次之,对-氯酚毒性最小.研究表明,该类化合物对斑马鱼胚胎发育均有明显抑制作用,可以造成胚胎发育畸形甚至死亡,具有特定的最敏感毒理学终点. 相似文献
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细菌与真菌优化组合降解污水中氰化物研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究降氰细菌与真菌组合对工业废水中氰化物的降解性能.将从电镀厂水样和活性污泥中分离出的8株降氰细菌与降氰真菌的悬浮液进行等体积混合,以降氰效果最佳的混菌组合为研究对象,研究其组成比例、废水温度、废水pH值、降解时间和摇床转速对降氰率的影响,并在试验得到的适宜降解条件下处理电镀厂实际含氰废水.结果表明,除2#细菌和真菌及9#细菌和真菌的组合外,其他混菌组合的降氰率均优于已筛选获得的单菌株,其中8#细菌与真菌组合的降氰率最高.该组合的适宜降氰条件为8#细菌悬浮液∶真菌悬浮液=3∶2(体积比)、34 ℃、pH=6.0、降解20 h、114 r/min转速.适宜降氰条件下,菌液∶废水∶细菌生长培养基=1∶1∶1(体积比)时,8#细菌与真菌组合对氰化物质量浓度为202 mg/L、42.9 mg/L、9.07 mg/L、1.57 mg/L和1.09 mg/L的5种实际废水的降氰率分别为84.85%、82.77%、80.37%、80.25%和79.82%.其中,氰化物初始质量浓度为1.57 mg/L和1.09 mg/L时,废水经混菌降解处理后的氰化物质量浓度低于0.5 mg/L,符合国家一级排放标准(GB 8978-88)(≤0.5 mg/L).研究表明,8#细菌与真菌混合菌的降氰率较高,在实际含氰废水处理中具有良好的应用前景. 相似文献
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本文针对日本遗弃在华化学武器的性质和特点,根据销毁工程对个人防护装备的需求.通过对目前国内外主要透气防毒材料的比较分析,提出了专用透气防毒服内外层纺织材料的技术性能指标和要求.为专用透气防毒服的研制做了前期技术准备。 相似文献
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采用脉冲电晕放电等离子体处理含氰高炉煤气洗涤水,设计了针-板式电极结构的等离子体反应器装置。研究了不通入、通入SO2,不放电、放电以及不同初始氰化物浓度条件下,处理含氰废水的效果。大量实验研究表明,无论放电与否,通入SO2均可提高氰化物的去除率;脉冲电晕放电可以提高氰化物的去除率,洗涤水在脉冲电晕区停留时间越长,氰化物去除效率越高;高炉煤气洗涤水中氰化物初始浓度越高,其净化效果越好,洗涤水在脉冲电晕区域停留时间约为2.1 s时,氰化物去除率最高可达99.9%,而初始浓度较低时,几乎没有净化效果。 相似文献
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对火电厂煤粉炉所产生的粉煤灰和2种不同干法脱硫副产物进行了研究,评估其微量重金属分布和浸出性特征,并与钢铁厂烧结机干法脱硫副产物作比较.结果表明,3种脱硫副产物含有不同量的粉煤灰.火电厂煤粉炉干法脱硫副产物中除挥发性重金属汞(Hg)、砷(As)和硒(Se)外,其余重金属质量比随其粉煤灰质量分数增加而增加.钢铁厂烧结机干法脱硫副产物中挥发性和半挥发性重金属Hg、Se、铬(Cd)和铅(Pb)质量比远高于火电厂煤粉炉干法脱硫副产物,其他重金属包括As的质量比则低于火电厂煤粉炉干法脱硫副产物,这与烧结机干法脱硫副产物中粉煤灰质量分数偏低及烧结机所用燃煤和铁矿石等有关.浸出性试验结果表明,火电厂和烧结机干法脱硫副产物中重金属浸出质量浓度远低于国家危险标准的上限,浸出率多在10-3量级,浸出率低,不会对环境造成二次污染,这可能与干法脱硫所用钙基吸附剂及脱硫副产物的高碱性有关.研究表明,干法脱硫副产物与粉煤灰相同,属于一般固废,可以堆放或综合利用. 相似文献
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为克服传统危险与可操作性(HAZOP)定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if(故障假设)方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。 相似文献
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为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。 相似文献
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Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems. 相似文献
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Seppo Väyrynen Nina Nevala-Puranen Heli Kirvesoja 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2013,19(4):294-304
Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b). 相似文献
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为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。 相似文献
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Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Occupational Safety and Health in Finland 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported. 相似文献
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公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。 相似文献