重点生物物种保护率试点监测研究

为探索重点生物物种保护率监测方法并实践应用,选取昆山和射阳作为试点县域开展重点生物物种保护率监测研究。结果显示,共监测到重点生物物种87种,其中动物79种,植物8种。受威胁物种39种,其中极危物种5种,濒危物种19种,易危物种15种。重点保护物种79种,其中一级保护野生动植物28种,二级保护野生动植物51种;昆山和射阳的重点生物物种保护率分别为97.73%和100%。提出,为实现重点生物物种保护率监测工作的业务化运行,支撑重点生物物种和生物多样性保护管理,需要不断加强生物多样性观测能力建设,建立生物多样性监测长效机制,完善生物多样性物种信息数据库;各相关部门应统筹协调,整合资源,形成合力,实现重点生物物种、生物多样性和生态系统的监测、管理和保护的协调统一。     

南京划定长江岸线保护区域

南京规划部门新近披露《南京市长江岸线保护办法》(以下简称办法),一级水源地、江豚保护区、大胜关长吻鮠铜鱼和新济洲湿地公园等被划入长江岸线保护区,严格控制开发行为,办法自2018年4月10日起施行。     

罗布泊野骆驼自然保护区植物组成及区系特征研究

依据2010年4月至2011年12月多学科综合考察的结果,罗布泊野骆驼国家级自然保护区范围内共有种子植物28科76属130种,属于典型的荒漠植物区系;区内种子植物属的区系成分较为多样,其中北温带分布型比例最大,占总属的27.6%,其次为地中海区、西亚至中亚分布型占较大比重,优势种由古老成分组成,仅含1属的分布型共有5个(中国特有分布、东亚分布、热带亚洲(印度—马来西亚)、旧世界热带分布、东亚和北美间断分布)。保护区植物组成及区系特征也说明了保护区所处的特殊的自然地理位置、气候环境特点对该区植物地理分布的决定性影响。     

铁岭县新台子镇饮用水现状调查及规划

通过调查新台子镇的饮用水水源地现状,划分饮用水源地的保护区,找出水源地存在的主要问题,完成饮用水源地的保护规划,并通过政府进行实施。     

长江流域饮用水水源地及国控断面邻苯二甲酸酯赋存状况调查及生态风险评估

于2022年9月,对长江流域饮用水水源地及重要国控断面共37个点位的16种邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）残留开展了监测调查及生态风险评估。结果显示,长江流域饮用水水源地和国控断面中检出的PAEs质量浓度为0.499~6.018 μg/L,其中,邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯（DIBP）、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DBP）和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）为主要检出物质。不同地区的PAEs赋存水平呈现差异,其中湖南省饮用水水源地的PAEs检出浓度最高。此外,PAEs质量浓度与监测点位所在地区的人口数量和国内生产总值（GDP）存在一定的正相关性。生态风险评估结果表明,DBP处于低风险等级,DIBP对鱼类具有中、高风险影响;而DEHP生态风险水平最高,对藻类、甲壳类和鱼类均表现出中、高风险水平。已有文献研究比对分析发现,2009—2022年长江流域大部分地区的PAEs残留浓度随时间呈下降趋势,且饮用水水源地的PAEs质量浓度比地表水环境更低。研究结果可为长江流域饮用水水源地保护和地表水环境改善提供决策依据。     

长江江豚监测现状及展望

长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)是唯一淡水生活的鼠海豚类,近年来种群数量严重下降,2013年被世界自然保护联盟红色名录列为“极度濒危”,2021年升级为我国国家一级重点保护野生动物,2022年种群有所恢复。长江江豚是长江生态系统健康的指示物种,我国科学家自20世纪50年代开始监测至今,监测方法不断更新完善,对长江江豚现状的了解也越来越充分。该文回顾了截线抽样法、水下被动声学及自动实时监测系统、无人机、环境DNA等监测方法的应用及取得的成效,分析监测方法存在的不足,预测技术发展趋势,提出改进建议,为长江江豚的监测及保护提供基本参考。     

浙江省水源地水库浮游动物食性功能群特征及水质响应

为探明浙江省水源地水库浮游动物食性功能群特征及其与水体综合营养状态指数(TLIc)的关系,达到用浮游动物食性功能群参数监测水源地水库水质的目的,于2014年1月—2018年10月对浙江省8座饮用水水源地水库(K1～K8)开展了水质参数及浮游动物食性功能群丰度、生物量、物种多样性指数季节性调查.采用多元逐步回归与通径分析...     

核电站温排水卫星遥感监测应用研究

选取我国 HJ－1 B卫星红外相机为遥感数据源,在介绍了温排水卫星遥感监测的技术流程和基本原理之后,重点论述了海表温度反演的算法和基准温度提取的基本原则。以2013年1月17日大亚湾核电站和2013年5月22日田湾核电站2景 HJ－1 B红外相机数据为应用实例,说明了卫星遥感监测可作为开展核电站温排水影响监测与热污染评价的首选技术方向和主要监测手段,阐述了其在核电站温排水影响后评估中的作用和意义。     

《饮用水水源保护区划分技术规范》颁布

由国家环保总局制定颁布的《饮用水水源保护区划分技术规范》将于2007年2月1日起实施。这一标准规定了地表水饮用水水源保护区、地下水饮用水水源保护区划分的基本方法和饮用水水源保护区划分技术文件的编制要求，是防治饮用水水源地污染、保证饮用水安全的指导性标准。     

中国农村饮用水水源地水质状况研究

为了系统评估中国农村饮用水水源地水质变化情况,根据2009—2018年农村饮用水水源地水质监测数据,综合评价和分析了中国农村地表和地下饮用水达标情况、空间分布和主要超标因子等。监测结果表明：10年来,农村饮用水水源地达标率不断提高,这主要得益于地表饮用水水质整体改善;地下饮用水水质达标率持续偏低,且略有变差趋势,与城市地区的差距逐年加大。农村饮用水水源地超标断面和点位在空间上分布较广,主要超标因子相对集中,且表现出与农村和农业面源污染较强的相关性。建议进一步重视农村饮用水水源地（特别是地下饮用水）的保护,加强农村饮用水水源地水质监测,加快农业面源污染防治。     

The distribution of molybdenum in the tissues of wild ducks

The Mo contents and the relations between Mo and Cu or Crcontents were investigated in the organs of Japanese wild ducks(spotbill duck, pintail, wigeon, scaup and tufted duck). Thehighest Mo content in kidney and liver of the dabbling duckswere more than 30 g g^-1 dry weight (g g^-1 d.wt.), though that of diving ducks were less than 11 gg^-1 d. wt. The contents were lower in the ducks migratingwithin Japan, Eurasia and North America than those in the birdsmigrating between Japan and Eurasia. The contents of liver inall species were more than 50 and less than 5 g g^-1 d.wt. for Cu and Cr, respectively. Significant correlations werefound between Mo and both elements in pintail and scaup, and Moand Cr in tufted duck. These results suggest that thecontamination of wild ducks reflects the reproductive area, andnot the collected area. Mo contents closely correlated with theCu and/or Cr contaminations.     

Mortality factors and lead contamination of wild birds from Korea

Wild birds have frequently been found dead in their natural habitats, but little is known about what ecological stressors may impact health of wild populations. Here, we report the potentially harmful lead (Pb) levels in tissues along with necropsies on 69 individuals of cranes, raptors, and waterfowl found dead between 2000 and 2003 in Korea. In all samples diagnosed, trauma (n?=?22), severe emaciation (n?=?15), and infectious diseases (n?=?11) were identified. In the survey, injury with Pb shot or bullet fragments was associated with three of the deaths; one of three showed lesions suggestive of Pb poisoning in the tissues. Of 69 birds, 12 had >25 ppm dry wt. (equivalent to 8 ppm wet wt.) in liver or kidney, which is known to be a potentially lethal level of Pb in wild birds. Three individuals had hepatic Pb levels of 101.3 ppm (Whooper swan), 120.4 ppm (Great white-fronted goose), and 1,059 ppm (Mandarin duck), with evidence of Pb pellets in their gizzard. This study suggests that many birds examined may be suffering from excessive Pb exposure that may be of health concern with respect to a potential cause of their mortality. The need for additional research is heightened when considering that some migrants are classified as a globally protected species by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature.     

Physicochemical properties of seeds of Capparis species growing wild in Turkey

While Capparis spinosa var. herbaceace (2009) seeds collected from the Mardin-midyat region contains the highest protein (22.25 %), C. spinosa var. spinosa seeds (2009) collected from the Mu?la-Milas region contained the lowest protein (18.25 %). In addition, oil contents of C. spinosa and Capparis ovata seeds changed between 27.74 to 31.09 and 28.66 to 31.40 %, respectively. Crude cellulose contents of C. spinosa and C. ovata seeds were found as 28.24 and 29.67 %, respectively. It was found that ash content of C. spinosa and C. ovata seeds were found between 2.13 and 2.23 %, respectively. Phenolic matter content of C. spinosa and C. ovata were found between 1.98 mg (GAE) and 1.76 mg (GAE), respectively. Radical activity values of C. spinosa and C. ovata were determined as 83.432 and 83.718 %, respectively.     

Detection of metal contamination in wild asparagus near a waste disposal site

Estimating contaminant distributions in environmental media is necesary to evaluate human and ecological hazards. Because of uncertainties in release histories and transport, traditional sampling and statistical techniques applicable to the experimental sciences may not be suitable for exploratory studies at hazardous waste sites. An approach that relies on cluster analysis of principal components (PCA) was used to identify contaminated wild asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) growing in the vicinity of waste disposal sites along the Columbia River at the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Site in southeast Washington state. Metals in soil samples taken from the sites contained elevated levels of Ag, Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn, and V. Samples of asparagus tissue were collected from the river near the waste site, from Hanford old fields abandoned 52 years ago, and from commercial fields in the neighboring communities. Dried tissues were analyzed for metals content by ICP-mass spectrometry, furnace AA, and cold vapor AA. Tissue concentrations of elements varied over 5 orders of magnitude, from K at 46 900 ppm to As and Ag at maximum concentrations below 1 ppm. PCA produced four components that accounted for 66.2% of the metals variance. Subsequent cluster analysis using Ward's minimum variance separated the data into Columbia River and old-field groups, with the River group further divided into three clusters: plants primarily upriver from the waste sites, plants primarily downriver, and plants growing in or near the waste sites. The clustering showed that the more soluble components of the discharges (Ba and Ca) showed a pattern of distribution in the asparagus plants consistent with the ground water flow pattern, in that these elements were found far downriver of the disposal sites themselves. In contrast, the less mobile elements Al, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Tl, and Zn were elevated only near the most-recently used waste disposal area. Asparagus from agricultural fields, including fields abandoned 50 years ago, contained higher concentrations of Fe, Cu, Pb, K, and Ni than did the wild riverine plants.The U.S. Governments right to retain a non-exclusive royalty free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

Mineral contents of seed and seed oils of Capparis species growing wild in Turkey

The mineral contents of seed and seed oils of Capparis species growing wild in Turkey were established by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry. Capparis spinosa var. spinosa (2010) and Capparis ovata var. canescens variety (2009) were determined to be rich in terms of mineral matter as 19,514.60 and 16,995.92 ppm as a total, respectively. C. spinosa var. spinosa collected from Mu?la-Milas region (2009) had the highest amount of Ca with 1,010.67 ppm in C. spinosa species and in C. ovata species. C. ovata var. canescens collected from Ankara-Beypazar? (2010) region had the highest amount of Ca with 833.92 ppm Ca amount in C. spinosa var. spinosa, inermis, herbaceae seeds decreased in 2010. C. spinosa var. inermis collected from Antalya-Serik (2010) in C. spinosa species had rich amount of Ca with 123.78 ppm and C. ovata var. palaestina seed oils collected from Mardin-Savur region (2009) had rich amount of Ca with 253.71 ppm in C. ovata species. The oil of C. spinosa var. herbaceae variety collected from Mardin-Midyat region (2010) was determined to have the highest major mineral matter (Ca, K, Mg, Na, and P) with 1,424.37 ppm in C. spinosa species. It was also determined that as a result, caper seed and oils were found to be important sources of nutrients and essential elements.     

Accumulation and biological effects of metals in wild rats in mining areas of Zambia

The lead–zinc (Pb–Zn) mine in Kabwe City and the copper–cobalt (Cu–Co) mine in the Copperbelt Province are major mining areas in Zambia. To examine the effects of metal pollution on wildlife, wild black rats (Rattus rattus and Rattus tanezumi) were captured in Kabwe and Chingola (in the Copperbelt Province), and in Lusaka (a noncontaminated site). Wild black rats in Kabwe accumulated significantly higher concentrations of Pb and Cd in various organs than rats from Lusaka. In Chingola, significantly higher concentrations of Cu, Co, Pb, and Cd were accumulated in wild black rats than in rats from Lusaka. These results were in accordance with metal accumulation patterns in soil. From toxicological aspects, concentrations of Pb and Cd in rats were generally low. However, metallothionein-1 (MT-1) and metallothionein-2 (MT-2) mRNA expression levels in wild black rats from Kabwe were significantly higher than those in rats from Lusaka. A generalized linear model (GLM) showed that concentrations of Zn and Cu had positive effects on the MT-1 and MT-2 mRNA expression. These results suggest that wild black rats in Zambian mining sites were exposed to metals that accumulated in their organs, causing biological responses such as MT mRNA induction. GLM indicated that heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA expression could be a marker for Cr exposure.     

Residues of endosulfan in the livers of wild catfish from a cotton growing area

Residues of endosulfan insecticide (-and -isomers, and endosulfan sulphate) were determined in the livers of catfish from a cotton growing area during the summer and winter of 1988. The concentration of total endosulfan residues found in the fish was up to 0.31 mg kg^-1 wet wt. It decreased in winter with a maximum 0.02 mg kg^-1 wet wt. The difference in endosulfan residues between seasons was statistically significant (ANOVA,p<0.01).     

Potential risks of natural mercury levels to wild predator fish in an Amazon reservoir

Mercury (Hg) is a toxic metal that bioaccumulates in aquatic organisms and along food chain. Many studies have reported the problem of mercury exposure in aquatic systems from Amazon basin, but very few have focused on the potential risks to wild fish. The present study reports the bioaccumulation of mercury and alterations in target organs of the predator fish Hoplias malabaricus (traíra) from Samuel reservoir, Amazon basin, Northern Brazil. About 18% of fish had mercury levels in muscle exceeding the safe limit for ingestion through food, established by WHO (0.5 μg Hg g(-1)). Fish were separated in two groups according to mercury bioaccumulation in liver (<0.2 μg Hg g(-1)-group I and >0.2 μg Hg g(-1)-group II) for biomarker comparisons. Catalase activity and number of macrophage centers were statistically higher in group II, confirming the potential of Hg to interfere with redox balance and to recruit defense cells to the liver. Conversely, erythrocyte nuclear alterations were less frequent in group II, indicating a more rigorous selection of erythrocytes or hormesis pattern of response. Glutathione S-transferase activity, lipid peroxidation, and histopathological analyses were not statistically different in the liver and gills of both groups. Comparison of lipid peroxidation levels of these fish with others captured in Southern Brazil during another study and the high incidence of morphological alterations in the liver and gills suggest that the bioaccumulation of mercury during continuous exposure is posing potential risks to the species.     

Feasibility of relating interferon production by wild voles to types of chemical contamination of their environment

In the fall of 1980, a limited field sampling and laboratory analysis profect was undertaken to explore the feasibility of relating immunological responses of field mice (voles) living wild in an area of environmental concern to the level of chemical contamination of that area. The voles were collected in the vicinity of Love Canal by biological sampling teams already there to collect voles for other purposes.The project helped identify those areas of practical uncertainty that must be clarified before the rate of interferon production in voles can be considered as a possible indicator of chemical contamination. Two lines of research are proposed: developing optimumin vitro interferon bioassays systems for vole leukocytes; and characterizing the interferon production responses of voles following controlled exposures to selected carcinogens and other chemicals.     

Human impact on wild firewood species in the Rural Andes community of Apillapampa, Bolivia

Firewood is the basic fuel source in rural Bolivia. A study was conducted in an Andean village of subsistence farmers to investigate human impact on wild firewood species. A total of 114 different fuel species was inventoried during fieldtrips and transect sampling. Specific data on abundance and growth height of wild firewood species were collected in thirty-six transects of 50 ×2 m². Information on fuel uses of plants was obtained from 13 local Quechua key participants. To appraise the impact of fuel harvest, the extraction impact value (EIV) index was developed. This index takes into account local participants?? appreciation of (1) decreasing plant abundance; (2) regeneration capacity of plants; (3) impact of root harvesting; and (4) quality of firewood. Results suggest that several (sub-)woody plant species are negatively affected by firewood harvesting. We found that anthropogenic pressure, expressed as EIV, covaried with density of firewood species, which could entail higher human pressure on more abundant and/or more accessible species. The apparent negative impact of anthropogenic pressure on populations of wild fuel species is corroborated by our finding that, in addition to altitude, several anthropogenic variables (i.e. site accessibility, cultivation of exotics and burning practices) explain part of the variation in height of firewood species in the surroundings of Apillapampa.