An Interpretation of the Influential Power of China Development

Through the analysis on China’s economic development, utilization of resource environment and soft power, a basic judgment was made of the influence of "China development". The overall influential power of China development on international community was misunderstood. What we see is the role of "China Factor" in different fields. In the process of economic globalization, what economic system of capitalist market has seen is "China’s cheap labor", "China’s loose economic system environment", "earlier abuse of unlimited resource environment", "China’s broad consumption market" and "demographic dividend". In global or Asian financial crisis, what other countries valued was China’s "foreign currency" accumulated over the years. In global governance or crisis management, what international community expected was "China’s obligations and responsibilities" without the right of speech, etc.. All these are the "passive" roles produced by "a single factor" in definite fields. The active and initiative role China will play in international community still needs time and the continuous efforts of several generations. China once was a big country that had significant influential power on the world, and China’s renaissance is a normal process of development of things. What excessive talks about its influential power reflect may be the lack of China’s influence.     

试论可持续发展的地域公平性

以对“人地关系”、“发展内涵”和“人的位置”等的系统认识为理性基础．所提出来的可持续发展观．非常强调公平性。经典的可持续发展概念对“公平性”的理解，主要是强调时间维度上的代际公平。我们从地理学的研究核心“人地关系地域系统协调共生理论。和区域可持续发展实证研究的理论和实践的双重角度．认为公平性不仅是时间维度上的代际公平．而且是空间维度上的地域公平和群际公平。就地域公平而言．我们认为．它不仅包括相关地域的公平性而且包括次级地域的公平性和背景地域的公平性。地域公平性的这样的理论认识。在指导区域可持续发展的实践中将具有重要意义。     

On the Regional Coordinated Development Between Tourism Human Resource and Tourism Industry in China

Abstract

Tourism is one of the typical labor intensive industries and tourism human resource (HR) is the main factor for regional discrepancy of tourism industry. The paper takes China as research region and evaluates the level of tourism HR and the level of tourism industry of 31 provinces respectively. First, the paper constructs evaluation index of regional tourism industry and tourism HR. Then, the paper gets the evaluation scores of every province by applying the principal components analysis and statistical package for the social sciences processing. Second, the paper builds the tourism development-tourism HR matrix and divides the matrix into four quadrants. Finally, the paper points out the problems of tourism HR that exist in the 31 provinces and puts forward development strategy.     

On the Regional Coordinated Development Between Tourism Human Resource and Tourism Industry in China

Tourism is one of the typical labor intensive industries and tourism human resource(HR) is the main factor for regional discrepancy of tourism industry.The paper takes China as research region and evaluates the level of tourism HR and the level of tourism industry of 31 provinces respectively.First,the paper constructs evaluation index of regional tourism industry and tourism HR.Then,the paper gets the evaluation scores of every province by applying the principal components analysis and statistical package for the social sciences processing.Second,the paper builds the tourism development-tourism HR matrix and divides the matrix into four quadrants.Finally,the paper points out the problems of tourism HR that exist in the 31 provinces and puts forward development strategy.     

社会环境道德价值观发展阶段与可持续发展

社会环境道德价值观是人们对人与自然环境道德关系的一种普遍的社会意识，它作为环境意识的核心内容，决定着人们的环境行为取向。当前我国社会环境道德价值观发展正处于从传统人类中心主义向现代人类中心主义的转变阶段。为实现我国可持续发展目标，社会环境道德价值观尚须由现代人类中心主义阶段向生存系统协调论阶段迈进。     

资源税率与区域经济发展研究

合理确定资源税税额，有利于实施可持续发展战略和西部大开发战略，实现区域经济、社会统筹协调发展。本文从计征资源税的理论基础入手，分析了现行资源税体系的不足之处，借鉴美国、加拿大等国的税法规定。通过资源价值评价方法，提出了扩大资源税征收范围、适当提高资源税税率（主要矿产资源10％以上）、调整资源税的计征方法、适当扩大地方政府的权限等建议和构想。     

1949年以来中国环境与发展关系的演变

从IPAT方程出发,发现了环境影响随着经济发展或时间的演变依次遵循三个"倒U型"曲线规律,即环境影响强度的倒U型曲线、人均环境影响的倒U型曲线和环境影响总量的倒U型曲线。根据此规律,可以将该演化过程划分为四个阶段即:环境影响强度高峰前阶段、环境影响强度高峰到人均环境影响量高峰阶段、人均环境影响量高峰到环境影响总量高峰阶段以及环境影响总量稳定下降阶段。在环境演变的不同阶段,主要驱动力存在着明显的差异。在环境影响强度高峰前阶段,资源消耗或污染物排放增长更多地由资源或污染密集型技术进步驱动;在资源消耗或污染物强度高峰到人均资源消耗或污染物排放高峰阶段,主要由经济增长驱动;而在人均资源消耗或污染物排放高峰到资源消耗或污染物排放总量高峰阶段以及总量高峰以后的发展阶段,则主要由节约高效技术或污染减排技术进步来驱动。实证分析表明,中国目前环境与发展关系基本上处于经济增长主要驱动的环境影响强度高峰向人均环境影响高峰过渡阶段,这同时意味着中国要在短期内实现人均环境影响和环境影响总量高峰的跨越是异常困难的。     

中国区域发展与生态压力时空差异分析

区域经济社会的快速发展加大了对自然生态系统的压力,研究区域发展与生态压力之间的时空差异特征有助于理解和解决当前日趋严峻的人地矛盾问题.本文以生态足迹作为生态压力的表征指标,在测算各省区典型年份生态压力的基础上,分析1980年以来不同发展水平区域生态压力的动态变化、空间溢出及空间均衡特征.研究结果表明:①各区域人均生态压力园发展水平不同而存在明显梯度,高水平区域的生态压力较大,低水平区域生态压力增长幅度较大;②生态压力空间溢出效应因发展水平不同而存在较大差距,随发展水平的提高而增大,低水平区域的生态空间处于"被掠夺"的境地;③区域发展与生态压力之间的空间关联特征明显,总体上处于"高度均衡"与"相对均衡"状态,但生态基尼系数有明显上升趋势,由区域发展差异引致的生态占用不公平倾向令人担忧.文章提示,高水平区域应该从资金、技术、人才等方面对中低水平区域<或资源输出区)进行合理的补偿,以降低各区域在生态空间占用方面存在的不均等性.     

我国31个省(市、自治区)的综合实力评价

选取具有代表性的9类共30个具体评价指标作为我国31个省（市、自治区）的综合实力评价的原始指标，运用因子多变量统计分析法对30个指标数据进行因子分析处理，采取主成分分析法提取公因子，并采取promox斜交旋转，得出6个公因子作为评价我国31个省（市、区）的综合实力的综合变量。计算得出我国各省（市、区）的综合得分。将计算的各省区市的综合得分从大到小排列，确定等级及分值区间。根据分类结果划分为6类地区，得出第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类地区全部为东部地区，其综合实力得分位居全国前6位，它们依次是广东、江苏、上海、浙江、山东和北京；而第Ⅵ类地区中除海南属于东部地区之外，其余省市区都属于西部地区，其综合实力得分位居全国后7位且均为负值。它们依次是青海、宁夏．贵州、西藏、海南、甘肃和重庆。可见东西部地区社会经济发展的极度不平衡。     

长株潭一体化中行政区划手段和非行政区划手段研究

长株潭地区是湖南省内以长沙为核心包括株洲、湘潭的一个典型的城市群，它在区域经济协调发展的取得了一系列重大成绩，但矛盾和问题也有不少。究其原因，主要是在“行政区经济”运行下区域发展所暴露出来的问题。本文在行政区经济还将长期存在的基本事实的基础上。从发挥其正面效应．削弱其负面效应着手．针对长株潭一体化中存在的主要问题。提出用行政区划手段和非行政区划手段来进行协调。并提出一系列解决问题措施和设想。     

“中国发展”影响力的一种解读

通过对中国经济发展、资源环境利用以及软实力的分析,对“中国发展”产生的影响作出了基本判断:“中国发展”在国际社会中的整体影响力被误认,我们看到的依然是“中国因素”在不同领域发挥的作用.在经济全球化过程中,资本主义市场经济体系看到的是“中国低廉的劳动力”、“中国宽松的经济制度环境”、“早期没有限制的资源环境滥用”以及“中国广阔的消费市场与人口红利”;在全球或亚洲金融危机中,其他国家看重的是中国多年积累的“外汇”;在全球治理或危机处理中,国际社会期望的是没有话语权的“中国义务和责任”,等等.这些都是“单一因素”在特定领域中产生的“被”作用.中国对国际社会发挥积极和主动性影响作用还需要时间,需要几代人的继续努力.中国曾经是世界上极有影响的大国,中国的崛起是事物发展的正常过程,过多地谈论其影响反映的也许是其影响力的缺乏.     

中国银行业与中国的碳金融发展

本文介绍了碳金融的定义以及中国构建完善碳金融体系的背景,指出我国的CDM市场虽然是全球最大的CDM市场,但碳金融还处于起步阶段,缺乏国际CERs定价权,CDM项目存在巨大的风险,这些问题亟需解决。中国的银行业作为中国金融机构的主要组成部分,在构建完善的碳金融市场上起到了十分关键的作用。分析了目前中国银行业参与碳金融的现状及存在的问题,提出了中央银行和中国商业银行介入碳金融的方法。中央银行应与商业银行相互配合使中国的碳金融市场尽快发展和完善。     

中国自然资源政策演进历程与发展方向

自然资源政策是国家政策体系的重要组成部分,其社会关注度、复杂性、地区差异性等特征较为突出.1980年代以来,中国自然资源政策大致经历了上世纪80年代、1991-1997、1998-2003、2004 - 2010等四个阶段的演进,期间,社会经济发展形势不断发展变化,自然资源政策的需求和目标也不断变化,并为社会经济快速发展提供了政策基础;但同时也在政策一致性、政策权威性、政策公正性、政策认知性等方面,暴露出一些不足和缺憾.自2011年开始,资源政策的演进进入了第五个阶段.展望未来,为全面落实科学发展观和加快转变经济发展方式,中国自然资源政策应不断创新,重点在政府规制、全面负责、促进转型、系统协调和差异设计等方面不断优化和发展.     

Evaluation of Material-based Development of China Using GIS Methods

Abstract

Regional development is a course of accumulation based on many factors, which is directly related to resources utilization and conversion. And material wealth production and accumulation embody the outcome of regional development. Thus, focusing on material wealth, regional development can be evaluated from resources and perspective of resources conversion. Taking the infrastructural level, transportation accessibility and economic development level into full account, the concept of “material-based development” was presented and the material-based development index (MDI) model was established. By using the MDI model, geographic information system technology and mathematic methods, this article then calculated MDI of each county and province of China in 2005 and systematically evaluated the material-based development of China at county and provincial scales, so as to bring some scientific references and policy-making supports to the population development function oriented zoning and population spatial distribution planning of China. The result showed that: (1) At county scale, the material-based development of counties within China in 2005 was significantly different, in which there were 1876 counties belonging to the mid-level material-based development and accounted for 78.10% of the total. The numbers of high-level and low-level counties were 144 and 382 and accounted for 6.00% and 15.90% respectively, demonstrating a spindle shape in general. The spatial distribution of material-based development was unbalanced, and it was much better in southeastern part of the line of “Daxinganling–Yinshan–Liupanshan–southeast edge of Qinghai– Tibet Plateau” than that of northwestern. Furthermore, there were also differences of the sub-index between different material-based development levels. Therefore, for different regions, key issues and measures adaptable to local condition should be prioritized and taken in order to realize regional balance development. (2) At provincial scale, there was also significant difference between each province and the spatial distribution of it was “high in the east, low in the west” in general. It meant that the capacity of natural resources attraction and conversion of east China was better than that of west China. The infrastructure level was the main factor accounting for the differences of material-based development levels among provinces. As a result, our government should make great efforts to improve infrastructure condition, especially the western part of China, so as to narrow the gap between the western part and the eastern part to realize the coordinated development within different regions and rapidly socio-economic development of China.     

Evaluation of Material-based Development of China Using GIS Methods

Regional development is a course of accumulation based on many factors, which is directly related to resources utilization and conversion. And material wealth production and accumulation embody the outcome of regional development. Thus, focusing on material wealth, regional development can be evaluated from resources and perspective of resources conversion. Taking the infrastructural level, transportation accessibility and economic development level into full account, the concept of material-based developme...     

首都圈内城市职能的分工与整合研究

城市群是一国经济的重心区和增长极，其发展成熟的重要标志是形成合理的城市职能分工体系。首都圈曾经具有全国最优越的发展条件，处于中国经济的核心地带。但是其发展相对滞缓。主要原因是首都圈没有形成合理的城市职能分工体系。运用因子分析法对首都圈内各城市职能的现状进行量化分析，认为首都圈内各个城市的职能并没有发挥出自身的基础和优势。城市各个部门发展都相对平庸．城市之间竞争大于合作。因此，只有实现首都圈内各城市职能的整合，才能提高首都圈整体的竞争力。首都圈内各城市实现职能整合面临的主要问题有：①京津两市在首都圈中的龙头作用不明显；②首都圈内部行政区划分割导致的矛盾日益尖锐；③首都圈内各城市产业结构趋同严重。城市间分工不明确；④首都圈的空间结构急需调整。据此提出促进首都圈内各城市职能整合的几点对策。     

山西煤炭经济替代产业探索——兼论重点旅游景区拉动地区经济发展之路径

以煤炭业为绝对支柱产业的经济结构使山西陷入了环境污染重,社会缺乏创新和活力,经济发展迟缓,政治易生腐败等困境,尤其是山西的经济增长表现出受煤炭需求变化而大起大落的无奈特征,因此以前途黯淡和负面作用过大的耗竭性能源工业为支撑的山西经济,必须选择潜力大、对环境损害小或有贡献意义的替代产业。通过与在山西被认为有前景的装备制造业的收入、增加值的数据比较,以及旅游业收入、增长率与山西GDP及其人均值和增长率、可支配收入的各项指标排名的较量分析,结果表明:1从实际数值、依赖资源和条件、成长环境看,山西旅游业发展和替代优势远大于装备制造业;2山西旅游业发展及其增速水平要明显高于山西各项经济指标在全国的横向地位;3旅游业在山西具备产业比较和煤炭替代产业优势。根据山西资源条件及旅游业薄弱环节,构建以重点景区为基点的推动地区经济增长的循环路径模式,主要包括:1空间上,开发和充分利用重点景区周围地带,促使旅游业拓展、联盟、聚集和渗透,展现重点景区附近煤矿旅游资源怀旧、休闲、奇特和典型山西风格之价值;2重点景区周边环境经营成具有交友、聚首、消遣娱乐等多项享受时光、集人气活动和功能的场所,针对的消费群体应该多元化;3产业链上开发和表现的重点环节是购物和表演,购买品要以小巧别致的面目印染上山西的文化符号,优先发展消耗型特产。表演要成为以地方曲艺、方言等形式表现山西民俗生活百态的普遍存在。     

关于中国可持续发展综合区划方法的探讨

研究区域可持续发展需要有一个适当的区域划分。本文结合地理学、经济学、生态学等对中国自然地理与杜会经济发展空间差异分析的研究成果．借鉴黄秉维先生所提倡的“自上而下”和“自下而上”相结合的研究思路和方法．以自然区划、经济区划、生态区划．人口区划等四种全国性区划为基础，构建了中国可持续发展综合区划系统。采用叠置与专家评判法首先将全国划分成三大地带．再在三大地带内部划分出N个大区：然后对全国县域（或公里格网）的可持续发展状况进行定量评价．并按类型归并．将归并结果嵌入到N个大区中，用大区的可持续发展等级及地区编号对其命名。     

中国农村发展的可持续走向

从三种生产的视角看，农村发展的可持续方向是指农村发展趋向于三种生产的和谐运行与环境社会系统的稳定演进。获得“经济-社会-环境”整体高效益。资源环境问题是与一定的发展模式相伴而生的，针对中国农村地区的资源环境问题，通过深入剖析城乡整体、城乡之间以及农村内部三种生产的状况，提出改善中国农村发展状况的对策。     

Study on Development of the West of Shandong Province Based on Overall Regional Development Planning Pattern

The overall regional development planning pattern has been considered to be a new and effective pattern as for development of provincial economy. The article analyzed the current conditions of the west of Shandong Province and tried to find the generation mechanisms of current non-balanced economic devel- opment of Shandong Province. And then approaches to regional development were put forward according to the theory of regional development pattern as a whole.