燃烧过程颗粒物的形成及我国燃烧源分析

燃料燃烧会排放一次颗粒物和二次颗粒物,一次颗粒物中亚微米粒子主要是由于无机矿物质经蒸发-成核-凝结-凝并的途径形成的;超微米颗粒的产生不同于亚微米颗粒的形成,是由于破碎机理.二次颗粒物是由气态前驱体在大气中转化而成的.我国燃烧源主要是煤燃烧、燃油机动车和农村生活燃料等.深入认识颗粒物的形成及燃烧源的特征对有效控制颗粒物的排放是很有帮助的.     

燃烧过程颗粒物的形成及我国燃烧源分析

燃料燃烧会排放一次颗粒物和二次颗粒物,一次颗粒物中亚微米粒子主要是由于无机矿物质经蒸发-成核-凝结-凝并的途径形成的;超微米颗粒的产生不同于亚微米颗粒的形成,是由于破碎机理.二次颗粒物是由气态前驱体在大气中转化而成的.我国燃烧源主要是煤燃烧、燃油机动车和农村生活燃料等.深入认识颗粒物的形成及燃烧源的特征对有效控制颗粒物的排放是很有帮助的.     

城市生活垃圾在机械炉排炉内焚烧过程研究及数值模拟

研究城市生活垃圾在机械炉排炉内焚烧过程,建立了垃圾在炉排炉移动床内燃烧过程中垃圾体积变化、水分蒸发、挥发分析出及燃烧、垃圾颗粒的移动、气-固两相热传递、焦炭燃烧等各个反应阶段的热化学模型,采用一维非稳态模型分别建立了床层内气固两相介质控制方程。通过对炉排上垃圾焚烧过程的数值模拟研究,获得料层中温度分布、料层高度、炉床机械负荷、气相中反应物组分和污染物浓度分布。利用建立的模型对某大型垃圾焚烧炉的燃烧过程进行数值仿真,对燃烧过程、烟气成分进行预测,为垃圾焚烧炉排炉的设计和燃烧控制提供理论依据。     

用数值模拟方法研究含硫颗粒物生成过程

为了研究不同燃烧条件对燃煤中含硫颗粒物生成的影响,利用数值分析方法模拟炉膛煤燃烧。通过改变燃烧环境温度、进口氧气所占总气体摩尔比,分析得到的碳烟(soot)颗粒、SO2和CO2等主要物质浓度场。模拟结果能够很好地反映炉膛内各物质生成趋势和历程。生成的碳烟颗粒中富集煤中一部分硫元素,燃烧后期未被氧化的碳烟颗粒是燃煤烟气含硫颗粒物的一个重要来源。进口O_2摩尔比从0.1~0.5时碳烟颗粒迅速被氧化,出口处产生含硫碳烟颗粒物减少。在1 200~1 600 K范围内,温度增高不利于碳烟颗粒的生成,来源于碳烟颗粒的含硫颗粒物也就逐渐减少。     

垃圾焚烧炉炉拱改造与燃烧优化的数值模拟

炉排式垃圾焚烧炉在处理比设计水分高、热值低的垃圾时,容易出现着火位置滞后、垃圾＂烧不透＂、残炭含量高等问题。采用FLIC软件的床层模型和商业软件FLUENT,对焚烧炉炉排和炉膛燃烧过程进行了模拟计算。结合某城市生活垃圾焚烧炉存在的燃烧不完全问题,通过一系列的数值实验,探索后拱高度和挡板的有无对燃烧过程的影响。比较了炉拱辐射强度、挥发分质量分数、温度沿炉排长度方向的分布以及炉膛内的速度矢量图。结果表明,降低后拱高度或增加挡板均可使着火位置有不同程度的前移;同时降低炉拱高度和增加挡板可使着火位置前移约1.1 m,提前进入稳定燃烧阶段。     

基于分区气化模型的MSW燃烧过程模拟研究

针对一种新型两段式生活垃圾分区气化燃烧装置,提出了基于分区气化模型的垃圾热转化过程数值模拟方法。该方法耦合化学反应动力学和流体动力学软件预测移动床层垃圾的气化以及炉内气相空间的燃烧过程。通过对组分及热值差异较大的2种生活垃圾在炉内的反应过程进行模拟,得到了炉内的气相组分、温度及流场的分布。结果表明,该方法能够很好地适用于复杂组分的垃圾热转化过程模拟研究。高水分、低热值的生活垃圾气化后再燃炉膛出口温度处于973~1 073 K,不利于二恶英的生成控制。前拱二次风的增加不仅加强了炉内的湍流扰动,而且加强了炉内主反应区的温度。经过对流场和温度场进行优化,烟气的停留时间延长,炉膛出口烟气中的可燃气体组分大大降低,而且NO的浓度降低了近一个数量级。     

循环流化床垃圾焚烧炉助燃配风改造对降低CO排放效果的数值模拟

循环流化床(CFB)是垃圾焚烧主要炉型之一,中国生活垃圾具有水分高和挥发分高等特性导致现阶段CFB垃圾焚烧炉CO排放偏高,对其正常运转造成较大影响。对锅炉实体进行助燃配风改造,结合计算流体动力学技术对改造前后炉膛流体场进行模拟,并分析第一烟道内的流场分布情况。结果表明:助燃配风率为40%时,CO的排放均值可降低至80mg/Nm3,烟气含氧量保持在9.5%(体积分数)左右,炉膛中上部温度的平均增幅达到41.3℃。可视化数值模拟结果表明,助燃配风明显提高了烟气旋流和回流,使得烟气轴向速度降幅达37.69%,烟气在第一烟道内停留时间延长;改造后炉膛中上部局部区域内的颗粒质量浓度均值在2.287kg/m3左右,优化了助燃配风参与炉内燃烧的能力。     

垃圾焚烧炉二次配风优化数值模拟

针对城市生活垃圾焚烧发电的排放问题,以重庆市某垃圾焚烧炉为原始模型,在炉膛两侧炉壁的适当位置设置二次配风口,并采用CFD（计算流体动力学）方法对炉膛内气体的二次燃烧过程进行数值模拟。通过观察对比有无二次配风以及二次配风口位置不同时炉膛内气体的温度场、气体在炉膛内的停留时间分布以及炉膛内气体的混合程度和湍动能等,重点分析了二次风在气体燃烧过程中所起的作用,并对2种不同二次配风口位置时抑制二恶英产生的效果进行了评价。通过对垃圾焚烧炉二次风的优化数值模拟,获得了适合本焚烧炉的比较合理的二次配风条件,可为焚烧炉的设计和改进提供一些有价值的参考。     

煤无烟燃烧锅炉炉内燃烧特性分析

对一台所设计的DZL1.0-0.7-AⅢ煤无烟燃烧锅炉炉内燃烧特性进行了数值模拟.对床层反应,采用了基于热力学平衡法的"黑箱模型",而对于床层上方炉膛空间内的气相湍流燃烧则采用了标准k-ε模型、旋涡消散模型和离散坐标模型.采用非结构化四面体网格生成技术处理复杂炉膛几何空间的网格生成.通过数值模拟,得到炉内速度场,温度场,浓度场等参数的分布特性.结果表明:"多孔分层错列撞击流式"二次风的引入对于改变炉内流动和燃烧特性,加强炉内烟气和空气的混合,强化燃烧及实现炉内消烟除尘具有重要的作用.     

煤无烟燃烧锅炉炉内燃烧特性分析

对一台所设计的DZL1．0-0．7-AⅢ煤无烟燃烧锅炉炉内燃烧特性进行了数值模拟。对床层反应，采用了基于热力学平衡法的“黑箱模型”，而对于床层上方炉膛空间内的气相湍流燃烧则采用了标准κ-ε模型、旋涡消散模型和离散坐标模型。采用非结构化四面体网格生成技术处理复杂炉膛几何空间的网格生成。通过数值模拟，得到炉内速度场，温度场，浓度场等参数的分布特性。结果表明：“多孔分层错列撞击流式”二次风的引入对于改变炉内流动和燃烧特性，加强炉内烟气和空气的混合，强化燃烧及实现炉内消烟除尘具有重要的作用。     

粉煤燃烧过程中细粒子形成机理的研究

煤是一种有机沉淀岩 ,主要包括有机碳化合物和无机矿物。在燃烧的高温条件下 ,煤中的矿物质首先经历热分解和气化 ,当烟气冷却时 ,它们经过冷凝成核、凝结和团聚等作用 ,形成大量细粒子。这些细粒子的排放会对大气环境和人类健康造成严重的影响。研究燃烧过程中细粒子的形成机理将为其污染防治提供理论基础和科学依据。本文系统地综述了煤燃烧过程中矿物质和痕量元素的气化、冷凝成核、表面凝结、团聚的机理、模拟和预测方法以及细粒子形成机理的研究进展。     

柴油机排放颗粒物净化技术研究进展

柴油机被认为是城市大气微粒的主要污染源。柴油机颗粒物组成复杂并且颗粒粒径甚小,大都属于亚微米级粒子和纳米级粒子。因而柴油机颗粒物对人类健康和大气环境的影响受到世人的广泛关注。本文主要对柴油机排放颗粒物的生成机理、化学组成及危害、物理性质、检测方法和净化技术等方面进行综述与探讨。     

Measurement of ultrafine particle size distributions from coal-, oil-, and gas-fired stationary combustion sources

Currently, we have limited knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of emitted primary combustion aerosols and the changes in those properties caused by nucleation, condensation growth of volatile species, and particle coagulations under dilution and cooling in the ambient air. A dilution chamber was deployed to sample exhaust from a pilot-scale furnace burning various fuels at a nominal heat input rate of 160 kW/h(-1) and 3% excess oxygen. The formation mechanisms of particles smaller than 420 nm in electrical mobility diameter were experimentally investigated by measurement with a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) as a function of aging times, dilution air ratios, combustion exhaust temperatures, and fuel types. Particle formation in the dilution process is a complex mixture of nucleation, coagulation, and condensational growth, depending on the concentrations of available condensable species and solid or liquid particles (such as soot, ash) in combustion exhausts. The measured particle size distributions in number concentrations measured show peaks of particle number concentrations for medium sulfur bituminous coal, No. 6 fuel oil, and natural gas at 40-50 nm, 70-100 nm, and 15-25 nm, respectively. For No. 6 fuel oil and coal, the particle number concentration is constant in the range of a dilution air ratio of 50, but the number decreases as the dilution air ratio decreases to 10. However, for natural gas, the particle number concentration is higher at a dilution air ratio of 10 and decreases at dilution air ratios of 20-50. At a dilution air ratio of 10, severe particle coagulation occurs in a relatively short time. Samples taken at different combustion exhaust temperatures for these fuel types show higher particle number concentrations at 645 K than at 450 K. As the aging time of particles increases, the particles increase in size and the number concentrations decrease. The largest gradient of particle number distribution occurs within the first 10 sec after dilution but shows only minor differences between 10 and 80 sec. The lifetimes of the ultrafine particles are relatively short, with a scale on the order of a few seconds. Results from this study suggest that an aging time of 10 sec and a dilution air ratio of 20 are sufficient to obtain representative primary particle emission samples from stationary combustion sources.     

Formation characteristics of aerosol particles from pulverized coal pyrolysis in high-temperature environments

The formation characteristics of aerosol particles from pulverized coal pyrolysis in high temperatures are studied experimentally. By conducting a drop-tube furnace, fuel pyrolysis processes in industrial furnaces are simulated in which three different reaction temperatures of 1000, 1200, and 1400 degrees C are considered. Experimental observations indicate that when the reaction temperature is 1000 degrees C, submicron particles are produced, whereas the particle size is dominated by nanoscale for the temperature of 1400 degrees C. Thermogravimetric analysis of the aerosol particles stemming from the pyrolysis temperature of 1000 degrees C reveals that the thermal behavior of the aerosol is characterized by a three-stage reaction with increasing heating temperature: (1) a volatile-reaction stage, (2) a weak-reaction stage, and (3) a soot-reaction stage. However, with the pyrolysis temperature of 1400 degrees C, the volatile- and weak-reaction stages almost merge together and evolve into a chemical-frozen stage. The submicron particles (i.e., 1000 degrees C) are mainly composed of volatiles, tar, and soot, with the main component of the nanoscale particles (i.e., 1400 degrees C) being soot. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contained in the aerosols are also analyzed. It is found that the PAH content in generated aerosols decreases dramatically as the pyrolysis temperature increases.     

Measurement of Ultrafine Particle Size Distributions from Coal-, Oil-, and Gas-Fired Stationary Combustion Sources

Abstract

Currently, we have limited knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of emitted primary combustion aerosols and the changes in those properties caused by nucleation, condensation growth of volatile species, and particle coagulations under dilution and cooling in the ambient air. A dilution chamber was deployed to sample exhaust from a pilot-scale furnace burning various fuels at a nominal heat input rate of 160 kW/h^?1 and 3% excess oxygen. The formation mechanisms of particles smaller than 420 nm in electrical mobility diameter were experimentally investigated by measurement with a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) as a function of aging times, dilution air ratios, combustion exhaust temperatures, and fuel types. Particle formation in the dilution process is a complex mixture of nucleation, coagulation, and condensational growth, depending on the concentrations of available condensable species and solid or liquid particles (such as soot, ash) in combustion exhausts. The measured particle size distributions in number concentrations measured show peaks of particle number concentrations for medium sulfur bituminous coal, No. 6 fuel oil, and natural gas at 40-50 nm, 70-100 nm, and 15-25 nm, respectively. For No. 6 fuel oil and coal, the particle number concentration is constant in the range of a dilution air ratio of 50, but the number decreases as the dilution air ratio decreases to 10. However, for natural gas, the particle number concentration is higher at a dilution air ratio of 10 and decreases at dilution air ratios of 20-50. At a dilution air ratio of 10, severe particle coagulation occurs in a relatively short time. Samples taken at different combustion exhaust temperatures for these fuel types show higher particle number concentrations at 645 K than at 450 K. As the aging time of particles increases, the particles increase in size and the number concentrations decrease. The largest gradient of particle number distribution occurs within the first 10 sec after dilution but shows only minor differences between 10 and 80 sec. The lifetimes of the ultrafine particles are relatively short, with a scale on the order of a few seconds. Results from this study suggest that an aging time of 10 sec and a dilution air ratio of 20 are sufficient to obtain representative primary particle emission samples from stationary combustion sources.     

Dilution-based emissions sampling from stationary sources: Part 2--Gas-fired combustors compared with other fuel-fired systems

With the recent focus on fine particle matter (PM2.5), new, self-consistent data are needed to characterize emissions from combustion sources. Such data are necessary for health assessment and air quality modeling. To address this need, emissions data for gas-fired combustors are presented here, using dilution sampling as the reference. The dilution method allows for collection of emitted particles under conditions simulating cooling and dilution during entry from the stack into the air. The sampling and analysis of the collected particles in the presence of precursor gases, SO2 nitrogen oxide, volatile organic compound, and NH3 is discussed; the results include data from eight gas fired units, including a dual-fuel institutional boiler and a diesel engine powered electricity generator. These data are compared with results in the literature for heavy-duty diesel vehicles and stationary sources using coal or wood as fuels. The results show that the gas-fired combustors have very low PM2.5 mass emission rates in the range of approximately 10(-4) lb/million Btu (MMBTU) compared with the diesel backup generator with particle filter, with approximately 5 x 10(-3) lb/MMBTU. Even higher mass emission rates are found in coal-fired systems, with rates of approximately 0.07 lb/MMBTU for a bag-filter-controlled pilot unit burning eastern bituminous coal. The characterization of PM2.5 chemical composition from the gas-fired units indicates that much of the measured primary particle mass in PM2.5 samples is organic or elemental carbon and, to a much less extent, sulfate. Metal emissions are quite low compared with the diesel engines and the coal- or wood-fueled combustors. The metals found in the gas-fired combustor particles are low in concentration, similar in concentration to ambient particles. The interpretation of the particulate carbon emissions is complicated by the fact that an approximately equal amount of particulate carbon (mainly organic carbon) is found on the particle collector and a backup filter. It is likely that measurement artifacts, mostly adsorption of volatile organic compounds on quartz filters, are positively biasing "true" particulate carbon emission results.     

Formation of fine particles enriched by V and Ni from heavy oil combustion: Anthropogenic sources and drop-tube furnace experiments

The present study attempts to investigate the emission characteristics of fine particles with special emphasis on nickel and vanadium metal elements emitted from the heavy oil combustion in industrial boilers and power plant, which are typical anthropogenic sources in Korea. A series of combustion experiments were performed to investigate the emission characteristics of particles in the size range of submicron by means of drop-tube furnace with three major domestic heavy oils. Cascade impactors were utilized to determine the size distribution of particulates as well as to analyze the partitioning enrichment of vanadium and nickel in various size ranges. Experimental results were compared with field data of particle size distribution and metal partitioning at commercial utility boilers with heavy oil combustion. Such data were interpreted by chemical equilibrium and particle growth mechanism by means of computational models. In general, fine particles were the major portion of PM₁₀ emitted from the heavy oil combustion, with significant fraction of ultra-fine particles. The formation of ultra-fine particles through nucleation/condensation/coagulation from heavy oil combustion was confirmed by field and experimental data. Vanadium and nickel were more enriched in fine particles, particularly in ultra-fine particles. The conventional air pollution devices showed inefficient capability to remove ultra-fine particles enriched with hazardous transition metal elements such as vanadium and nickel.     

Characteristics of inhalable particulate matter concentration and size distribution from power plants in China

In this investigation, the collection efficiency of particulate emission control devices (PECDs), particulate matter (PM) emissions, and PM size distribution were determined experimentally at the inlet and outlet of PECDs at five coal-fired power plants. Different boilers, coals, and PECDs are used in these power plants. Measurement in situ was performed by an electrical low-pressure impactor with a sampling system, which consisted of an isokinetic sampler probe, precut cyclone, and two-stage dilution system with a sample line to the instruments. The size distribution was measured over a range from 0.03 to 10 microm. Before and after all of the PECDs, the particle number size distributions display a bimodal distribution. The PM2.5 fraction emitted to atmosphere includes a significant amount of the mass from the coarse particle mode. The controlled and uncontrolled emission factors of total PM, inhalable PM (PM10), and fine PM P(M2.5) were obtained. Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and baghouse total collection efficiencies are 96.38-99.89% and 99.94%, respectively. The minimum collection efficiency of the ESP and the baghouse both appear in the particle size range of 0.1-1 microm. In this size range, ESP and baghouse collection efficiencies are 85.79-98.6% and 99.54%. Real-time measurement shows that the mass and number concentration of PM10 will be greatly affected by the operating conditions of the PECDs. The number of emitted particles increases with increasing boiler load level because of higher combustion temperature. During test run periods, the data reproducibility is satisfactory.