白洋淀湿地芦苇生物量及氮、磷储量动态特征

作为由水陆相互作用形成的独特生境,湿地生态系统在氮、磷等营养元素的生物地球化学循环中发挥着重要的作用.本文在实地调查和实验室测定的基础上,研究了白洋淀湿地芦苇(Phragmites australis(Cav.)Trin.Ex Steudel)各构件的生物量和氮、磷含量,在此基础上估算了氮、磷储量并系统分析了各指标在生长季节的动态变化.结果表明,各构件生物量随时间的推移而逐渐增加,叶片生物量的最大值出现在6月,根状茎生物量的最大值则出现在8月,叶鞘、地上茎和地上部分生物量的最大值出现在10月;地上各部分氮、磷含量的最大值均出现在4月的生长初期,其后随时间的推移而逐渐降低,最小值出现的时间各不相同,根状茎氮、磷含量的最大值分别出现在8月和4月;各部分氮、磷储量与生物量间存在显著的相关性,地上部分氮、磷储量的最大值均出现在6月,分别为(18.91±2.12)g.m-2和(1.17±0.13)g.m-2.     

北固山湿地虉草氮磷积累和转移能力的研究

通过研究镇江北固山湿地中优势种虉草(Phalaris arundinaces Linn)的生物量以及不同时期各器官总磷/总氮含量及氮/磷累计的动态变化规律,探讨了虉草对氮磷的转移能力.结果表明:1)虉草生物量呈先增加后减少的趋势,茎的生物量远大于叶和根.2)叶中的氮含量大于茎和根,在4月份时达到峰值33.02 mg·g-1;根中的磷含量远大于叶和茎,在8.94～9.83 mg·g-1之间.3)各器官对氮的累积以茎为最高,在5月份时达峰值,为16272 mg·m-2;根中的磷累积最高,茎其次,峰值分别为3196 mg·m-2、5097 mg·m-2.4)相关性分析结果提示氮/磷的去除量与植物的生物量成正相关,适时收割虉草可以从湿地中转移氮和磷.     

湿地植物对外源氮、磷输入的响应研究

通过人工控制试验,研究了氮、磷输入对沼泽湿地植物地上生物量,相对密度以及植物对氮、磷吸收量的影响.结果表明:营养物质氮、磷的长时间累积,导致湿地植物地上生物量和相对密度均呈逐渐下降的年际变化趋势,地上生物量和相对密度之间表现为微弱的单峰变化关系.在氮输入下,随着氮施用量的升高,氮的吸收率从62.3%下降到5.5%;在磷输入下,随着磷施用量的升高,磷的吸收率从3.1%下降到0.8%.氮、磷的施用量愈高,植物对氮、磷的吸收率愈小.氮、磷输入有可能改变湿地生态系统的物种组成和结构及湿地生态系统的稳定和保护,应当考虑湿地中营养物质的长期作用.      

三峡库区消落带土壤不同含水量条件下芦苇的氮素与生物量动态变化

通过设置T1(淹水超过土壤表面2cm)、T2(土壤含水量为田间持水量的70%～100%)和T3(土壤含水量为田间持水量的40%～60%)3个不同处理组,模拟了三峡库区消落带土壤含水量变化特征,并以嘉陵江江边芦苇(Phragmitescommunis(reed))为实验材料,研究了三峡库区不同消落带带位土壤不同含水量条件下芦苇地上部分氮含量和生物量的动态变化,同时,探讨了芦苇地上部氮的积累和合适的收割时期.结果表明,三峡库区消落带土壤不同含水量条件下芦苇地上部氮含量随季节变化而变化,在一个生育周期内,芦苇的叶片、叶鞘和茎的氮含量呈典型的单峰曲线.其中,T1、T2和T3的叶片和叶鞘中氮含量的峰值出现在9月底(抽穗期),叶片氮含量的峰值分别为23.1、26.5和26.2mg·g-1,叶鞘氮含量的峰值分别为14.4、12.4和13.2mg·g-1;;而茎氮含量的峰值出现在10月底(穗期),其峰值为9.5、9.1和9.0mg·g-1.与其他地区芦苇的氮吸收相比,在三峡库区消落带3种水分条件下的芦苇对氮都具有很强的吸收能力.不同处理芦苇的生长曲线呈典型的单峰曲线,其中,T1和T2处理地上生物量的最大值均出现在9月底(抽穗...     

水体的营养水平对苦草(Vallisneria atans)生长的影响

在室外控制条件下,以太湖梅梁湾水体现状营养水平(ρ(TN)为5 mg/L和ρ(TP)为0.2 mg/L)为依据,研究营养盐含量升高对苦草生长的影响.结果表明:①在满足光补偿点及无种间竞争等的条件下,苦草在营养水平为ρ(TN)＞10 mg/L和ρ(TP)＞0.4 mg/L的水中也能成活.②随着营养盐含量的升高,苦草生物量的增长率逐渐降低,当水中ρ(TN)达到10 mg/L和ρ(TP)达到0.4 mg/L时,苦草的生物量开始减少;营养盐含量升高对苦草叶片特征的影响不明显,而苦草根状茎的生物量却随着营养盐含量的升高而逐渐减少,当水体营养水平达到ρ(TN)为10 mg/L和ρ(TP)为0.4 mg/L时,除叶片长度外,苦草的其他形态指标值均显著下降.③在梅梁湾水体现状营养水平的基础上,当水中磷含量增加1倍时对苦草生长造成的抑制作用大于氮含量增加1倍时;当二者均增加时,对植物生长造成的抑制作用显著增加.     

柠条的营养成分动态变化分析

试验结果表明,柠条锦鸡儿叶片中的粗脂肪、粗蛋白、钙磷含量最高,其次为花,最差的是枝条,叶片中的粗纤维含量较低,是家畜优质的饲料。中间锦鸡儿种子中的粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量也很高。柠条的粗蛋白、吸附水以及磷的含量基本上以5月初为最高,从7月底到10月初呈下降趋势;粗纤维、粗灰分、钙、无氮浸出物含量从5月初到10月初逐渐增加。2年生柠条样品的粗脂肪含量10月初达到最高,而多年生柠条样品的粗脂肪含量则5月初为最高。随着生长年限的延长,粗蛋白、粗脂肪、无氮浸出物、吸附水、钙磷含量逐年下降,而粗纤维、粗灰分含量逐年增加,适口性下降。     

柠条的营养成分动态变化分析

试验结果表明,柠条锦鸡儿叶片中的粗脂肪、粗蛋白、钙磷含量最高,其次为花,最差的是枝条,叶片中的粗纤维含量较低,是家畜优质的饲料。中间锦鸡儿种子中的粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量也很高。柠条的粗蛋白、吸附水以及磷的含量基本上以5月初为最高,从7月底到10月初呈下降趋势;粗纤维、粗灰分、钙、无氮浸出物含量从5月初到10月初逐渐增加。2年生柠条样品的粗脂肪含量10月初达到最高,而多年生柠条样品的粗脂肪含量则5月初为最高：随着生长年限的延长。粗蛋白、粗脂肪、先氮浸出物、吸附水、钙磷含量逐年下降,而粗纤维、粗灰分含量逐年增加。适口性下降。     

小叶章湿地表土水溶性有机碳季节动态变化及影响因素分析

湿地土壤及水体中水溶性有机碳(DOC)的产生、迁移与转化对湿地土壤碳通量具有重要的影响.然而,目前对沼泽湿地土壤DOC动态变化及影响因素的研究报道还比较少.对小叶章湿地表土DOC季节动态变化及影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,生长季内,表土DOC含量为373·9~443·7mg·kg-1,平均值为414·6mg·kg-1,变异系数为7·7%(P<0·0001).小叶章湿地表土DOC含量有明显的季节性动态变化.5月份表土DOC含量较高,6~7月份DOC含量下降,7月份达到最小值373·9mg·kg-1;8~9月份表土DOC含量迅速增加,9月份达到最大值443·7mg·kg-1.表土DOC特定波长吸收值也有明显的季节变化.随着时间的增长,280nm波长吸收值(A280值)迅速增加,8~9月份达到最大值.A250/A365比值则明显的下降,9月份达到最小值,说明DOC结构也有明显的季节性动态变化.近期生物过程,如微生物代谢产物和消耗有机碳数量、植物光合产物(立枯物、根系分泌物)对DOC含量和组成结构季节动态有很重要的影响,而土壤中长期积累的有机质对其季节变化贡献很小.另外,温度和含水量通过影响的微生物活性间接影响DOC;降水的淋溶也对DOC动态有影响;冻融作用对春季DOC含量和组成结构有重要贡献.     

沉水植物对水体营养的响应及氮磷积累特征

以太湖中沉水植物优势种金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)、苦草(Vallisneria natans)和马来眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus)为研究对象,研究了不同水体营养水平(低浓度TN 0.47 mg/L,TP 0.021 mg/L;中浓度TN 1.40 mg/L,TP0.072 mg/L;高浓度TN 2.18 mg/L,TP 0.090 mg/L)对其生物量、各器官形态指标及氮磷积累的影响。结果表明:植物生长指标方面,苦草、狐尾藻、金鱼藻在中浓度条件下的生物量增长幅度最大;植物茎叶指标随水体营养的变化与根长变化趋势不一致。植物各器官氮、磷含量均随水体营养变化保持相似的规律,且植物氮含量为叶茎根,植物磷含量为根茎、叶。氮磷积累方面,4种沉水植物的叶片氮元素积累的能力显著高于茎和根;低浓度下狐尾藻的氮积累量最大,苦草磷积累量最大,两者适合低浓度下种植收割去除水体环境中的氮、磷;中、高浓度下金鱼藻的氮磷积累量均为最大(中浓度下N 6 587.37 mg/m~2,P 744.63 mg/m~2;高浓度下N 6 096.63 mg/m~2,P 692.36 mg/m~2),其可作为较高营养浓度下种植、刈割转移水体氮磷的理想物种。     

磷对超积累植物--东南景天生长和积累锌的影响

通过溶液培养试验,探讨了东南景天植株体内磷锌相互关系.结果表明,在一定范围内供磷(0.5-2.0mmol·L-1)能明显促进东南景天的生长,显著提高叶片、茎和根的生物量适当的增磷(0.5-1.0mmol·L-1)极显著提高东南景天叶片、茎的锌含量和地上部的锌积累量;高磷(2.0mmol·L-1)则降低地上部的锌含量和积累量.无论在何种磷锌水平处理下S(地上部的锌积累量)/R(根系的锌积累量)比值始终大于1,表明在东南景天植株体内可能存在明显的"增磷诱导锌需求(Phosphorusinduced zinc requirement)"现象.从植物修复角度来说,利用增磷手段提高超积累植物东南景天的生物量和地上部锌的积累能力具有重要的应用价值.     

九龙江口滨海湿地生源要素空间分布特征

为了揭示亚热带典型滨海湿地生源要素的空间分布特征及影响因素,选取九龙江口滨海湿地为研究对象,于2009年夏采集表层沉积物及柱状样,利用元素分析仪和流动注射分析仪对主要生源要素碳、氮、磷、硫(C、N、P、S)进行分析.结果表明,九龙江口滨海湿地生源要素含量较高,总碳、总氮、总磷、总硫(TC、TN、TP、TS)的均值分别为(12.64±2.66)、(1.57±0.29)、(0.48±0.06)、(2.61±1.37)g·kg-1,空间分布差异性显著.红树林植被区表层沉积物的TC、TN、TP含量高于米草植被及光滩,高潮位TC、TN、TP含量>中潮位>低潮位,TS在米草植被及中潮位含量较高.柱状样的TC、TN具有相似的垂直变化趋势,均表现为由表层向下逐渐降低,且不同植被间的柱状样TC、TN含量在同一深度上都表现为:红树区>米草区>光滩区;柱状样TP平均值是光滩最低,TS平均值是光滩最高.冗余分析表明,植被类型、pH及潮位是影响表层沉积物生源要素(C、N、P、S)分布最显著的环境因子,解释量分别为24.0%、19.0%和11.6%.     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen supply on biomass and active carbon of freshwater marsh after two growing seasons in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

An experiments were carried out with treatments di ering in nitrogen supply (0, 5 and 15 g N/m2) and CO2 levels (350 and 700 mol/mol) using OTC (open top chamber) equipment to investigate the biomass of Calamagrostis angustifolia and soil active carbon contents after two years. The results showed that elevated CO2 concentration increased the biomass of C. angustifolia and the magnitude of response varied with each growth period. Elevated CO2 concentration has increased aboveground biomass by 16.7% and 17.6% during the jointing and heading periods and only 3.5% and 9.4% during dough and maturity periods. The increases in belowground biomass due to CO2 elevation was 26.5%, 34.0% and 28.7% during the heading, dough and maturity periods, respectively. The responses of biomass to enhanced CO2 concentrations are di ered in N levels. Both the increase of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were greater under high level of N supply (15 g N/m2). Elevated CO2 concentration also increased the allocation of biomass and carbon in root. Under elevated CO2 concentration, the average values of active carbon tended to increase. The increases of soil active soil contents followed the sequence of microbial biomass carbon (10.6%) > dissolved organic carbon (7.5%) > labile oxidable carbon (6.6%) > carbohydrate carbon (4.1%). Stepwise regressions indicated there were significant correlations between the soil active carbon contents and plant biomass. Particularly, microbial biomass carbon, labile oxidable carbon and carbohydrate carbon were found to be correlated with belowground biomass, while dissolved organic carbon has correlation with aboveground biomass. Therefore, increased biomass was regarded as the main driving force for the increase in soil active organic carbon under elevated CO2 concentration.     

长江河口九段沙中沙互花米草湿地植物-土壤间营养元素含量灰色关联分析

于2005年5—12月,采用GPS定位,逐月对长江河口九段沙中沙的互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)湿地植物样品与土壤样品进行采集,分析植物与土壤中的w(N),w(P)和w(K)并研究其动态变化.利用灰色关联分析方法,对湿地植物与土壤中w(N),w(P)和w(K)的时空分布进行了研究,旨在探明互花米草生长过程中对不同深度土壤营养元素与不同种类营养元素的吸收程度.结果表明,灰色关联分析是湿地生态系统植物与土壤营养元素动态关系研究的行之有效的方法.互花米草的生长与上层土壤(0～≤15 cm)中的w(N)、中层土壤(15～≤40 cm)中的w(K)和下层土壤(40～60 cm)中的w(P)关联密切.互花米草与上层、中层和下层土壤中营养元素的关联序分别为N>P>K,N>K>P和P>N>K.在互花米草整个生长过程中,初期植物-土壤间营养元素的关联较小;旺盛生长期,植物-土壤间N和P元素的关联度大,K元素的关联度小;生长末期,植物-土壤间K元素关联度增强.     

Growth and nutrient accumulation of Phragmites australis in relation to water level variation and nutrient loadings in a shallow lake

Shallow lake eutrophication is a global environmental issue. This study investigated the effects of water level variation and nutrient loadings on the growth and nutrient accumulation of Phragmites australis (reed) by field samplings in Baiyangdian Lake, the largest shallow lake of northern China. The field samplings were conducted in two sites of different nutrient loadings during the whole growth period of reeds, and three types of zones with different water depths were chosen for each site, including the terrestrial zone with water level below the ground, the ecotone zone with the water level varying from belowground to aboveground, and the submerged zone with water level above the ground. The result showed that reed growth was more limited by water level variation than nutrient loadings. The average stem lengths and diameters in terrestrial zones were about 26.3%-27.5% and 7.2%-12.0% higher than those in submerged zones, respectively. Similarly, the terrestrial status increased the aboveground biomass of reeds by 36.6%-51.8% compared with the submerged status. Both the nutrient concentrations and storages in the aboveground reeds were mainly influenced by the nutrient loadings in surface water and sediment rather than the water level variation of the reed growth environment, and the nutrient storages reached their maxima in late August or early September. It was observed that the maximum nitrogen storage occurred in the terrestrial zone with higher nutrient loadings, with the value of 74.5 g/m 2 . This study suggested that water level variation and nutrient loadings should be considered when using reeds to control and remediate eutrophication of shallow lakes.     

Nitrogen cycle of a typical Suaeda salsa marsh ecosystem in the Yellow River estuary

The nitrogen (N) biological cycle of the Suaeda salsa marsh ecosystem in the Yellow River estuary was studied during 2008 to 2009. Results showed that soil N had significant seasonal fluctuations and vertical distribution. The N/P ratio (15.73±1.77) of S. salsa was less than 16, indicating that plant growth was limited by both N and P. The N absorption coefficient of S. salsa was very low (0.007), while the N utilization and cycle coefficients were high (0.824 and 0.331, respectively). The N turnover among compartments of S. salsa marsh showed that N uptake from aboveground parts and roots were 2.539 and 0.622 g/m2, respectively. The N translocation from aboveground parts to roots and from roots to soil were 2.042 and 0.076 g/m2, respectively. The N translocation from aboveground living bodies to litter was 0.497 g/m2, the annual N return from litter to soil was far less than 0.368 g/m2, and the net N mineralization in topsoil during the growing season was 0.033 g/m2. N was an important limiting factor in S. salsa marsh, and the ecosystem was classified as unstable and vulnerable. S. salsa was seemingly well adapted to the low-nutrient status and vulnerable habitat, and the nutrient enrichment due to N import from the Yellow River estuary would be a potential threat to the S. salsa marsh. Excessive nutrient loading might favor invasive species and induce severe long-term degradation of the ecosystem if human intervention measures were not taken. The N quantitative relationships determined in our study might provide a scientific basis for the establishment of effective measures.     

Effect of land management on soil microbial N supply to crop N uptake in a dry tropical cropland in Tanzania

In Sub-Saharan Africa, conservation of available soil N during early crop growth, when N loss by leaching generally occurs, is important to improve crop productivity. In a dry tropical cropland in Tanzania, we assessed the potential role of soil microbes as a temporal N sink-source to conserve the available soil N until later crop growth, which generally requires substantial crop N uptake. We evaluated the effect of land management [i.e., no input, plant residue application before planting (P plot) with or without fertilizer application, fertilizer application alone, and non-cultivated plots] on the relationship between soil N pool [microbial biomass N (MBN) and inorganic N] and crop N uptake throughout the ∼120-d crop growth period in two consecutive years. In the P plot, MBN clearly increased (∼14.6-29.6 kg N ha⁻¹) early in the crop growth period in both years because of immobilization of potentially leachable N, and it conserved a larger soil N pool (∼10.5-21.2 kg N ha⁻¹) than in the control plot. Especially in one year in which N leaching was critical, increased MBN maintained a larger soil N pool in the P plot throughout the experimental period, and a delay of increased MB C:N ratio and a substantial decrease in MBN was observed, indicating better soil microbial N supply for crop N uptake during later crop growth. Therefore, plant residue application before planting should enhance the role of soil microbes as a temporal N sink-source, leading to the conservation of potentially leachable N until later phase of crop growth, especially in years in which N leaching is relatively severe. Although further studies are necessary, our results suggest that plant residue application before planting is a promising option to achieve better N synchronization.     

西藏当雄县高寒草地NDVI的海拔分异特征及其指示

通过提取西藏当雄县Landsat ETM影像NDVI以及DEM的海拔要素,在坡面的小尺度水平上分析了NDVI的海拔格局,并利用沿海拔梯度的草地地上生物量实测数据进行验证,进一步在全县尺度上分析了当雄NDVI >0.2 的区域内草地NDVI 的海拔分异特征.主要结果如下:①在坡面尺度上,随海拔的增加,不同计算方式的NDVI均表现为先增加后降低的单峰格局,与沿海拔梯度实测的地上生物量格局一致,NDVI最大值与围栏外生物量最大值均出现在4 950 m左右;②在全县尺度上,当雄草地NDVI随海拔的变化略为复杂:在4 300 m以上,NDVI随海拔的增加表现为先升高后降低,最高值出现在4 700 m左右;在4 300 m以下植被可能以湿地草甸为主,形成另一个NDVI高值区,但其分布面积仅为总草场面积的10%左右.上述结果表明,海拔是影响当雄县NDVI 空间分布的重要地形因子,NDVI 的海拔格局体现了较大尺度上草地植被对不同水热组合环境的适应特征,这对于在气候变化背景下实施高寒地区生态保护工程以及制定合理的草场资源配置方案具有重要指导意义.     

基于N：P化学计量特征的高寒草甸植物养分状况研究

土壤养分条件影响不同功能群植物的养分状况与生长,这在施肥实验中已得到充分验证.然而,自然养分梯度下植物-土壤养分耦合关系的研究仍然缺乏.基于植物N∶P化学计量学特征,本研究探讨青藏高原亚高寒草甸自然养分梯度下不同功能群植物氮状况及生物量变化.2008年、2009年N∶P比值分别为9.83和11.57,其低群落N∶P比验证了该地区自然植被主要受到N素的限制.偏冗余分析(partial RDA)结果显示,随着土壤氮素可利用性的增加杂草生物量比例上升,而豆科、禾草生物量比例下降.豆科的固氮作用以及禾草的高养分利用效率分别提高其在氮限制植被中的竞争力;这些结果表明,全球氮沉降的增加将提高杂草的优势度.豆科生物量比例与群落、非豆科植物的N∶P显著正相关,表明豆科植物能够改善群落的氮状况,包括降低非豆科植物的氮限制水平.     

杭州湾潮滩湿地3种优势植物碳氮磷储量特征研究

潮滩植物在碳氮磷生物地球化学循环中发挥着重要的作用.为探明杭州湾潮滩湿地植物碳氮磷储量特征,对植物生物量、碳氮磷含量及储量的季节动态进行了分析.结果表明,3种优势植物芦苇(Phragmites australis)、互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)和海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)地上生物量呈典型的单峰值曲线.地上部有机碳含量全年变化幅度相对较小,氮磷含量随植物生长而明显下降.植物碳氮磷储量与植物生物量显著正相关.海三棱藨草碳氮磷储量显著低于芦苇和互花米草,芦苇地上部总氮储量显著高于互花米草,但总磷储量则相反,有机碳储量两种植物差异不显著.芦苇、互花米草和海三棱藨草年固碳能力分别是中国陆地植被平均固碳能力的380%、376%和55.5%,以及全球植被平均固碳能力的463%、458%和67.7%.从净化氮磷功能上考虑,7月可认为是本研究区域3种植物的最佳收割时间,且以收获互花米草对水体富营养化的限制性因子磷的去处效果最佳.因此,潮滩植物具有较好的储碳固碳能力和氮磷净化效应.