中国本土鱼类模式生物稀有鮈鲫研究应用的历史与现状

稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)是一种中国特有的小型鲤科鱼类,从1990年开始,中国科学院水生生物研究所以培育新的实验鱼为目的,对稀有鮈鲫开展了系列的实验动物化研究,并推动其在各研究领域中的应用。随着我国化学品环境管理制度的建立,稀有鮈鲫已逐渐成为我国化学品测试中最重要的受试鱼类。本文综述了稀有鮈鲫分类地位、分布、形态特征、早期发育、生长、繁殖、遗传、对环境的适应性等方面的生物学特点,分析了稀有鮈鲫作为模式生物的优点,介绍了稀有鮈鲫实验动物标准制定进展。随着实验动物标准化工作的深入以及基因组测序工作的开展,稀有鮈鲫将更广泛地应用于相关的研究和检定,成为一种我国具有代表性的本土模式生物。     

多拷贝表达转鲑鱼降钙素基因酵母的急性、亚急性毒性

口服转鲑鱼降钙素基因酵母为鲑鱼降钙素的应用开辟了一条新的途径.为评价转鲑鱼降钙素基因酵母的安全性,将转基因酵母分别灌胃昆明种小鼠和Wistar大鼠进行急性毒性实验(7 d)、亚急性毒性实验(8周).急性毒性实验结果表明灌喂转基因酵母对小鼠无致死效应(LD50>10 000 mg/kg);亚急性毒性实验中高(2.0 g/kg)、低(0.5 g/kg)剂量组动物的一般状况、体重、主要脏器系数、血液学指标及血液生化指标与各对照组比较,均未见明显差异(P>0.05),组织病理切片检查未发现病理性变化.实验结果说明转鲑鱼降钙素基因酵母不会对实验动物造成不良影响,是安全无毒的.图3表3参16     

城市污泥毒性有机物对草履虫综合毒性研究

本文以好氧发酵处理前、后城市污泥中毒性有机物提取液为实验液，以草履虫为实验动物进行了综合毒性研究。结果表明：好氧发酵前的实验液对草履虫的半致死浓度为５５９３ｍｇ／ｌ，发酵后的实验液对草履虫的半致死浓度为５６０５３ｍｇ／ｌ。     

碳纳米管的细胞生物学效应

在碳纳米管生物学效应的研究中,细胞实验比动物实验更易于控制并且耗费较低,目前已取得了多方面的进展.本文从碳纳米管的细胞毒性、现行毒性评价方法的可靠性及细胞对碳纳米管的摄入机制三个方面进行介绍,并对该领域的研究前景进行了展望和分析.     

沉积物中无机硒对霍甫水丝蚓的生物效应研究

硒是动物体必需微量元素之一,水体沉积物中无机硒主要以Se(Ⅳ)和Se(Ⅵ)形态存在,而目前有关无机硒对底栖动物的生物效应研究较为匮乏.本实验以典型底栖动物霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)为研究对象,通过测定抗氧化、神经和消化系统中生化指标的变化,分析了暴露浓度(2～40μg·g-1)、暴露...     

牛至挥发油对小鼠特异性免疫功能的影响

十至（止痢草，土香江，o咕。附岭mL．）主治中暑、感冒、急性胃肠炎、黄疽等症【门，其挥发油（Theydsthe。ifOfOwlhoL，简称VO）对30多株致肠炎常见首均有不同程度的杀菌和抑菌作用【‘」，并能显著提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞活性［3］．为了进一步阐明该药抗炎作用的免疫机理，我们观察了VO对小鼠特异性细胞免疫和体液免疫功能的影响，现将结果报告如下．l材料和方法1．l材料及处理1．1．l动扶昆明种小鼠，由湖北省医学科学院实验动物室提供．脚掌肿胀反应实验的小鼠体重为Zltlg，3，其余的实验皆用25。屹，it兼用．豚鼠，由本院动物房提…     

富营养浅湖水生植被重建对底栖动物的影响

利用在极富营养型的浅水湖泊所建立的大型实验围隔系统，对水生植被恢复后底栖动物群落的变化作了为期3a的研究．4个围隔和大湖对照点共采集到底栖动物38种，Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ号围隔人工恢复沉水植被后，水质得到明显的改善，底栖动物群落结构发生明显的变化：其种类项目、个体密度和生物量增加，软体动物重新出现，生物多样性提高．对底栖动物与水生植物之间的相互关系也作了探讨．     

除草剂对非靶标生物及人体的生殖毒性与遗传毒性研究进展

除草剂的应用已逐渐成为农业生产中不可或缺的一环.除草剂潜在的毒性作用对生态系统及其中生存的动物和人类存在着威胁.因此,研究除草剂的生殖和遗传毒性并选用安全的品类对于生态系统的保护是十分重要的.本文综述了多种除草剂对几种非靶标生物的生殖毒性和遗传毒性,为新型除草剂的生殖和遗传毒性评价及实验动物的选择提供参考,并为除草剂的生态毒理研究提供思路.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定饮用水中的丙烯酰胺

丙烯酰胺(Acrylamide)是聚丙烯酰胺的单体.聚丙烯酰胺用作絮凝剂,在饮用水的处理中有助于水的澄清.丙烯酰胺已被国家癌症中心(IARC)列为ⅡA类致癌物,急性毒性实验证明丙烯酰胺有神经毒性、生殖、发育毒性.动物实验证明丙烯酰胺可导致遗传物质的改变和癌症的发生.     

利用人皮肤模型评价杀菌类农药腐蚀/刺激性的研究

建立人皮肤模型检测杀菌类农药的腐蚀/刺激性,探讨体外皮肤模型替代农药的动物皮肤安全性评价实验的可行性和影响因素.使用人皮肤成纤维细胞与鼠尾胶原混合培养模拟真皮层,在真皮层上接种人角化细胞,经气液培养形成表皮层.通过细胞活性和细胞因子测定鉴别化合物的腐蚀/刺激性,并比较体外皮肤模型和动物测试结果的一致性.结果表明,皮肤模型对十种农药的腐蚀性测试中,与动物安全评价测试结果完全一致.在刺激性试验中,细胞因子白介素-1a(IL-1a)作为检测终点提高了体外皮肤模型的灵敏性和准确性,人皮肤模型和动物测试结果的一致性达到80％.研究表明,构建的人皮肤模型在对杀菌类农药腐蚀/刺激性测试中初步表现出较好的性能,作为动物替代方法进行农药品安全性评价具有良好的应用前景.     

The impact of detritivorous fishes on a mangrove estuarine system

Sundarban mangrove ecosystem in India is one of the largest detritus based ecosystem of the world and it supplies the detritus and nutrients to the adjacent Hooghly-Matla estuarine complex. In this estuary a group of fish completely detritivorous in nature, belonging to the genus Mugil spp. is present. This group of fish is expected to have important effects on the trophic dynamics of ecosystems, but exact nature of these effects is not known. In order to study the impact that detritivory by fish may have on the estuarine food chain, we developed mathematical formulations. We run two models, one with phytoplankton, zooplankton, carnivorous fish, detritus and nutrient and without this group of fish and a second one after including this fish in the system. In our model this group of fish has no major impact on primary productions of the estuarine system but has extensive role in total fish production. Coexistence of detritivorous fish and carnivorous fish occurs within reasonable parameter range. We have tested different growth rates of phytoplankton, grazing rates and predation rates of zooplankton, detritivorous fish and carnivorous fish for total system equilibrium. Carnivorous fish predation rate on detritivorous fish and detritivorous fish grazing rate on detritus are very important. Different foraging ratios are also tested in this study. Foraging preference of carnivorous fish on detritivorous fish appears significant for the system equilibrium.     

Benefit–risk assessment of commonly consumed fish species from South China Sea based on methyl mercury and DHA

Even though a growing number of reports indicated favorable health effects with fish consumption, kinds of hazardous substances in fish were detected in fish and to be exceeded advisory limitation. Benefit–risk assessment of commonly consumed fish is urgently needed. We conducted fish consumption survey and fish sampling in the coast of South China Sea to assess benefit–risk effect of commonly consumed fish species. For local residents, weekly methyl mercury (MeHg) exposures from commonly consumed fish species ranged from 0.12 to 2.11 μg/kg bw. Apart from Muraenesox cinereus and Acanthopagrus latus, the rest of 92% (23/25) fish species were at low risk of MeHg exposure. Daily docosahexaenoic acid intakes via consuming specific fish were between 42.18 and 1687.04 mg/day. A total of 72% (18/25) fish species could provide 200 mg/day of DNA for local residents. Benefit–risk assessment assuming intelligence quotient (IQ) score model showed net IQ point gains between 1.53 and 5.65 points with consuming various fish species, indicative of large distinction of health benefit from various fish species. This study suggests commonly consumed fish species from China South Sea could bring much more positive effect than negative effect. Species-specific fish should be considered when providing recommendations of fish consumption. Muraenesox cinereus and Acanthopagrus latus should be minded with risk of MeHg exposure in taking large amounts.

     

The application of a multiple-recapture technique for the study of relatively small fish populations

Expressions are given for the estimation of catchability of untagged fish using the type of multiple-recapture experiments suited to relatively small fish populations. in these experiments all captured fish are released after tagging untagged fish. The realistic assumption that fish populations suffer from different causes of mortality during the sampling surveys is adopted here. The catchability estimate for untagged fish is used to evaluate instantaneous fishing mortality, abundance, survival, instantaneous total mortality and instantaneous natural mortality rates of untagged fish. These estimates are free from Types A and B tagging errors, and take into consideration that catchabilities of tagged and untagged fish are different.     

Associative behavior of the fish Cryptocentrus cryptocentrus (Gobiidae) and the pistol shrimp Alpheus djiboutensis (Alpheidae) in artificial burrows

Observations and experiments on the associative behavior of the fish Cryptocentrus cryptocentrus (Valenoiennes) and the shrimp Alpheus djiboutensis De Man from the Red Sea were carried out in artificial burrows. A signal system, bringing about correlated behavior in fish and shrimp, consisted of antennal contact of the shrimp with the fish, tail undulations by the fish and, finally, emergence of the shrimp. The shrimp emerged from the burrow only in the presence of the fish. A constant antennal contact was maintained by the partners while the shrimp was outside the burrow. Emerging from the burrow, the shrimp pushed the fish towards the entrance. Following visual stimulation, the shrimp always retreated back into the burrow with the fish. However, the further back the shrimp was located inside the burrow, the less intense was its retreat with the fish. In the absence of the fish, visual stimulation of the shrimp had no effect. Cleaning of fish by shrimp was observed within the burrow.     

腐殖酸络合态铜对鱼的生物有效性

采虹方头鱼和阳离子树脂半透膜囊在添加和未添加腐殖酸的铜溶液中的暴露实验显示,树脂半透膜囊和鱼对游离铜的吸收与体系游离铜浓度均成线性关系。实测数据表明,腐殖酸能够抑制鱼鳃对铜的吸收;进一步的计算结果显示,腐殖酸络合态铜仍可以被鱼鳃所吸收。在相同的浓度条件下,鱼鳃对络合态铜的吸收率远低于对游离态铜的吸收率。     

Microplastic contamination in Great Lakes fish

Freshwater ecosystems, generally adjacent to human population and more contaminated relative to adjacent marine ecosystems, are vulnerable to microplastic contamination. We sampled 7 species of fish from Lake Ontario and Lake Superior and assessed their gastrointestinal (GI) tracts to quantify ingested microplastics and other anthropogenic particles. A subset of the microparticles were chemically analyzed to confirm polymer types and anthropogenic origins. We documented the highest concentration of microplastics and other anthropogenic microparticles ever reported in bony fish. We found 12,442 anthropogenic microparticles across 212 fish (8 species) from nearshore Lake Ontario, 943 across 50 fish (1 species) from Humber River, and 3094 across 119 fish (7 species) from Lake Superior. Fish from Lake Ontario had the greatest mean abundance of anthropogenic microparticles in their GI tracts (59 particles/fish [SD 104]), with up to 915 microparticles in a single fish. Fish from Lake Superior contained a mean [SD] of 26 [74] particles/fish, and fish from Humber River contained 19 [14] particles/fish. Most particles were microfibers. Overall, ≥90% of particles were anthropogenic, of which 35-59% were microplastics. Polyethylene (24%), polyethylene terephthalate (20%), and polypropylene (18%) were the most common microplastics. Ingestion of anthropogenic particles was significantly different among species within Lake Ontario (p < 0.05), and the abundance of anthropogenic particles increased as fish length increased in Lake Ontario (ρ = 0.62). Although we cannot extrapolate the concentration of microplastics in the water and sediments of these fish, the relatively high abundance of microplastics in the GI tracts of fish suggests environmental exposure may be above threshold concentrations for risk.     

Somatic condition of the fish, Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) during different phases of the reproductive cycle

The study on the mathematical relationship between length and weight of fishes has considerable importance in fishery research especially for the study of fish population dynamics and patterns of growth in fish stocks. This aspect is useful in rationally managing the population of fishes, and is an index of relative robustness of the fish). Variations from expected weight or length of an individual fish or group of fish indicate the general well being and state of gonadal development. The condition of fish can be influenced by the onset of maturity. The results indicate that the overall condition of the female and male fish seems to get improved towards the approach of maturing and mature stages of the gonads during pre-spawning phases. The reduction in the condition factor (K) and somatic condition factor (Ks) during spawning phase may be because of the fish becoming exhausted due to spawning activity. Although improvement in the condition of the fish was observed on the approach of breeding period, the overall condition seems to be better in the aquatic body from which the fish was collected.     

Sea-Cage Aquaculture, Sea Lice, and Declines of Wild Fish

Abstract: A sea cage, sometimes referred to as a net pen, is an enclosure designed to prevent farm fish from escaping and to protect them from large predators, while allowing a free flow of water through the cage to carry away waste. Farm fish thus share water with wild fish, which enables transmission of parasites, such as sea lice, from wild to farm and farm to wild fishes. Sea lice epidemics, together with recently documented population‐level declines of wild salmon in areas of sea‐cage farming, are a reminder that sea‐cage aquaculture is fundamentally different from terrestrial animal culture. The difference is that sea cages protect farm fish from the usual pathogen‐control mechanisms of nature, such as predators, but not from the pathogens themselves. A sea cage thus becomes an unintended pathogen factory. Basic physical theory explains why sea‐cage aquaculture causes sea lice on sympatric wild fish to increase and why increased lice burdens cause wild fish to decline, with extirpation as a real possibility. Theory is important to this issue because slow declines of wild fish can be difficult to detect amid large fluctuations from other causes. The important theoretical concepts are equilibrium, host‐density effect, reservoir‐host effect, and critical stocking level of farmed fish (stocking level at which lice proliferate on farm fish even if wild fish are not present to infect them). I explored these concepts and their implications without mathematics through examples from salmon farming. I also considered whether the lice‐control techniques used by sea‐cage farmers (medication and shortened grow‐out times) are capable of protecting wild fish. Elementary probability showed that (where W is the abundance of wild fish, W* is the prefarm abundance, F is the abundance of farm fish, and is the ratio of lice per farm fish to lice per wild fish). Declines of wild fish can be reduced by short growing cycles for farm fish, medicating farm fish, and keeping farm stocking levels low. Declines can be avoided only by ensuring that wild fish do not share water with farmed fish, either by locating sea cages very far from wild fish or through the use of closed‐containment aquaculture systems. These principles are likely to govern any aquaculture system where cage‐protected farm hosts and sympatric wild hosts have a common parasite with a direct life cycle.     

Predicting barrier passage and habitat suitability for migratory fish species

Fish migrate to spawn, feed, seek refuge from predators, and escape harmful environmental conditions. The success of upstream migration is limited by the presence of barriers that can impede the passage of fish. We used a spatially explicit modeling strategy to examine the effects of barriers on passage for 21 native and non-native migratory fish species and the amount of suitable habitat blocked for each species. Spatially derived physical parameter estimates and literature based fish capabilities and tolerances were used to predict fish passage success and habitat suitability. Both the fish passage and the habitat suitability models accurately predicted fish presence above barriers for most common, non-stocked species. The fish passage model predicted that barriers greater than or equal to 6 m block all migratory species. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) was expected to be blocked the least. The habitat suitability model predicted that low gradient streams with intact habitat quality were likely to support the highest number of fish species. The fish passage and habitat suitability models were intended to be used by environmental managers as strategy development tools to prioritize candidate dams for field assessment and make decisions regarding the management of migratory fish populations.     

Integration of a fish bioenergetics model into a spatially explicit water quality model: Application to menhaden in Chesapeake Bay

Although fish are usually thought of as victims of water quality degradation, it has been proposed that some planktivorous species may improve water quality through consumption of algae and sequestering of nutrients via growth. Within most numerical water quality models, the highest trophic level modeled explicitly is zooplankton, prohibiting an investigation of the effect a fish species may be having on its environment. Conversely, numerical models of fish consumption do not typically include feedback mechanisms to capture the effects of fish on primary production and nutrient recycling. In the present study, a fish bioenergetics model is incorporated into CE-QUAL-ICM, a spatially explicit eutrophication model. In addition to fish consumption of algae, zooplankton, and detritus, fish biomass accumulation and nutrient recycling to the water column are explicitly accounted for. These developments advance prior modeling efforts of the impact of fish on water quality, many of which are based on integrated estimates over an entire system and which omit the feedback the fish have through nutrient recycling and excretion. To validate the developments, a pilot application was undertaken for Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) in Chesapeake Bay. The model indicates menhaden may reduce the algal biomass while simultaneously increasing primary productivity.