中国本土鱼类模式生物稀有鮈鲫研究应用的历史与现状

稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)是一种中国特有的小型鲤科鱼类,从1990年开始,中国科学院水生生物研究所以培育新的实验鱼为目的,对稀有鮈鲫开展了系列的实验动物化研究,并推动其在各研究领域中的应用。随着我国化学品环境管理制度的建立,稀有鮈鲫已逐渐成为我国化学品测试中最重要的受试鱼类。本文综述了稀有鮈鲫分类地位、分布、形态特征、早期发育、生长、繁殖、遗传、对环境的适应性等方面的生物学特点,分析了稀有鮈鲫作为模式生物的优点,介绍了稀有鮈鲫实验动物标准制定进展。随着实验动物标准化工作的深入以及基因组测序工作的开展,稀有鮈鲫将更广泛地应用于相关的研究和检定,成为一种我国具有代表性的本土模式生物。     

多拷贝表达转鲑鱼降钙素基因酵母的急性、亚急性毒性

口服转鲑鱼降钙素基因酵母为鲑鱼降钙素的应用开辟了一条新的途径.为评价转鲑鱼降钙素基因酵母的安全性,将转基因酵母分别灌胃昆明种小鼠和Wistar大鼠进行急性毒性实验(7 d)、亚急性毒性实验(8周).急性毒性实验结果表明灌喂转基因酵母对小鼠无致死效应(LD50>10 000 mg/kg);亚急性毒性实验中高(2.0 g/kg)、低(0.5 g/kg)剂量组动物的一般状况、体重、主要脏器系数、血液学指标及血液生化指标与各对照组比较,均未见明显差异(P>0.05),组织病理切片检查未发现病理性变化.实验结果说明转鲑鱼降钙素基因酵母不会对实验动物造成不良影响,是安全无毒的.图3表3参16     

城市污泥毒性有机物对草履虫综合毒性研究

本文以好氧发酵处理前、后城市污泥中毒性有机物提取液为实验液，以草履虫为实验动物进行了综合毒性研究。结果表明：好氧发酵前的实验液对草履虫的半致死浓度为５５９３ｍｇ／ｌ，发酵后的实验液对草履虫的半致死浓度为５６０５３ｍｇ／ｌ。     

碳纳米管的细胞生物学效应

在碳纳米管生物学效应的研究中,细胞实验比动物实验更易于控制并且耗费较低,目前已取得了多方面的进展.本文从碳纳米管的细胞毒性、现行毒性评价方法的可靠性及细胞对碳纳米管的摄入机制三个方面进行介绍,并对该领域的研究前景进行了展望和分析.     

牛至挥发油对小鼠特异性免疫功能的影响

十至（止痢草，土香江，o咕。附岭mL．）主治中暑、感冒、急性胃肠炎、黄疽等症【门，其挥发油（Theydsthe。ifOfOwlhoL，简称VO）对30多株致肠炎常见首均有不同程度的杀菌和抑菌作用【‘」，并能显著提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞活性［3］．为了进一步阐明该药抗炎作用的免疫机理，我们观察了VO对小鼠特异性细胞免疫和体液免疫功能的影响，现将结果报告如下．l材料和方法1．l材料及处理1．1．l动扶昆明种小鼠，由湖北省医学科学院实验动物室提供．脚掌肿胀反应实验的小鼠体重为Zltlg，3，其余的实验皆用25。屹，it兼用．豚鼠，由本院动物房提…     

富营养浅湖水生植被重建对底栖动物的影响

利用在极富营养型的浅水湖泊所建立的大型实验围隔系统，对水生植被恢复后底栖动物群落的变化作了为期3a的研究．4个围隔和大湖对照点共采集到底栖动物38种，Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ号围隔人工恢复沉水植被后，水质得到明显的改善，底栖动物群落结构发生明显的变化：其种类项目、个体密度和生物量增加，软体动物重新出现，生物多样性提高．对底栖动物与水生植物之间的相互关系也作了探讨．     

除草剂对非靶标生物及人体的生殖毒性与遗传毒性研究进展

除草剂的应用已逐渐成为农业生产中不可或缺的一环.除草剂潜在的毒性作用对生态系统及其中生存的动物和人类存在着威胁.因此,研究除草剂的生殖和遗传毒性并选用安全的品类对于生态系统的保护是十分重要的.本文综述了多种除草剂对几种非靶标生物的生殖毒性和遗传毒性,为新型除草剂的生殖和遗传毒性评价及实验动物的选择提供参考,并为除草剂的生态毒理研究提供思路.     

模式生物大型溞在水生生态毒理实验教学中的应用

大型溞(Daphnia magna)因其个体小、繁殖快、易于培养及对污染物敏感等特点,而成为水生毒理学研究中广泛应用的模式物种.本文构建了一套以大型溞为受试动物的水生生态毒理学实验内容和方案,可用于本科生基础性、综合性实验教学.本方案以形态学观察、生理学和毒理学测试为主,也可扩展为包括分子毒理学在内的其他毒性终点的创新性实验.此外,授课教师还可以本方案为基础,对实验内容酌情增减或联合使用,以满足不同层次学生的生态毒理学实验需求.     

不同棉花品种及种植区域对土壤无脊椎动物群落结构的影响

采用干、湿漏斗分离法,在山东省陵县采集了试验田的Bt棉(新棉33B)和常规棉(中棉12)及大田条件下Bt棉的0～15cm土层中的土壤无脊椎动物,并对其群落结构进行了分析.结果表明,线虫和螨类是3种类型棉田的优势土壤动物类群,其频度分别为60%～85%和9%～27%.试验田的常规棉和Bt棉相比,33B棉田土壤动物的类群较多,线虫、鞘翅目、双翅目数量和土壤动物总数均较高,但各土层土壤动物的多样性指数H’和均匀度指数J值均较低.试验田和大田的33B相比,其土壤动物的类群数相近,但大田33B的轮虫和线蚓数量较高,线虫、蠋、鞘翅目数量和土壤动物总数均较低,各土层土壤动物的多样性和均匀度均较高.Rényi多样性指数曲线也表明,试验田33B棉田的土壤动物多样性高于中棉12,大田33B的土壤动物多样性高于33B试验田.6～11月期间,各土层土壤动物的数量动态在不同类型棉田趋势基本相同.7月是中棉12棉田土壤动物数量的高峰期,9月是试验田和大田33B的高峰期.试验田的中棉12和33B棉田,6～8月土壤动物的多样性指数和均匀度指数变化趋势较为一致;9～10月,33B棉田土壤动物的多样性和均匀度较高.6～11月,大田33B土壤动物的多样性和均匀度均显著高于试验田33B.可见,棉花品种和实验地点等因素均可显著影响土壤动物的群落结构.Bt棉33B棉田的土壤动物多样性高于常规棉中棉12;大田33B的土壤动物多样性高于33B试验田.图2表4参29     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定饮用水中的丙烯酰胺

丙烯酰胺(Acrylamide)是聚丙烯酰胺的单体.聚丙烯酰胺用作絮凝剂,在饮用水的处理中有助于水的澄清.丙烯酰胺已被国家癌症中心(IARC)列为ⅡA类致癌物,急性毒性实验证明丙烯酰胺有神经毒性、生殖、发育毒性.动物实验证明丙烯酰胺可导致遗传物质的改变和癌症的发生.     

The impact of detritivorous fishes on a mangrove estuarine system

Sundarban mangrove ecosystem in India is one of the largest detritus based ecosystem of the world and it supplies the detritus and nutrients to the adjacent Hooghly-Matla estuarine complex. In this estuary a group of fish completely detritivorous in nature, belonging to the genus Mugil spp. is present. This group of fish is expected to have important effects on the trophic dynamics of ecosystems, but exact nature of these effects is not known. In order to study the impact that detritivory by fish may have on the estuarine food chain, we developed mathematical formulations. We run two models, one with phytoplankton, zooplankton, carnivorous fish, detritus and nutrient and without this group of fish and a second one after including this fish in the system. In our model this group of fish has no major impact on primary productions of the estuarine system but has extensive role in total fish production. Coexistence of detritivorous fish and carnivorous fish occurs within reasonable parameter range. We have tested different growth rates of phytoplankton, grazing rates and predation rates of zooplankton, detritivorous fish and carnivorous fish for total system equilibrium. Carnivorous fish predation rate on detritivorous fish and detritivorous fish grazing rate on detritus are very important. Different foraging ratios are also tested in this study. Foraging preference of carnivorous fish on detritivorous fish appears significant for the system equilibrium.     

The application of a multiple-recapture technique for the study of relatively small fish populations

Expressions are given for the estimation of catchability of untagged fish using the type of multiple-recapture experiments suited to relatively small fish populations. in these experiments all captured fish are released after tagging untagged fish. The realistic assumption that fish populations suffer from different causes of mortality during the sampling surveys is adopted here. The catchability estimate for untagged fish is used to evaluate instantaneous fishing mortality, abundance, survival, instantaneous total mortality and instantaneous natural mortality rates of untagged fish. These estimates are free from Types A and B tagging errors, and take into consideration that catchabilities of tagged and untagged fish are different.     

Benefit–risk assessment of commonly consumed fish species from South China Sea based on methyl mercury and DHA

Even though a growing number of reports indicated favorable health effects with fish consumption, kinds of hazardous substances in fish were detected in fish and to be exceeded advisory limitation. Benefit–risk assessment of commonly consumed fish is urgently needed. We conducted fish consumption survey and fish sampling in the coast of South China Sea to assess benefit–risk effect of commonly consumed fish species. For local residents, weekly methyl mercury (MeHg) exposures from commonly consumed fish species ranged from 0.12 to 2.11 μg/kg bw. Apart from Muraenesox cinereus and Acanthopagrus latus, the rest of 92% (23/25) fish species were at low risk of MeHg exposure. Daily docosahexaenoic acid intakes via consuming specific fish were between 42.18 and 1687.04 mg/day. A total of 72% (18/25) fish species could provide 200 mg/day of DNA for local residents. Benefit–risk assessment assuming intelligence quotient (IQ) score model showed net IQ point gains between 1.53 and 5.65 points with consuming various fish species, indicative of large distinction of health benefit from various fish species. This study suggests commonly consumed fish species from China South Sea could bring much more positive effect than negative effect. Species-specific fish should be considered when providing recommendations of fish consumption. Muraenesox cinereus and Acanthopagrus latus should be minded with risk of MeHg exposure in taking large amounts.

     

Associative behavior of the fish Cryptocentrus cryptocentrus (Gobiidae) and the pistol shrimp Alpheus djiboutensis (Alpheidae) in artificial burrows

Observations and experiments on the associative behavior of the fish Cryptocentrus cryptocentrus (Valenoiennes) and the shrimp Alpheus djiboutensis De Man from the Red Sea were carried out in artificial burrows. A signal system, bringing about correlated behavior in fish and shrimp, consisted of antennal contact of the shrimp with the fish, tail undulations by the fish and, finally, emergence of the shrimp. The shrimp emerged from the burrow only in the presence of the fish. A constant antennal contact was maintained by the partners while the shrimp was outside the burrow. Emerging from the burrow, the shrimp pushed the fish towards the entrance. Following visual stimulation, the shrimp always retreated back into the burrow with the fish. However, the further back the shrimp was located inside the burrow, the less intense was its retreat with the fish. In the absence of the fish, visual stimulation of the shrimp had no effect. Cleaning of fish by shrimp was observed within the burrow.     

Microplastic contamination in Great Lakes fish

Freshwater ecosystems, generally adjacent to human population and more contaminated relative to adjacent marine ecosystems, are vulnerable to microplastic contamination. We sampled 7 species of fish from Lake Ontario and Lake Superior and assessed their gastrointestinal (GI) tracts to quantify ingested microplastics and other anthropogenic particles. A subset of the microparticles were chemically analyzed to confirm polymer types and anthropogenic origins. We documented the highest concentration of microplastics and other anthropogenic microparticles ever reported in bony fish. We found 12,442 anthropogenic microparticles across 212 fish (8 species) from nearshore Lake Ontario, 943 across 50 fish (1 species) from Humber River, and 3094 across 119 fish (7 species) from Lake Superior. Fish from Lake Ontario had the greatest mean abundance of anthropogenic microparticles in their GI tracts (59 particles/fish [SD 104]), with up to 915 microparticles in a single fish. Fish from Lake Superior contained a mean [SD] of 26 [74] particles/fish, and fish from Humber River contained 19 [14] particles/fish. Most particles were microfibers. Overall, ≥90% of particles were anthropogenic, of which 35-59% were microplastics. Polyethylene (24%), polyethylene terephthalate (20%), and polypropylene (18%) were the most common microplastics. Ingestion of anthropogenic particles was significantly different among species within Lake Ontario (p < 0.05), and the abundance of anthropogenic particles increased as fish length increased in Lake Ontario (ρ = 0.62). Although we cannot extrapolate the concentration of microplastics in the water and sediments of these fish, the relatively high abundance of microplastics in the GI tracts of fish suggests environmental exposure may be above threshold concentrations for risk.     

Somatic condition of the fish, Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) during different phases of the reproductive cycle

The study on the mathematical relationship between length and weight of fishes has considerable importance in fishery research especially for the study of fish population dynamics and patterns of growth in fish stocks. This aspect is useful in rationally managing the population of fishes, and is an index of relative robustness of the fish). Variations from expected weight or length of an individual fish or group of fish indicate the general well being and state of gonadal development. The condition of fish can be influenced by the onset of maturity. The results indicate that the overall condition of the female and male fish seems to get improved towards the approach of maturing and mature stages of the gonads during pre-spawning phases. The reduction in the condition factor (K) and somatic condition factor (Ks) during spawning phase may be because of the fish becoming exhausted due to spawning activity. Although improvement in the condition of the fish was observed on the approach of breeding period, the overall condition seems to be better in the aquatic body from which the fish was collected.     

腐殖酸络合态铜对鱼的生物有效性

采虹方头鱼和阳离子树脂半透膜囊在添加和未添加腐殖酸的铜溶液中的暴露实验显示,树脂半透膜囊和鱼对游离铜的吸收与体系游离铜浓度均成线性关系。实测数据表明,腐殖酸能够抑制鱼鳃对铜的吸收;进一步的计算结果显示,腐殖酸络合态铜仍可以被鱼鳃所吸收。在相同的浓度条件下,鱼鳃对络合态铜的吸收率远低于对游离态铜的吸收率。     

Predicting barrier passage and habitat suitability for migratory fish species

Fish migrate to spawn, feed, seek refuge from predators, and escape harmful environmental conditions. The success of upstream migration is limited by the presence of barriers that can impede the passage of fish. We used a spatially explicit modeling strategy to examine the effects of barriers on passage for 21 native and non-native migratory fish species and the amount of suitable habitat blocked for each species. Spatially derived physical parameter estimates and literature based fish capabilities and tolerances were used to predict fish passage success and habitat suitability. Both the fish passage and the habitat suitability models accurately predicted fish presence above barriers for most common, non-stocked species. The fish passage model predicted that barriers greater than or equal to 6 m block all migratory species. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) was expected to be blocked the least. The habitat suitability model predicted that low gradient streams with intact habitat quality were likely to support the highest number of fish species. The fish passage and habitat suitability models were intended to be used by environmental managers as strategy development tools to prioritize candidate dams for field assessment and make decisions regarding the management of migratory fish populations.     

Integration of a fish bioenergetics model into a spatially explicit water quality model: Application to menhaden in Chesapeake Bay

Although fish are usually thought of as victims of water quality degradation, it has been proposed that some planktivorous species may improve water quality through consumption of algae and sequestering of nutrients via growth. Within most numerical water quality models, the highest trophic level modeled explicitly is zooplankton, prohibiting an investigation of the effect a fish species may be having on its environment. Conversely, numerical models of fish consumption do not typically include feedback mechanisms to capture the effects of fish on primary production and nutrient recycling. In the present study, a fish bioenergetics model is incorporated into CE-QUAL-ICM, a spatially explicit eutrophication model. In addition to fish consumption of algae, zooplankton, and detritus, fish biomass accumulation and nutrient recycling to the water column are explicitly accounted for. These developments advance prior modeling efforts of the impact of fish on water quality, many of which are based on integrated estimates over an entire system and which omit the feedback the fish have through nutrient recycling and excretion. To validate the developments, a pilot application was undertaken for Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) in Chesapeake Bay. The model indicates menhaden may reduce the algal biomass while simultaneously increasing primary productivity.     

Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus elemental stoichiometry in aquacultured and wild-caught fish and consequences for pelagic nutrient dynamics

The elemental carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) compositions of the whole-body and gut content of wild marine fish inhabiting the Bay of Biscay (Northeast Atlantic) were studied. Furthermore, the literature was examined for studies of aquacultured fish, reporting the elemental composition of the whole-body fish, that of their food, and nutrient assimilation and gross growth efficiencies (GGE). In both wild-caught and aquacultured fish, significant differences in C, N and P elemental composition were found between species, with P being the most variable component. Differences among species in terms of C, N and P content could be explained by varying proportions of storage compounds in whole-body fish, and varying degrees of ossification. Aquacultured fish feces were found to be P-rich, because of a lower P assimilation efficiency, compared to C or N assimilation efficiencies. Examination of aquacultured fish literature also revealed that C, N and P GGE and nutrient resupply ratios agreed with basic principles of homeostatic regulation of whole-body fish elemental composition. Extrapolation of the results to broader marine systems indicated that fish may be important for conveying nutrients toward the ocean interior.