16S rRNA基因技术在环境科学领域中的应用

随着分子生物学的发展，16S rRNA基因技术被逐渐应用到环境科学领域中。目前在环境保护和治理中，该技术主要被用于鉴定污染物的生物降解菌和分析环境样品中的微生物群落多样性，由于它不必将微生物培养分离出来，也就避免了在培养过程中可能出现的微生物去失的情况。本文对16S rRNA基因技术及其在环境科学领域中的应用现状和发展作了一简要介绍，并对16S rRNA基因技术存在的不足进行了讨论。     

环境损害鉴定评估领域难点探讨

近年来,随着原环境保护部《关于开展环境污染损害鉴定评估工作的若干意见》以及中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅《生态环境损害赔偿制度改革方案》的陆续发布,环境损害鉴定评估已经成为环境科学、技术经济、环境法、环境经济等相关学科领域的研究热点。本文对环境损害鉴定评估的环境损害调查、环境损害基线确定、环境损害因果关系判定、环境价值评估等所面临的难点进行了探讨,提出了初步解决思路,以期为环境损害鉴定评估的政策制定者和鉴定评估人员提供参考。     

环境科学大辞典

《环境科学大辞典》是一部以环境科学为主的大型专业辞典，主要供环境科学工作者，以及广大理、工、农、医、法律、经济、管理等专业工作者使用，同时供具有中等以上文化程度的读者释疑解惑之用。辞典全面收录了环境科学基本的、重要的、常见的名词术语，覆盖了环境科学所有的分支学科，体现了环境科学各学科、各专业知识的完整性和均衡性，在选词、释义方面，朝着系统化、科学化、规范化方向努力。     

环境科学专业培养模式与特色课程体系建设研究

本文以北京师范大学环境学院环境科学、政策与管理系的发展实践为例，探讨新时期环境科学教育培养模式和课程体系建设的发展方向。     

新疆维吾尔自治区环境科学学会章程

第一章总则第一条:新疆维吾尔自治区环境科学学会(以下简称学会)是中国共产党领导下全疆各族环境科学工作者自愿结合的学术性的群众团体,是党联系广大环境科学工作者的纽带。第二条:学会的基本任务,是团结各族环境科学与技术工作者,努力学习和运用马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想,贯彻执行“百花齐放,百家争鸣”的方针,发扬学术民主,提倡各种学术观点间的自由讨论,开展学术交流,提高环境科学和技术水平,普及     

浅谈生态道德观对环境科学发展的指导

针对环境科学的特点,立足于长远发展,从生态哲学角度分析了生态道德观对环境科学技术的重要价值。分析认为应用生态的观点来学习和研究环境科学,才能达到最大程度防治的目的;合理融入生态观念的环境治理技术有利于经济发展;生态道德观是环境科技工作者必备的品质和环境科学发展的动力。通过这三个方面的分析得出环境科学技术的发展必须以生态道德观为指导的结论。另外本文从纵向和横向分析了生态道德观在指导环境科学技术发展过程中存在的问题并提出了相应的措施和建议。     

河北科技大学环境科学与工程学院

河北科技大学地处河北省省会石家庄市，是一所以工为主、理工结合、文理渗透的综合性省属重点大学。环境科学与工程学院现设有环境工程、环境科学、给排水工程、安全工程四个教学系，其中环境工程专业为国内首批设置的环境类专业，现为河北省重点学科、硕士学位授权专业。学院设有河北省污染防治生物技术重点实验室、宇清环境保护开发中心、环境影响评价室和环境监测中心，持有环境工程设计证书和环境影响评价证书。学院重视环境保护科学研究和环保产业的开发工作，经过二十多年发展，已形成了水污染防治技术及资源化、环境生物检测技术、废…     

“环境科学概论”课程思政教学设计与探索

<正>要精心设计课程思政教学目标，加强教师思政能力建设，转变传统教育观念，优化思政教学方法。结合专业办学特色，以“立德树人”为根本，最大限度地发挥课堂教学的育人作用。“环境科学概论”是各高校环境科学和环境工程专业的专业基础课程及部分院校非环境类专业环境教育的通识课程。通过概括介绍本专业所涉及的环境科学基本内容和理论，让学生掌握与环境科学相关的基础知识和基本理论，了解环境问题的产生和发展，正确认识环境规律、明确环境与发展的关系，     

重视对工科院校非环境类专业学生的环境教育

国家教委于1991年6月讨论，要将环境科学作为一级学科对待，即摆到与数学、物理、化学等学科同等重要的位置，建议在理工科大学一、二年级普遍开设《环境学》课程，使环境教育成为正规、系统的教学。本文介绍我们对工科大学生进行环境教育的初步实践和体会。一、对工科学生进行系统的环境繁育是高等工程教育的需要工科大学生是未来经济建设的栋梁之材，是工业企业的骨干，是推动企业技术进步和全面质量管理的主要力量，对他们进行系统的环境科学知识和法规的教育，决不同于在中、小学生中进行启蒙式环境科普教育。要通过系统的教育，使大学…     

发展中的新疆环境保护科学研究院

多年以来，新疆环科院一直致力于环境科学综合研究、干旱生态环境保护研究与合理利用、环境污染治理技术研究、环境影响评价、环境工程设计、国际环境科技合作研究及应用技术推广、开发等领域的研究，取得了一系列重大科研成果。     

Environmental research in the environmental policy cycle

A recent article in this journal put forward an environmental research policy, organized around the environmental policy cycle The research policy concerned is flawed by a bias generally occurring in the philosophy of science, i e., the inability to include the normative science disciplines in the science and research concepts. This inability results in a biased environmental research effort. Almost all attention goes to physical science research in the problem-identification phase of the environmental policy cycle. Practice shows that it is wise to be more open-minded It may be more efficient to employ normative science research, directly productive for solving environmental problems, than to be able to identify these problems better and better This article describes and underpins a more comprehensive approach to environmental research and exemplifies typical research questions.     

良好环境权视角下的环境标准制度

环境标准是环境科学中经常出现的一个概念，它对环境法的制定和实施都发挥着十分重要的作用。选取了良好环境权这一视角，对环境标准制度展开论述。在分别介绍了环境标准和良好环境权的基本内容之后，对两者的互动关系进行了分析；在此基础上，文章对有关环境标准的两个难题作了深入的探讨，希望对这方面的研究有所助益。     

The central role of centralisation in environmental policy initialisation

While economic research on environmental policy is mainly concerned with instruments, political science concentrates on actors. The issue of centralisation needs to be analysed using a multidisciplinary approach because it is connected with both actors and instruments. Linking the Advocacy Coalition Framework with an economic approach, the paper first develops an innovative model in order to understand the mechanisms of centralisation and decentralisation in the different phases of policy processes. Focusing on environmental policy, the idea is developed that environmental policy needs the push of centralisation in order to institutionalise the prevailing social norm, but then should be organised decentrally to account for regional differences. The examples of air pollution, climate change and urban sprawl are used to test the explanatory power of the theoretical approach.     

Applying Ecological Risk Principles to Watershed Assessment and Management

Considerable progress in addressing point source (end of pipe) pollution problems has been made, but it is now recognized that further substantial environmental improvements depend on controlling nonpoint source pollution. A watershed approach is being used more frequently to address these problems because traditional regulatory approaches do not focus on nonpoint sources. The watershed approach is organized around the guiding principles of partnerships, geographic focus, and management based on sound science and data. This helps to focus efforts on the highest priority problems within hydrologically-defined geographic areas. Ecological risk assessment is a process to collect, organize, analyze, and present scientific information to improve decision making. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sponsored three watershed assessments and found that integrating the watershed approach with ecological risk assessment increases the use of environmental monitoring and assessment data in decision making. This paper describes the basics of the watershed approach, the ecological risk assessment process, and how these two frameworks can be integrated. The three major principles of watershed ecological risk assessment found to be most useful for increasing the use of science in decision making are (1) using assessment endpoints and conceptual models, (2) holding regular interactions between scientists and managers, and (3) developing a focus for multiple stressor analysis. Examples are provided illustrating how these principles were implemented in these assessments.     

Curriculum Development in Environmental Science: A Case Study on Paradigm and Institutions

/ The case of "Environment and Development" at Leiden University, the Netherlands, offers an example of developing a new environmental science curriculum in a conservative, disciplines-oriented university context. The core of this history is the long-term struggle of environmental science to evolve from the level of doing applied interdisciplinary studies and establish itself as a distinct body of knowledge with its own theory level, i.e., a discipline of its own. The struggle itself as well as its final outcome, a "bidisciplinary" curriculum in which both environmental science and one social science are expressed as disciplines (hence not environmental science as a mere "field of application") may be of value in other "classical" universities, too. KEY WORDS: Environmental science; Curriculum; Interdisciplinarity; Universities     

我国环保产业科技投入机制研究

在分析科技投入体系的构成及环保科技投入的衡量指标基础上,研究政府和企业分别在环保产业科技投入体制中的机制;结论显示:必须强调企业科技投入的主体作用,并发挥其纽带作用;政府直接支持的科技投入具有杠杆作用,能够支持、引导和鼓励环保企业的研发投入。     

Diversity in Current Ecological Thinking: Implications for Environmental Management

Current ecological thinking emphasizes that systems are complex, dynamic, and unpredictable across space and time. What is the diversity in interpretation of these ideas among today’s ecologists, and what does this mean for environmental management? This study used a Policy Delphi survey of ecologists to explore their perspectives on a number of current topics in ecology. The results showed general concurrence with nonequilibrium views. There was agreement that disturbance is a widespread, normal feature of ecosystems with historically contingent responses. The importance of recognizing multiple levels of organization and the role of functional diversity in environmental change were also widely acknowledged. Views differed regarding the predictability of successional development, whether “patchiness” is a useful concept, and the benefits of shifting the focus from species to ecosystem processes. Because of their centrality to environmental management, these different views warrant special attention from both managers and ecologists. Such divergence is particularly problematic given widespread concerns regarding the poor linkages between science (here, ecology) and environmental policy and management, which have been attributed to scientific uncertainty and a lack of consensus among scientists, both jeopardizing the transfer of science into management. Several suggestions to help managers deal with these differences are provided, especially the need to interpret broader theory in the context of place-based assessments. The uncertainty created by these differences requires a proactive approach to environmental management, including clearly identifying environmental objectives, careful experimental design, and effective monitoring.     

EIA in a risk society

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was developed and introduced in the 1960s during a time that was dominated by three key societal influences. These were the growth of modern environmental concern, the drive for more rational, scientific and objective environmental decision making and a desire for more public involvement in environmental decision making. The legitimacy of EIA, as a tool to aid decision making, lies in its ability to meet the requirements of all three demands, the chief among these being its ability to be a systematic scientific and rational approach to decision making. Yet today we live in a society that no longer accepts the rationalist model as either possible or desirable. The deference to ‘the expert’ and our trust in science and technology has steadily declined during the period of EIAs development and widespread use. Today, EIA still depends for its legitimacy on its claim to provide a systematic and scientific approach to assessments, while society has moved on. This paper examines this growing divergence and argues that it is time for a major re‐evaluation of the role of EIA in environmental decision making.     

HYDROLOGICAL UNDERSTANDING AND SOCIETAL ACTION1

ABSTRACT: Hydrology is both an applied practical science and a pure geophysical science. The goal of hydrology, as a geophysical science, is to achieve theories capable of explaining with satisfactory accuracy the phenomena of interest. Through the rapidly accelerating power and versatility of digital computing technology, theory development and application are immensely facilitated via increasingly sophisticated predictive modeling schemes, which are now the principal operating tools both for applied management hydrology and for basic geophysical hydrology. While this approach treats phenomena as classes or generalizations, social and behavioral scientists have long argued that human beings base their actions on percepts, i.e., on the concrete specifics of their experience. Thus, the commonly held ideal of basing policy, decisions, and public actions on the best possible science encounters a conflict in belief systems. A possible resolution of this dilemma lies in the use of observational components, which in concept-centered science serve as data to test or calibrate models. These components also serve as a great repository of natural experience that is closely attuned to the perceptual reality that propels societal action. Landscapes and sediments provide indices of real processes, whose occurrence can be expected by continuity to extend to present and future activity. More attention to research on such indices is warranted as a means of triggering perception-based action by responsible decision-makers. Grounded in reality, and tempered by their intrinsic fallibility, the scientifically powerful conceptual schemes (models) will then serve as guides to further action. The full societal benefit of hydrological science requires a balanced approach in which subdisciplines focused on environmental indices are afforded equal attention to those focused on conceptual idealization.