好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器污泥性状研究

采用厌氧-好氧运行方式的颗粒污泥膜生物反应器（GMBR）,连续运行近120　d表现出良好的有机物去除及同步硝化反硝化能力.对GMBR中污泥粒径分布变化研究表明,GMBR中污泥浓度的增加主要是由于粒径0.18～0.45　mm的小颗粒污泥及小于0.18　mm的絮状污泥的增加造成的,粒径大于0.45　mm的颗粒污泥能够基本稳定维持其颗粒形态,反应器运行末期,GMBR中颗粒污泥（粒径大于0.18　mm的污泥）含量稳定在污泥总量的60％～65％以上.污泥表面电荷量随着污泥组成形态的变化电负性逐渐增加,80　d后稳定在-0.42～-0.80　meq·g^-1之间.污泥表面电荷的负电性增加主要是由小于0.45　mm的污泥造成的,其中小于0.18　mm的絮状污泥对其影响最大.并且,污泥粒径越大污泥表面负电荷量越少,两者具有较好的线性关系.另外,GMBR中SVI稳定在60～90 mL/g之间,并且随着污泥表面电荷负电性的增加污泥SVI值增加,两者之间具有一定的相关性.     

好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器的研究进展

综述了好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器(MBR)在废水生物处理中的研究进展,着重介绍了MBR中好氧颗粒污泥的特性、好氧颗粒污泥对氨氮的去除特性及其对膜污染控制的特性,并在此基础上展望了好氧颗粒污泥MBR技术的发展方向。     

好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器的运行特性

以人工合成模拟废水对好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器(MBR)的运行特性和膜污染进行了研究.结果表明:在HRT为6h,溶氧浓度为4～6mg.L^-1,COD的容积负荷为7.24kg·(m³·d)^-1的条件下,COD的去除率可达96%以上.当NH₃-N的容积负荷为0.17kg·(m³·d)^-1时,NH₃-N的去除率可达60%.COD/N比的变化,对好氧颗粒污泥MBR的COD及NH₃-N去除率基本没有影响.稳定运行过程时,MBR中好氧颗粒污泥浓度(MLSS)基本维持在14～16mg·L^-1.较高的污泥浓度和颗粒污泥内部缺氧和厌氧环境的存在,使MBR中硝化和反硝化过程能同时存在.同时,比较了2种不同形态的活性污泥(颗粒污泥和絮状污泥)在MBR运行过程中膜通量的变化趋势,结果表明,颗粒污泥MBR膜通量的下降速度明显比絮状污泥MBR的下降速度慢很多,且通过空气反冲或用水清洗即可使通量基本恢复.     

好氧颗粒污泥反应器的研究进展

着重探讨好氧颗粒污泥反应器的研究进展,大部分好氧颗粒污泥的研究都是在序批式生物反应器SBR及其变形工艺中进行的,近几年出现关于连续流工艺的报道。综述了几种比较流行的好氧颗粒污泥反应器,对各反应器下形成好氧颗粒污泥的形态、理化特性及其形成机理进行总结和分析。     

连续流态下以城市污水培养好氧颗粒污泥及颗粒特性研究

在连续流气提式好氧颗粒污泥流化床(CAFB)反应器中,以低浓度的城市污水作为营养基质,絮状污泥作为接种污泥,采用逐级递增负荷的运行方式培养好氧颗粒污泥.研究了CAFB中颗粒污泥的形成过程、颗粒性质和污泥中生物多样性.结果表明,CAFB反应器启动的第6 d即有大量颗粒污泥形成,颗粒直径800～1 000μm.CAFB运行12 d后,污泥浓度MLSS达到6 000 mg·L-1,SVI值稳定在35 mL·g-1左右,胞外聚合物的质量分数与接种前相比有了较大的增长,并具有丰富的生物相和较高的生物量,各项运行指标基本趋于稳定.扫描电镜观察颗粒污泥主要由球菌和杆菌组成,颗粒中含有大量的孔隙和通道.装置稳定运行后,对COD的去除率保持在70%～75%,出水COD的浓度维持在70 mg·L-1左右.在装置运行32 d后,丝状菌大量繁殖,发生污泥膨胀.可见,在CAFB中可以快速形成好氧颗粒污泥,且对污染物具有良好的去除效果,但其运行稳定性还有待深入研究.     

好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器脱氮特性

好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器（GMBR）连续运行71 d,对模拟生活污水表现出良好的有机物去除及同步硝化反硝化(SND)能力.进水TOC浓度为56.8～132.6mg/L时,膜出水TOC去除率为84.7%～91.9%;进水氨氮浓度为28.1～38.4mg/L时,稳定运行阶段氨氮去除率为85.4%～99.7%,总氮去除率为41.7%～78.4%.结合反应器中污泥生长形态,对不同粒径污泥的同步硝化反硝化研究表明,好氧条件下絮状污泥几乎没有反硝化能力,SND能力来源于颗粒污泥,并且随着污泥粒径的增大,反硝化速率以及总氮去除效率提高.通过扫描电镜对颗粒污泥外观以及沿传质方向剖面内部特征的观察分析,对颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化的作用过程进行了探讨.     

混凝气浮-好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器处理造纸厂废水

以普通絮状活性污泥作为接种污泥,在膜生物反应器中采用序批式方法培养好氧颗粒污泥,得到含好氧颗粒污泥的膜生物反应器。采用该反应器处理南昌市某造纸厂亚胺制浆法造纸废水,COD、氨氮、TN、TP去除率分别达90%、94%、93%、92.5%,出水达GB 3544—2008《制浆造纸工业水污染物排放标准》和GB 8978—2002《污水综合排放标准》一级B排放标准。     

好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器中的污泥性质与膜污染研究

好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器运行了75 d,其COD、氨氮和总氮去除率分别为91%~95%、89.57%~100%和48.25%~90.84%;运行过程中颗粒污泥出现了一定程度的解体,污泥沉降性能出现了恶化,污泥比阻由起始的1.085×1013m/kg上升到反应末期的2.712×1013m/kg;胞外聚合物维持在44.71~72.23 mg/g之间.对膜组件污染特性进行研究,发现膜表面滤饼层阻力和膜孔堵塞阻力分别为5.32×1011m-1和2.34×1011m-1,占到总阻力的67.42%和29.66%.通过对膜污染物质进行红外光谱分析,发现膜污染的主要物质为蛋白质和糖类物质.     

连续流培养好氧颗粒污泥研究进展

好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)因其沉降性能好,生物量高,抗冲击能力强等优点而受到青睐.相比于传统的序批式反应器(SBR),连续流AGS技术具有易于操作控制以及匹配实际污水厂的大水量,连续流的优势,因而更具有研究价值和应用潜力.通过文献分析和整理,归纳了连续流AGS技术面临的挑战,总结了连续流培养AGS的研究现状和经验教训,并对...     

好氧颗粒污泥与膜生物反应器组合工艺处理城市生活污水

为解决城市生活污水处理工艺存在水力停留时间较长、占地面积较大、脱氮除磷效果较差等问题,研究开发一套处理城市生活污水的AGS-MBR新工艺。以20%的实际生活污水和80%的人工配水混合为原水,基于逐步增加有机负荷和缩短沉淀时间的启动方式,连续运行AGS-MBR工艺100 d,考察AGS的污泥特性变化,并监测进、出水中COD、NH_4~+-N、TN、TP的去除效果。结果表明:在40 d时,SBR内培养出粒径达到2 mm的好氧颗粒污泥,比耗氧速率为46. 5 mg/(g·h),微生物代谢活性较高。工艺稳定运行期间,出水ρ(COD)、ρ(NH_4~+-N)、ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)平均值分别为22,0. 07,9. 5,0. 43mg/L,达到GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》的一级A标准。     

颗粒污泥膜生物反应器同步硝化反硝化

在本实验条件下,厌氧-好氧序批式颗粒污泥膜生物反应器(GMBR)处理人工配水,结果表明,GMBR具有良好的有机物去除及脱氮效果,当进水TOC及氨氮分别为160.9～308.4mg/L、29.8～83.6mg/L时,GMBR的TOC、氨氮及总氮去除率分别为65.7%～98.6%、85.4%～98.9%及66.1%～95.1%.对于GMBR典型周期TOC、胞内聚β-羟基丁酸(PHB)、氨氮、硝酸盐氮及亚硝酸盐氮变化进行分析,结果表明,有机物主要在厌氧阶段去除并以胞内多聚物PHB形式储存,氨氮在好氧阶段经由同步硝化反硝化(SND)去除,并且反硝化碳源主要来自胞内储存物质PHB.以外源溶解性基质及胞内储存物质为碳源的批式实验表明,以外源基质为碳源的缺氧反硝化速率为胞内储存物质的4.2倍;以外源基质及胞内PHB为碳源的好氧SND效率分别为49.9%、82.5%.胞内储存物质PHB的慢速降解特性使得硝化与反硝化过程能够同步进行.     

Analysis of aerobic granular sludge formation based on grey system theory

Based on grey entropy analysis,the relational grade of operational parameters with aerobic granular sludge’s granulation indicators was studied.The former consisted of settling time(ST),aeration time(AT),superficial gas velocity(SGV),height/diameter(H/D) ratio and organic loading rates(OLR),the latter included sludge volume index(SVI) and set-up time.The calculated result showed that for SVI and set-up time,the influence orders and the corresponding grey entropy relational grades(GERG) were:SGV(0.9935) > AT(0.9921) > OLR(0.9894) > ST(0.9876) > H/D(0.9857) and SGV(0.9928) > H/D(0.9914) > AT(0.9909) > OLR(0.9897) > ST(0.9878).The chosen parameters were all key impact factors as each GERG was larger than 0.98.SGV played an important role in improving SVI transformation and facilitating the set-up process.The influence of ST on SVI and set-up time was relatively low due to its dual functions.SVI transformation and rapid set-up demanded different optimal H/D ratio scopes(10-20 and 16-20).Meanwhile,different functions could be obtained through adjusting certain factors’ scope.     

AnGMBR处理低浓度废水的运行特性

采用厌氧颗粒污泥床膜生物反应器（AnGMBR）对模拟生活污水进行处理,并对其运行特性进行研究.结果表明,在室温、进水COD 260mg/L的条件下,AnGMBR的出水COD能稳定维持在30mg/L以下,即使HRT降至5h,系统的出水COD仍满足一级A排放标准.AnGMBR的总甲烷转化量在0.234~0.271L/g COD_去除之间,其进水COD约有61%~70%转化为甲烷.AnGMBR在运行过程中颗粒污泥的粒径、机械强度没有较大的差异,颗粒污泥具有较好的稳定性.经过一段时间的连续运行,AnGMBR的TMP稳定维持在35kPa左右,膜丝在经过清洗后,其性能能够得到有效的恢复.AnGMBR中用于颗粒污泥流化所需的能耗较低,膜滤出水为主要的需能部位,系统各阶段的产能均能满足能耗需求.AnGMBR高效稳定的运行表明,AnGMBR作为一个低耗高效的废水处理系统,具有良好应用潜力.     

Comparison of membrane fouling during short-term filtration of aerobic granular sludge and activated sludge

Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated adopting internal-circulate sequencing batch airlift reactor.The contradistinctive experiment about short-term membrane fouling between aerobic granular sludge system and activated sludge system were investigated.The membrane foulants was also characterized by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy technique.The results showed that the aerobic granular sludge had excellent denitrification ability;the removal efficiency of TN could reach 90%.The aerobic granular sludge could alleviate membrane fouling effectively.The steady membrane flux of aerobic granular sludge was twice as much as that of activated sludge system.In addition,it was found that the aerobic granular sludge could result in severe membrane pore-blocking, however,the activated sludge could cause severe cake fouling.The major components of the foulants were identified as comprising of proteins and polysaccharide materials.     

Relationship between sludge settleability and membrane fouling in a membrane bioreactor

The evolution of activated sludge settleability and its relationship to membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor were studied at a lab-scale equipment fed with synthetic wastewater. It was found that sludge volume index (SVI) gradually increased and the sludge settleability was reduced, which was caused by the propagation of filamentous bacteria. With increasing SVI, the average increasing rate of trans-membrane pressure increased, the stable filtration period was shortened, and the two stages (smooth stage and accelerating stage) of the trans-membrane pressure were more obvious. At the same time, the increasing rate of trans-membrane pressure at the smooth stage decreased and the rate at the accelerating stage increased with SVI, respectively. The observation by using scanning electronic microscopes showed the cake layer with loose structure and large thickness formed on the membrane surface due to the appearance of filamentous bacteria and high SVI in sludge. Influence of the sludge settleability on the trans-membrane pressure was related to the structure and thickness of the cake layer on the membrane. Translated from ACTA Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(3): 396–400 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

好氧颗粒污泥的研究进展

污泥颗粒化(granulation)是指废水生物处理系统中的微生物在适当的环境条件下,相互聚集形成一种密度较大、体积较大、体质条件较好的微生物聚集体.按照微生物代谢过程中电子受体的不同,颗粒污泥可分为好氧颗粒污泥和厌氧颗粒污泥两类.目前对污泥颗粒化的研究主要集中在两个方面:一方面是从宏观层面探讨颗粒化的形成模式,优化运行参数以达到更好的颗粒化效果;另一方面是从微观层面去研究颗粒化的机理、微生物菌群及其他化学成分在颗粒化过程中所起的作用.本文综述了好氧颗粒污泥近年来的研究进展.主要包括:好氧颗粒污泥的性质(形态及粒径、沉降性能、密度与强度、生物活性、细胞表面疏水性、胞外多聚物等)及结构,颗粒污泥的培养条件、形成机理及影响因素(有机负荷、基质成分、剪切力、沉淀时间、运行周期、进水模式、微生物饥饿期、反应器结构、溶解氧、温度等),以及颗粒污泥的应用(工业废水处理、城市污水处理、有毒污染物降解、脱氮除磷、重金属及放射性核素的去除等).此外,还介绍了全自养颗粒污泥,如硝化颗粒污泥方面的研究.分析表明,随着对好氧颗粒污泥研究的不断深入,将好氧颗粒污泥应用于实际废水处理得到越来越多的关注.好氧颗粒污泥的形成机理、颗粒污泥的微生物特性、颗粒污泥的长期运行稳定性及其工业化应用是今后需要重点关注的研究方向.     

膜-生物反应器中活性污泥沉降性能与膜污染相关性研究

结合连续流小试，对膜．生物反应器运行过程中，活性污泥沉降性能的变化及其对膜污染的影响进行了研究．结果表明，随着运行时间的增长，该系统内丝状菌大量繁殖，活性污泥沉降性能变差，SVI值升高．随之，膜过滤压差(过滤阻力)平均上升速率有所增加，膜过滤周期缩短．膜过滤压差的“两阶段性(平缓上升期和加速上升期)”变化规律趋于明显，平缓上升期和加速上升期的膜过滤压差上升速率随污泥SVI值的升高分别呈现下降和上升的趋势．污泥沉降性能的变化对膜污染过程产生明显影响．电镜观察表明，污泥沉降性能对膜过滤压差的影响与膜面污染层的结构和厚度有关．     

Effect of seed sludge on characteristics and microbial community of aerobic granular sludge

Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated by using different kinds of seed sludge in sequencing batch airlift reactor.The influence of seed sludge on physical and chemical properties of granular sludge was studied;the microbial community structure was probed by using scanning electron microscope and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE).The results showed that seed sludge played an important role on the formation of aerobic granules.Seed sludge taken from beer wastewater treatment plant(inoculum A) was more suitable for cultivating aerobic granules than that of sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plant(inoculum B).Cultivated with inoculum A, large amount of mature granules formed after 35 days operation, its SVI reached 32.75 mL/g, and SOUR of granular sludge was beyond 1.10 mg/(g·min).By contrast, it needed 56 days obtaining mature granules using inoculum B.DGGE profiles indicated that the dominant microbial species in mature granules were 18 and 11 OTU when inoculum A and B were respectively employed as seed sludge.The sequencing results suggested that dominant species in mature granules cultivated by inoculum A were Paracoccus sp., Devosia hwasunensi, Pseudoxanthomonas sp., while the dominant species were Lactococcus raffinolactis and Pseudomonas sp.in granules developed from inoculum B.     

污泥性质对动态膜形成和膜污染的影响

以一体式尼龙筛网动态膜生物反应器（DMBR）为研究体系,探讨了正常污泥、膨胀污泥和解体污泥的动态膜形成和膜污染特点,并从胞外聚合物（EPS）、相对疏水性（RH）、污泥混合液粘度（μ）、接触角这些物化性质角度定量研究膜污染机理.研究结果表明,膨胀污泥由于丝状菌累积导致严重的泥饼层污染;解体污泥由于胶体颗粒和可溶性物质沉积...